Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marita.PDF: 1934711 bytes, checksum: 95583de2cf2048c15f954cbf5d816b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-11 / A geographical and historical analysis of helth-environment relation applied to the urban space of São Luis between 1854 and 1954, the main purpose is to discuss the binomial health-environment since the origin of Health Geography, showing how its presuppositions had been linked to the images of the maranhense environment and to the urban growth of São Luís, attending the economical priority of the social actors who investigated the urban diseases, The dialectic method of abordage and the historical procedure method were used, justapoing the qualitative aborgade through data interpretation, in the analysis of the contents of the researched texts, The origin and the development of the urban space as source of epidemic and endemic diseases are discussed, observing that the historical records indicate that this space was considered unhealthy, mainly, because of the populational concentration and because of the lack of basic infra-structure. As corollary of the insalubrity of the urban environment, the first sanitary rules were applied and regulated the use of it. The urban space is taken as an object to be medicated. As a scientific landmark to Health Geography of Maranhão it is considered the doctorate thesis Climate and most frequent diseases of the province of Maranhão , by César Augusto Marques, a doctor from Maranhão, presented in 1854. The historical aspects of the miasmatic and microbian theories are rescued, contextualizing in what way both of them gave priority or not to the relation health and envrironment, and their applicability to the movement of hygienist intervention of the urban space. From that dicussion it is done an analysis in which periods the miasmatic and microbian theories served as theorethical support to treat and attend the disorderly growth of the urban space of São Luís, and yet to discuss how the relation health-environment was priviledged and/or excluded in the actions of sanitary care which regulated the us and occupation of the same space. In spite of its theorethical and scientific restrictions, it is confirmed that the miasmatic theory was observed in the relation health and urban environment; as basic presupposition in the mitigating measures in promoting health, giving priority to the multicausality of factors vision which interfere in the population s health. The microbian theory, despite of contextualizing at first the relation health and urban environment of São Luís, gave more priority to the unicausality vision between the pathogenic agents and man. / O estudo faz uma análise geográfica e histórica da relação saúde-ambiente aplicada ao espaço urbano de São Luís, no recorte temporal de 1854 a 1954, e tem como principal escopo discutir o binômio saúde-ambiente a partir da origem da Geografia da Saúde e de que forma os seus pressupostos estiveram atrelados as imagens do ambiente maranhense e ao crescimento urbano de São Luís; atendendo assim as prioridades econômicas dos atores sociais que investigaram as doenças urbanas. Aplicou-se o método de abordagem dialético e método de procedimento histórico, justapondo-se a abordagem qualitativa através da interpretação dos dados, na análise de conteúdo dos textos pesquisados. Disserta-se sobre a origem e o desenvolvimento do espaço urbano como foco de doenças epidêmicas e endêmicas, observando que os registros históricos indicaram que esse espaço foi considerado insalubre, principalmente, em decorrência da concentração populacional e na ausência de infra-estrutura básica. Como corolário da insalubridade dos ambientes urbanos, as primeiras normas sanitárias foram aplicadas e disciplinaram o uso do mesmo. O espaço urbano passa a ser considerado um objeto a ser medicado. Como marco cientifico para a Geografia da Saúde no Maranhão considera-se a tese de doutorado Clima e moléstias mais freqüentes na província do Maranhão , de Augusto César Marques, médico maranhense, defendida em 1854.Resgata-se a historicidade das teorias miasmática e microbiana, contextualizando-as de que forma ambas priorizaram ou não a relação saúde e ambiente, e sua aplicabilidade junto ao movimento de intervenção higienista do espaço urbano.A partir dessa discussão analisa-se em quais períodos a teoria miasmática e microbiana serviram como suporte teórico para medicar e acompanhar o crescimento desordenado do espaço urbano de São Luís, e ainda discutir como a relação saúde e ambiente foi privilegiada e/ou excluída nas ações de cunho sanitarista que disciplinaram o uso e ocupação do mesmo espaço. Confirma-se, que apesar de suas restrições teóricas e científicas, a teoria miasmática foi observada na relação saúde e ambiente urbano; como pressuposto básico nas medidas mitigadoras em promover a saúde, priorizando a visão da multicausalidade de fatores que interferem na saúde da população. A teoria microbiana, apesar de contextualizar inicialmente a relação entre a saúde e o ambiente urbano de São Luís, priorizou mais a visão da unicausalidade entre os agentes patogênicos e o homem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Augusto Cesar Salomao Mozine.pdf: 5355782 bytes, checksum: b4302d9bf705c2fc24768d098c9f41d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This tesis aims to outline Brazilian society participation in the formulation of the National Policy on Solid Waste in light of the Master Plan for Solid Waste in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória. It analyses the documents related to this Policy formulation provided by Brazilian Parliament in other to extract from them the political and social discourse used by different actors that intervened in the legislative processes. The main issue that is brought in this paper is how social participation was considered on this policy formulation giving legitimacy to the political processes. In a first glance, it s important to provide a historical