This master thesis is an in-depth study of an existing heating system at a household cooperative in Uppsala that has been converted from district heating to a bedrock heat pump system. The study focuses on an economical system optimisation of the building’s complete heating system. The aim was to determine how well a heat pump system in large buildings actually work, find out possible ways to optimize the existing system and point out important system parameters for new heat pump installations in larger buildings. The project points out a possible energy cost reduction of 45 % without investment and further cost reductions with equipment investments. A reduction by 30 % is possible by improvements in the regulation system and 15 % is possible by maintaining the brine system. Many other energy efficiency improvements are possible by investment in new equipment.  An important conclusion of the project is that there is a huge need of an energy coordinator for the energy operation of buildings. The different people involved need to cooperate in order to maximize the optimization of the heating systems.

This thesis describes the new construction of a small house and it includes studies of three heating systems: geothermal heating, district heating and pellet. The purpose of this thesis is to project a small house which can manage Building Regulations, BBR conditions and then examine three possible heating systems for the small house. This thesis is a literature study which gives an understanding of the heating systems technical structure, properties and costs. An empirical study completes the literature study by giving a deeper understanding of district heating costs and pellet costs. The empirical study contains two interviews, one of which was conducted in a district heating corporation and the other interview was conducted in a pellet corporation. The interview persons have answered structured questions in investment, maintenance and operating costs. The studies shows that the three heating system are different from each other for example the investment costs for district heating is much cheaper than the investments cost for pellets and geothermal heating. Finally, settles a comparison in the three heating systems properties and costs settles through a value analysis. The value analysis was an effective method when we based on literature studies and empirical studies made a valuation of the heating systems properties, investment costs, maintenance and operating costs. A weighting showed that district heating as heating system is the most optimal solution for the small house located in Borlänge.

When constructing a new house many questions appear, from architecture to decisions regarding installations. Sweden is situated in a cold part of the planet and questions regarding which heating system to install face everyone who decides to build a new house. This thesis describes a construction solution of a villa in Kiruna. The extended essay analyzes which heating system is most suitable for the construction. The options are geothermal, district and pellet heating systems. The aspects of interest in this study are economics, service and maintenance, as well as environmental impacts. Another important factor is how well the system can be integrated in the indoor space design. Conclusions are made from facts presented about the systems. The conclusion drawn from the comparison is that the choice of heating system is a complex question with many possible answers. A combination of individual values and the geographical area of the house are essential factors. In order to give the systems equal conditions they were all presumed to have great geographical localization to the villa and also buyers that, according to the writers, has normal values. The study showed that a geothermal heating system is the best solution for the constructed house. However, the comparison indicated that the other systems are almost as good solutions. That is probably why district, geothermal and pellet heating systems are all so common on the Swedish market.

This bachelor thesis aims at investigate how a specified house can optimize its energy consumption. Today the house often stands for the major part of the energy consumption in a consumers’ life, whereas an energy optimization creates economic as well as environmental advantages. It is important to make old houses more energy efficient, but putting high energy demands on new houses could be argued to be more important. The installations functions as both the heart and brain in a house, thus making it important to energy optimize these. Since the background describes the importance of energy efficiency and optimization in a house, the focus area of this report will be an investigation of different types of heating systems in order to be able to choose the one most suited for the house. Aspects considered when choosing the heating system was how economic the system is both in service- and investment costs and how environmental and operational friendly the system is. Through literature reviews there were sufficient information gathered that served as a foundation when comparing and choosing between the four systems - district heating, pellet-fired boiler, geothermal heating and solar heating. The comparison aims at investigate which of the systems that will suit the house best, based on given conditions. Solar heating could be eliminated since the angel of the roof is too flat. Pellet-fired boiler was deemed too demanding for the consumer since it requires constant maintenance – something which is not desirable given that the house is designed for a family. Depending on what is combusted in the district heating the environmental impact could either be minimized or maximized, but even with the environmental impact minimized district heating is still more expansive in the longer run than geothermal heating. This led to that geothermal heating was considered the most suitable heating system option for the house, a cheap system that requires no maintenance and does not affect the environment.