perspective of solid waste management in Brazilian society. Then, it s relevant to show how this discussion is related with Brazilian constitutional aims and how it affects politics in a federative system, considering social participation and accountability in this process / Objetiva discutir a participação social na formulação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos diante de Plano Diretor de Resíduos Sólidos da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória. Propõe uma discussão baseada na ecologia política do processo legislativo brasileiro e sua relação com a ação social com vistas ao controle ambiental da questão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Dessa maneira, parte da premissa de que a ausência de entendimento é, hoje, uma constante na política brasileira. A falta de prática da Política no espaço público nacional tem contribuído a um excesso de regulamentação da vida privada, sob pretextos alarmistas ou salvacionistas e, não raro, sob ambos. Há, sim, uma ênfase na necessidade de que o Brasil atue frente ao problema da gestão do lixo urbano através da criação, implementação e expansão de mecanismos regulatórios de metas de tratamento de resíduos, sempre ressaltando que isso deve ocorrer provocando uma mudança no sistema produtivo, na forma de ordenamento das relações sociais por meio do aprimoramento da tecnologia, sem, contudo, prever qualquer debate social amplamente difundido para tratar como isso pode ser realizado

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência de dois métodos de amostragem de árvores de rua para os bairros da orla marítima da cidade de Santos. Foram empregadas a amostragem sistemática simples e a amostragem estratificada por bairros. Cinco estratos corresponderam aos bairros Ponta da Praia, Aparecida, Embaré, Boqueirão, e, o último, denominado Composto, compreendeu três bairros vizinhos, o Gonzaga, o Pompéia e o José Menino. Dos 470 quarteirões não compostos integralmente por áreas verdes e localizados na área de estudo, foram selecionados 70 para compor a amostra (14,9%) tanto da amostragem sistemática simples quanto da amostragem estratificada. A fim de estimar o parâmetro populacional que representa a abundância de árvores, utilizou-se a variável "número de árvores por quilômetro de calçada". Foi realizado um inventário qualitativo e quantitativo no qual foram anotados o perímetro dos quarteirões (incluindo as calçadas), o número de elementos existentes (árvores e arbustos vivos ou mortos) e suas características. Os dois métodos de amostragem foram eficientes para o levantamento de árvores de ruas nos bairros da orla marítima da cidade de Santos, mas deu-se preferência para a amostragem sistemática simples, uma vez que o ganho em precisão obtido através da estratificação por bairros foi muito pequeno. Para avaliar a riqueza e a abundância das espécies e as diferenças na composição de espécies dos estratos foram calculados os índices de diversidade de Shannon e de Jaccard. As sete espécies mais freqüentes foram Inga laurina (ingá), Sapindus saponaria (saboneteira), Terminalia catappa (chapéu-de-sol), Ficus benjamina (figueira-benjamin), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Lagerstroemia indica (resedá ou extremosa) e Callophyllum brasiliensis (guanandí). De cada um dos 1282 elementos vivos avaliados foram levantadas características relacionadas ao tamanho das árvores, ao tipo de condução ou poda, à qualidade da copa e do tronco, à fitossanidade, à compatibilidade com o local de plantio, à área livre de pavimentação, aos danos aos passeios e à presença de redes aéreas e de obstáculos ao desenvolvimento das plantas. / The aim of the present study is to examine the efficiency of two sampling methods for street trees inventory in the coastal neighborhoods of the city of Santos. Two methods have been employed: the simple systematic sampling and the stratification according to neighborhood. The five strata which have been analyzed correspond to the following neighborhoods: Ponta da Praia, Aparecida, Embaré, Boqueirão and one strata hereby called Compound, which actually comprehends three adjacent neighborhoods, namely Gonzaga, Pompéia and José Menino. Of the 470 blocks not entirely made up of green areas witch still situated in the study area, 70 have been selected to be the sample (14.9%), in the simple systematic method as well as in the stratified type. In order to estimate the population parameter representing the abundance of trees, the variable "number of trees per kilometer of sidewalk" has been utilized. A qualitative as well as a quantitative inventory has been drawn up in which we have annotated the perimeter of the blocks (sidewalks included), the number of existing elements (trees, bushes and shrubs, either dead or living) and their characteristics. Although both methods of sampling have proven to be efficient for street trees inventories in the coastal neighborhoods of the city of Santos, we have given preference to the simple systematic sampling type, since very little gain in accuracy has been obtained from the sampling method of stratification by neighborhood. So as to estimate the wealth and abundance of the species and the differences in the species composition between the five strata, we have calculated both Shannon and Jaccard diversity indexes. The seven most frequent species are the following ones: Inga laurina (ingá), Sapindus saponaria (saboneteira), Terminalia catappa (chapéu-de-sol), Ficus benjamina (figueira-benjamin), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Lagerstroemia indica (resedá or extremosa) and Callophyllum brasiliensis (guanandí). Of each of the 1.282 evaluated living elements, we have registered characteristics related to the following aspects: tree size, type of conduction or pruning, quality of crown and trunk, insect or disease problems, degree of compatibility with the planted site, areas devoid of paving, damage caused to pavements and the presence of wiring and cables or any obstacles to plant development.