In this report a study has been done regarding different heating systems on which are the most comprehensive with solar heating systems. The report has also been focusing if solar power can be used as a primary heating source for supplying more than 50 % of the buildings total heating production. The University of Dalarna constructed a demo-house for this purpose and according to calculations the total solar usage is more than 50 %. This house has been made for reference regarding the design of the heating system of property 5:37. Further studies have been made to compare different heating systems that are compatible with a solar system, where the compared systems purpose is to be independent of direct using electricity. A system of this design is regarded as sustainable according to environmental as economic issues. The following heating systems have been analyzed in combination with solar energy; Geothermal heating, long- distance heating and bio energy heating. The result of text study shows that the design of the heating system should be installed with an accumulation tank as a central component for distribution of heat. The positioning of the house is to be as to the south as possible and the solar panels should be installed with an elevation of 70 degrees for better use of the spring and autumn sun. Vacuum panels should be installed instead of plain panels since they have a better utilization factor during spring and autumn. The efficiency of the accumulator tank is dependent on how well the warm and cold water in the tank is separated. The water flow circulating the system should be as even as possible with low speed which keeps the water in the tank separated. Research shows that installing a separate heatexchanger for the tap water serves for an improved separation of water in the tank. As a result of the text study the design of the heating system at property 5.37 has been made. Nine solar panels are to be installed of a total area of 20,7 m 2 and with an 70 degree angle on the southern roof. Three accumulation tanks with a total volume of 2250 liters have been installed to store the solar heating energy during longer periods. A separate heat-exchanger for the tap water has been installed as well.

Från standardhus till passivhus - Utökade krav på organisationoch framställning för hus 1 i KallebäckPassivhus är ett energismart byggnadssätt ur miljösynpunkt. Detfinns delade meningar huruvida passivhus är det framtidabyggnadssättet då dess ekonomiska vinning ifrågasätts. Den aktuellarapporten innehåller en analys över vad det innebär att bygga ettpassivhus kontra om det skulle ha byggts enligt standardnormerna.Det hus som används som referens är AF Byggs hus 1 i Kallebäck,vilket byggs idag enligt standardnormerna. Rapporten visar vilkaåtgärder gällande installationer och konstruktion som är nödvändigaför att byggnaden skall klassas som ett passivhus. Vidare finns detäven en analys över vilka förväntningar som väntas ställas påorganisationen under byggprocessen.Vad som framgår av rapporten är att det krävs ganska storaförändringar gällande både konstruktion och installationslösningarför att man skall nå passivhus nivå. En av de stora utmaningar somhittats är att passivhus konceptet bygger på att man inte får ha någotuppvärmningssystem. Vidare har det även framkommit att det ställshögre krav på organisationen. / Uppsatsnivå: C