Bearing witness to tragedy, the aftermath of genocide often resides quite evidently within the landscape. A potent container of memories and representation, the landscape provides both a symbolic role in which to honour the victims and give survivors a place to mourn and remember, but is also often infused with the tensions of post-genocide life. The memoryscapes of the Cambodian and Rwandan genocides illustrate these contested concerns explicitly. The case study sites investigated in this study - the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Choeung Ek Genocidal Centre in Cambodia, and the Kigali Memorial Centre in Rwanda - each express today (consciously or unconsciously) design strategies that engage the Euro-Western visitor. Termed Euro-Western ‘cues to connect’, encountered and existential phenomenological data is analysed in relation to design interpretation and the affective cognition of meaning. Finally, considered in relation to Berlin’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, post genocide memorialisation is analysed in its ability to connect through time and culture - through its ability to transpose interpretations and evolve as the needs of society change.

林憲德等人於1999年提出台北夏季午夜之都市熱島強度為4.5℃，至2012年簡子翔等人所提出夏季白天最大熱島強度6.18℃、午夜4.38℃，可以發現台北市的高溫化現象並未有顯著的差異，甚至還新增加了多個新興熱區。 本研究以健康新城為研究對象，以實測方式、CFD電腦模擬方法，釐清社區建築環繞下，社區內的高溫化現象，並與社區外的街道環境比較溫度差異，評估熱舒適性。研究結果顯示，建築環繞下的社區內部(社區中庭)，在日落後的確有高溫化現象，白天時則會因為各社區的遮蔽條件、綠化條件不同，而有不同程度的差別。而模擬結果亦顯示，社區開口條件、通風道配置不同，也會影響社區中庭與外部周邊街道環境之舒適性差異。 建議未來社區的建築規劃設計，除了增加綠化措施之外，尚能適度增加開放空間，增加通風性能；而公部門在訂定法定容積時，應考量都市環境因素(增加遮蔽、通風)，酌以調整已達優良的都市實質環境。 / According to Urban Heat Island’s studies by Lin et al. (1999) and Chien et al. (2012), urban heat island intensity (UHIs) of Taipei didn’t get an obvious improvement from 1999 to 2012. UHIs of Taipei was 4.5℃ in the midnight in 1999, 4.38℃ in the midnight in 2012 and 6.18℃ in the daytimes in 2012. Obviously, there are several high temperature area appeared in the years. This study tries to measure the thermal comfort between the area inside Jian-Kang community and the streets’ environment around Jian-Kang community. Furthermore, this study utilize CFD simulation that can help the study knows the reason effects thermal comfort. As the result of the study, the area inside Jian-Kang community has higher temperature after sunset. In the morning, it will have difference due to the shadow and green situation. Also, the simulation results show that the draft condition of the community will influence the thermal comfort. In the future, this study suggests some strategy to have a better urban environment. First, increase much more greening measures. Second, preserve open spaces to improve the ventilation when deciding the community’s design. Third, consider the urban environmental factors when rule the building’s height.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C) 課題番号:17510035 研究代表者:白川 博章 研究期間:2005-2006年度

Nowadays, satellite-based localization is a well-established technical solution to support several navigation tasks in daily life. Besides the application inside of portable devices, satellite-based positioning is used for in-vehicle navigation systems as well. Moreover, due to its global coverage and the availability of inexpensive receiver hardware it is an appealing technology for numerous applications in the area of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). However, it has to be admitted that most of the aforementioned examples either rely on modest accuracy requirements or are not sensitive to temporary integrity violations. Although technical concepts of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) have been successfully demonstrated under open sky conditions, practice reveals that such systems suffer from degraded satellite signal quality when put into urban areas. Thus, the main research objective of this thesis is to provide a reliable vehicle positioning concept which can be used in urban areas without the aforementioned limitations. Therefore, an integrated probabilistic approach which preforms fault detection & exclusion, localization and multi-sensor data fusion within one unified Bayesian framework is proposed. From an algorithmic perspective, the presented concept is based on a probabilistic data association technique with explicit handling of outlier measurements as present in urban areas. By that approach, the accuracy, integrity and availability are improved at the same time, that is, a consistent positioning solution is provided. In addition, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of typical errors in urban areas within the pseudorange domain is performed. Based on this analysis, probabilistic models are proposed and later on used to facilitate the positioning algorithm. Moreover, the presented concept clearly targets towards mass-market