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År 2012 gick ca 30 % av den totala energianvändningen till uppvärmning av bostäder och lokaler. Av den utgör uppvärmning av flerbostadshus och lokaler 60 % (79,5 TWh). Det finns därmed stor potential att minska energianvändningen inom bostadssektorn. En del i effektiviseringsarbetet är att se över regleringen av utrustningen som styr uppvärmningssystemen i bostäderna. Dagens reglering innefattar oftast en styrning som är direkt kopplad till utomhustemperaturen. Denna form av reglering lämpar sig bäst till system där ändring av tillstånd kan ske fort. När det gäller bostäder med hög massa tar det däremot tid innan en ändring får effekt. I vissa fall kan trögheten vara bortåt ett dygn för bostäder med hög intern massa. Ett alternativt till dagens enkla metoder är den så kallade MPC-regulatorn som står för Model Predictive Control. MPC är en reglermetod som kan ta hänsyn till trögheten och dynamiken hos byggnader. MPC-regulatorn arbetar dessutom proaktiv snarare än retroaktivt vilket de flesta av dagens reglermetoder gör. Ett problem med MPC-regulatorn är att den kräver stora beräkningsresurser samt energiteknisk kunskap om byggnaden där den ska implementeras. Detta gör att den har haft svårt att slå igenom. Syftet med examensarbetet var därför att konstruera en enkel MPC-regulator och utvärdera dess funktion. Detta gjordes genom att konstruera en bänktestmodell som utvärderade funktionen av regulatorn. Utöver att konstruera en simpel MPC-regulator har en studie gjorts på hur den nuvarande reglermetoden kan energieffektiviseras utan att behöva investera i ny utrustning. Målet var att få en jämn inomhustemperatur och förbättra driftsekonomin för byggnaden som studerades. Studien har genomförts hos Karlstads Bostads Aktiebolag (KBAB) som förvaltar och äger 7300 lägenheter i Karlstad. Studien presenterar ett antal enkla MPC-regulatorer som kan användas för att uppnå jämnare inomhustemperatur och bättre driftsekonomi. Det bedöms dock att den MPC-regulatorn som endast tar hänsyn till utetemperaturen i sin prediktering är den mest lämpliga. MPC-regulatorn har potential att sänka värmebehovet med 3,12 MWh/år (-4 %) och minska inomhustemperaturens variationer med 96 %. Årsmedeltemperaturen skulle hamna på 21,1 °C och energiförbrukningen på 113 kWh/m2. Studien presenterar dessutom ett alternativ till dagens reglermetod som inte kräver några extra resurser eller investeringskostnader. Den har potential att sänka värmebehovet med 8,3 MWh/år (-10 %) och minska inomhustemperaturens variationer med 65 %. Energiförbrukningen skulle då bli 106 kWh/m2 för byggnaden. / In 2012, 30% of the total energy consumption was used by apartments and buildings. Heating of apartment buildings and commercial buildings represents 60% (79.5 TWh) of that energy consumption. There is thus great potential for reducing energy use in the residential sector. Part of the overall efficiency work is to review the control of heating systems. Today's control often involves simple on / off systems where an upper and lower limit controls when to start and stop a process. This form of control is therefore best suited to systems where the change of state occurs quickly. When it comes to homes with high mass however, it takes time before a change takes effect. In some cases, it can take up to 24h before a change is noticed for buildings with high thermal inertia. An alternative to the traditional temperature based control is the so-called MPC controller which stands for Model Predictive Control. MPC is a control method that can take into account the thermal inertia and the dynamics of buildings. MPC controller also controls the system proactive rather than retroactive, which is the technique most of current control methods use. One problem with the MPC controller thou is that it requires large computational resources and technical knowledge of the building where it will be implemented. The aim of the thesis was to design a simple MPC controller and evaluate its performance. This was done by constructing a bench test model that can evaluate the function of the MPC controller. In addition to constructing a simple MPC-controller, a study has been done on how the current control method can be more energy efficient without having to invest in new equipment. The goal was to reduce the variations in indoor temperature and improve operating economics of the building. The study was conducted at Karlstad Bostads Aktiebolag (KBAB) that owns and manages 7,300 apartments in Karlstad. The Bench test model calculated indoor temperature using the weather conditions as solar radiation, cloud cover, outside temperature and wind speed. The study presents a number of simple MPC controllers that can be used to minimize indoor temperature variations and improving operating economy. It is estimated, however, that the MPC controller that only takes into account the outside temperature in its prediction is the most appropriate. The MPC controller has the potential to reduce heating requirements by 3.12 MWh (-4%) and reduce indoor temperature variations with 96%. The mean annual temperature would be 21.1 ° C and the energy consumption 113 kWh/m2 for the building. The study also presents an alternative to current control method that does not require any additional resources or investments. It has the potential to reduce heating requirements by 8.3 MWh (10%) and reduce indoor temperature variations by 65%. The energy consumption would then be 106 kWh/m2.