applications based on low-cost receivers and hence aims to replace costly sensors by smart algorithms. The benefits of these theoretical contributions are implemented and demonstrated on the example of a real-time vehicle positioning prototype as used inside of the European research project GAlileo Interactive driviNg (GAIN). This work describes all necessary parts of this system including GNSS signal processing, fault detection and multi-sensor data fusion within one processing chain. Finally, the performance and benefits of the proposed concept are examined and validated both with simulated and comprehensive real-world sensor data from numerous test drives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5129.pdf: 1704174 bytes, checksum: cf67946242d496e698e4fa00a29c2344 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Biodiversity is all around us, in what we wear, eat, into objects from our daily, past and future lives. It is present as an explosion of colors and hues, sounds and smells. It is both invisible and inescapable. The discourses on biodiversity are also multiple: it is the basis of life on Earth, it is essential, and yet suffers constant threats. In this thesis we seek to raise possibilities of working with biodiversity as a theme in an urban environment, the São Carlos Ecological Pole, and to understand the meanings attributed to biodiversity by researchers and students in the Life Sciences and similar areas, and to envision possibilities for addressing the concept of biodiversity in environmental education processes conducted within the principles of a critical environmental education. We conducted a qualitative study, using naturalist research techniques and the Delphi Method, and used a philosophical hermeneutics perspective to interpret and understand the data. This research generated nine categories of meaning attributed to biodiversity: Concreteness, Symbolic, Knowledge, Holism, Kaleidoscope, Hidden, Threatened, Inclusive and Exclusive, listed 16 sets of concepts considered essential, organized in spheres that contemplate aspects of scientific content, values and action, and six suggestions of themes that can help the process of learning about biodiversity: Experiencing biodiversity; "Opening your eyes" for biodiversity; Exercising dialogue/discussions; Acknowledging the importance of biodiversity and the limits of human interference; Biodiversity in our own territory; Overcoming teaching fragmentation. The results are ideas, suggestions, possibilities to be explored from the perspective of a critical environmental education, and must be contextualized in processes that respect the multiplicity of views on environmental issues, and seek understanding and to build agreements that allow for action in favor of the diversity of life on Earth. / A biodiversidade está em tudo ao nosso redor, no que vestimos, comemos, em objetos de nosso cotidiano, passado e futuro. Faz-se presente como uma explosão de cores e tons, de sons e aromas. É ao mesmo tempo invisível e inescapável. Os discursos sobre a biodiversidade também são múltiplos: ela é a base da vida na Terra, é essencial, e, no entanto, sofre ameaça constante. Nesta tese buscamos levantar possibilidades de trabalho com o tema da biodiversidade em um ambiente urbano, o Polo Ecológico de São Carlos e entender quais são os sentidos atribuídos à biodiversidade por pesquisadoras/es e estudantes da área de Ciências Biológicas e afins, e as possibilidades de trabalhar com o conceito da biodiversidade em processos educativos conduzidos dentro dos princípios de uma educação ambiental crítica. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, com o uso de técnicas de pesquisa naturalista e do Método Delphi, e utilizamos o referencial da hermenêutica filosófica na interpretação e compreensão dos dados. Na pesquisa foram geradas nove categorias de sentido atribuído à biodiversidade: Concretude, Simbólico, Conhecimento, Holismo, Caleidoscópio, Oculta, Ameaçada, Inclusiva e Exclusiva, elencados 16 conjuntos de conceitos considerados essenciais, organizados em esferas que contemplam aspectos de conteúdos científicos, valores e atuação, e seis sugestões de temas que podem auxiliar o processo de aprendizagem sobre a biodiversidade: Experimentar a biodiversidade; Abrir os olhos para a biodiversidade; Exercitar diálogo/debates; Perceber a importância da biodiversidade e os limites da interferência humana; Biodiversidade no próprio território; Superação da fragmentação do ensino. Os resultados são ideias, sugestões, possibilidades a serem exploradas, sob a perspectiva da educação ambiental crítica, e devem ser contextualizadas em processos que respeitam a multiplicidade de olhares sobre a questão ambiental e buscam a compreensão e a construção de acordos que permitam a ação em prol da diversidade de vida do planeta.