Examensarbetet har genomförts som en studie vars syfte varit att skapa en prioriteringsmodell som redogör i vilken ordning olika energieffektiviserande åtgärder skall utföras. Prioriteringsmodellens relevans begränsas till hus byggda under miljonprogrammet eller till byggnader med liknande karaktäristik. De olika energibesparande åtgärderna som prioriteringsmodellen omfattar är åtgärder som AB Bostäder i Borås oftast använder. I arbetet ingår en teoridel som omfattar EU-direktiv och svenska byggstandarder som skall följas vid ombyggnation eller renovering av befintligt fastighetsbestånd. Teoridelen innefattar även grundläggande teori om de tilltänkta åtgärderna. I resultatdelen presenteras besparingarna som är möjliga med de olika åtgärderna, resultatet diskuteras sedan i diskussionsdelen. Slutsatsen är att åtgärderna bör delas upp i tre olika grupper beroende på omfattning, kostnad och tidsåtgång. Författarna har tagit fram tre olika åtgärdspaket som innefattar åtgärderna som valts, men har även behandlat möjliga kombinationer av de olika åtgärdspaketen och huruvida vinningar kan göras genom kombinationer av de olika åtgärdspaketen. Författarna rekommenderar att tilläggsisolering av ytterväggarna samt utbyte av befintliga fönster utförs samtidigt för att få ner kostnaderna. Injustering av värmesystemet bör även utföras samtidigt för att injusteringen skall vara relevant då fastighetens effektbehov kommer att ändras vid klimatskalsförändringar.

I samband med en ökad tillväxt och elektrifiering av samhället där andelen grön intermittent elkraft ökar och kärnkraften avvecklas kan efterfrågan på el vid topplasttimmar bli svårhanterliga för elnätsägare. Med en ökad risk för både effekt- och kapacitetsbrist i södra Sverige och långa handläggningstider vid utbyggnation av stam- och regionnät behöver nya åtgärder för att upprätthålla stabila elnät undersökas och analyseras. Energimyndigheten anser att bostadssektorn spelar en viktig roll där både energi- och resurseffektivisering samt en ökad kunskap kring elanvändning är nödvändigt för att uppnå flera samhällsmål. Rapporten ämnar därmed att undersöka och belysa elbehovet för bostäder med olika uppvärmningssystem i Halmstad samt ta reda på hur en effekttariff kan påverka bostäders ekonomiska situation jämfört med dagens säkringstariff. Studien utförs tillsammans med Halmstad Energi och Miljö Nät som driver elnätet i Halmstads tätort med omnejd, varav rapportens undersökta bostäder ligger inom koncessionsområdet. Resultatet påvisar en markant skillnad i elanvändning mellan bostäderna, speciellt under kalla årstider, där valet av uppvärmningssystem kan påverka effektbehovet inom koncessionsområdet avsevärt samt reducera effekttoppar. Resultatet belyser även effekttariffens inverkan på bostädernas månadskostnad där tariffen gynnar bostäder med ett lågt elbehov samt ger ekonomiska incitament för lastförflyttning under höglastperioder. / With an increasing share of green intermittent power and the upcoming discontinuance of nuclear reactors the electricity demand of today’s Swedish society could become hard to purvey for net grid owners. When the risk for capacity and power shortages are growing and the proceedings of new powerlines are long, new strategies are needed to keep stability in the grids. According to the Swedish energy authority the residential sector plays a major part where both energy- and resource efficiency, together with increased knowledge of energy usage, is necessary to reach several societal goals. Therefore, this report aims to investigate the difference in power demand between residential buildings in Halmstad based on their heating systems and the economic effects of a power tariff implementation. The study is carried out together with Halmstad Energi och Miljö Nät, who operates the electricity grid in Halmstad’s urban areas and provides information of their customers for the aim of this study. The results show a significant difference in power demand between residential buildings, where the method of heating could have a major effect on the power grids capacity and be used as means for power peak reductions. An implementation of power tariffs favors residential buildings with a low power demand, where high demands can lead to expensive bills and force owners to reallocate their demands.