Le degré de pénétration du marché des appareils intelligents tels que les smartphones et les tablettes avec les technologies de communication embarquées comme le WiFi, 3G et LTE a explosé en moins d’une décennie. En complément de cette tendance technologique, les applications des réseaux sociaux ont virtuellement connectées une grande partie de la popula- tion, en génerant une demande croissante de trafic de données vers et depuis l’infrastructure de communication. Les communications pervasives ont aussi acquis une importance dans l’industrie automobile. L’émergence d’une gamme impressionnante d’appareils intelligents dans les véhicules a permis des services tels que : l’assistante au conducteur, l’infotainment, le suivi à distance du véhicule, et la connectivité aux réseaux sociaux même en déplacement La demande exponentielle de connectivité a encore défié les fournisseurs de services de télé- communications pour répondre aux attentes des utilisateurs.L’objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser et comprendre la mobilité dynamique des utilisateurs à grande vitesse et leurs effets sur les architectures de réseau sans fil. Compte tenu de l’ importance du développement de notre étude sur une représentation réal- iste de la mobilité des véhicules, nous étudions tout d’abord les approches les plus populaires pour la génération de trafic routier synthétique et discutons les caractéristiques des ensem- bles de données accessibles au public qui décrivent des mobilités véhiculaires. En utilisant l’information des déplacements de la population dans une région métropolitaine, les données détaillées du réseau routier et les modèles réalistes des conduites microscopiques, nous pro- posons un jeu de données de mobilité véhiculaire original qui redéfinit l’état de l’art et qui replie la circulation routière de façon réaliste dans le temps et dans l’espace. Nous étudions ensuite l’impact des dynamiques des mobilité du point de vue de la couverture cellulaire en présence d’un déploiement réel des stations de base. En outre, en examinant les effets de la mobilité des véhicules sur les réseaux autonomes, nous voyons des possibilités pour les futurs paradigmes de réseaux hétérogènes. Motivés par l’évolution dynamique dans le temps, de la mobilité des véhicules observée dans notre jeux de données, nous proposons également une approche en ligne pour prédire les flux de trafic macroscopiques. Nous analysons les paramètres affectant la prédiction de la mobilité en milieu urbain. Nous dévoilons quand et où la gestion des ressources réseaux est la plus cruciale pour accueillir le trafic généré par les utilisateurs à bord. Ces études révèlent de multiples opportunités de gestion intelligente des transports, soit pour construire de nouvelles routes, soit pour l’installation de bornes de recharge électriques, ou pour la conception de systèmes de feux de circulation intelligents, contribuant ainsi à la planification urbaine. / The market penetration of smart devices like smartphones and tablets with embedded communication technologies like WiFi, 3G and LTE has exploded in less than a decade. Complementing this technological trend, social networking applications have virtually connected a large portion of the population generating an ever-growing data traffic demand on the communication infrastructure. Pervasive communications have gained significance in the automobile industry as well, with the emergence of an impressive range of in-vehicle smart devices enabling driver assistance, infotainment, over-the-air vehicle monitoring, and even social connectivity on the move. This surge in the demand for connectivity has further challenged telecommunication service providers to meet the expectations of high-speed network users. The goal of this thesis is to model and understand the mobility dynamics of high-speed users and their effect on wireless network architectures. Given the importance of developing our study on a realistic representation of vehicular mobility, we first survey the most popular approaches for the generation of synthetic road traffic and discuss the features of publicly available vehicular mobility datasets. Using original travel demand information of the population of a metropolitan area, detailed road network data and realistic microscopic driving models, we propose a novel state-of-art vehicular mobility dataset that closely mimics the real-world road traffic dynamics in both time and space. We then study the impact of such mobility dynamics from the perspective of wireless cellular network architecture in presence of a real-world base station deployment. In addition, by discussing the effects of vehicular mobility on autonomous network architecture, we hint at the opportunities for future heterogenous network paradigms. Motivated by the time-evolving mobility dynamics observed in our original dataset, we also propose an online approach to predict near-future macroscopic traffic flows. We analyze the parameters affecting the mobility prediction in an urban environment and unveil when and where network resource management is more crucial to accommodate the traffic generated by users onboard. Such studies unveil multiple opportunities in transportation management either for building new roads, installing electric charging points, or for designing intelligent traffic light systems, thereby contributing to urban planning.

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