[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar o e-commerce como forma de comercialização, explorando as características das empresas que fazem uso desse tipo de comercialização, levando em consideração o foco logístico do fluxo de bens e serviços comercializados via lnternet. O presente trabalho pretende identificar os desafios logísticos do comércio eletrônico, abordando quais os aspectos mais importantes no comércio eletrônico segundo a visão do cliente. Objetiva, ainda, verificar os requisitos básicos para resolver o problema da logística de distribuição e entrega de bens e serviços para o consumidor final por meio de um estudo de caso aplicado ao site da empresa CasaeVideo (www.casaevideo.com.br), que é um ambiente virtual de negócios de comércio eletrônico no mercado varejista. A partir dos estudos dos problemas com relação à Logística Urbana, procurou-se mostrar a relevância da aplicação de novas recomendações de fatores críticos de sucesso, inseridos no modelo em questão, para ambientes de negócios virtuais. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to study e-commerce as a way of marketing, exploring the characteristics of companies that use this type of marketing, taking into account the focus of logistical flow of goods and services marketed via Internet. This study aims to identify the logistical challenges of electronic commerce, addressing what is the most important in electronic commerce through the perspective of the customer. It also aims to verify the basic requirements for solving the problem of logistic distribution and delivery of goods and services to end consumers through a case study applied to the CasaeVideo s website (www.casaevideo.com.br), which is a virtual environment for ecommerce business in the retail market. From the studies of problems related to the City Logistics, sought to demonstrate the relevance of further recommendations of critical success factors, included in the model in question, for virtual business environments.

With the world’s population moving to urban areas due to an increase in population and employment opportunities, e-commerce businesses need to drastically improve logistics to levelwith the eruptive demand from the customers. This expands an already major need to undertake a study on urban logistics management to highlight its best practices. The most sustainable means of “End mile delivery” is a cargo bike, but this operation is limited to selective areas of the city. This prompts van deliveries to be an integral part of logistics, even for small packages. Major limitations of the cargo bike operation not expanding is the non-consolidation of package and routing issues. This research holistically explores how simulation techniques, such as “Agent-Based Modeling”, can play a vital role in the operational side of logistics management and planning. These models can solve the issues, such as package sorting, for cargo bike riders which are facilitated by a mobile hub. This smart mobile hub operation collaborates with the cargo bikes to ensure a larger geo-fence and higher vehicle utilization. Further study of reverse logistic policies in Stockholm is incorporated in the model, to establish a circular economy. An “ABM”, simulating the daily operation of this new proposed urban logistics, has been developed on AnyLogic®. / I takt med världsbefolkningens förflyttning till städer behöver e-handelsindustrin drastiskt förbättra logistiken för att möta den ständigt ökande efterfrågan hos konsumenter. Detta utvidgar ett redan stort behov av studier av stadslogistikhantering för att lyfta fram dess bästa praktiker. Det mest hållbara medlet för ”End mile delivery” är lastcyklar, men de är begränsade till utvalda stadsområden. Således blir skåpbilsleveranser en väsentlig del av logistiken, även gällande mindre paket. Brist på utveckling av lastcyklarnas stora begränsningar är paket- och ruttproblemens icke-konsolidering. Denna forskning utforskar holistiskt hur simulationstekniker, såsom ”Agent-Baserad modellering”, kan spela en väsentlig roll i den operativa sidan av logistik-hantering och planering. Dessa modeller kan lösa lastcyklarnas problem, däribland med paketsorteringen, vilka underlättas med hjälp av ett mobilt nav. Denna smarta mobila-nav-verksamhet samarbetar med lastcyklarna för att säkra ett större geo-fence och högre fordonsutnyttjande. Vidare studie av returlogistik-regelverk i Stockholm är inkorporerad i modellen, för att etablera en cirkulärekonomi. En ”ABM”, som simulerar den dagliga driften av denna nya föreslagna stadslogistik, har blivit utvecklad på AnyLogic®.

Proximity logistics represent a counter movement to logistics sprawl – the return of logistics to urban areas. In the case presented, a logistics service provider in the groupage and less-than-truckload (LTL) segment runs an urban consolidation center (UCC), offers receiver-led consolidation and additional service like stockholding to inner-city businesses in the city of Dusseldorf. The case shows that for the development of a UCC or a proximity logistics facility to succeed, no expensive space is necessarily required in immediate inner-city areas. The transfer to other locations of logistics service providers of the same segment shows that these could serve as possible locations for UCC in terms of cargo bike-relevant distances. We therefore conclude that the relevant locations of logistics infrastructure like ports and centrally located logistics facilities should be seen as crucial for the transformation to sustainable freight transport and its initiation by municipal governments.

Urbanisering är en trend som har ökat och förväntas att fortsätta öka. 85 % av den totala befolkningen förväntas att leva i stadsområden 2050. Således ökar betydelsen av godstransporter i stadsområdet och godsrelaterade beslut blir alltmer avgörande vilket ställer krav på lösningar som tar hänsyn till både den ekonomiska och sociala betydelsen av gods. Dagens godstransporter inom stadsområdet bidrar till luftföroreningar och skadliga utsläpp, buller, negativa effekter på stadens infrastruktur samt utgör en trafikfara för människorna som vistas i stadskärnan. Det finns därför ett behov av att ökad godstransport inte påverkar livskvalitet, hälsa och det globala klimatet. Emellertid är merparten av godstransporter ineffektivt lastade vilket skapar onödig närvaro av godstrafik. Stadslogistik fokuserar på effektiv transportering av gods med hänsyn till den totala sociala kostnaden med kontinuerliga och långsiktiga åtgärder för ett hållbart samhälle och samtidigt använda resurser effektivt. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka mikro-konsolidering för godstransporter i Borås innerstad och vidare identifiera framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar för en lyckad implementation av mikro-konsolidering. Resultatet presenterar kritiska framgångsfaktorer och deras betydelse för olika intressenter tillsammans med utmaningar och förutsättningar som behöver beaktas vid en implementation av mikro-konsolidering. Framgångsfaktorerna kan delas in i tre kategorier: finansiella, praktiska och sociala framgångsfaktorer. De finansiella framgångsfaktorerna berör hur mikro-konsolidering kan bli ekonomiskt självförsörjande samt hur verksamheten kan finansieras och ägas. De praktiska faktorerna berör hur den operativa verksamheten hanteras och slutligen presenteras de sociala faktorerna som innefattar samarbete och engagemang mellan involverade intressenter. Slutligen presenteras en mer specifik sammanfattning av potentiella utmaningar och rekommendationer för Borås Stad och vilka fördelar en mikro-konsolidering ger samtliga intressenter i stadsområdet. / Urbanization is a trend that has increased and is expected to continue to increase. 85% of the total population is expected to live in urban areas in 2050. Thus, the importance of freight transport in the urban area increases and goods-related decisions are becoming increasingly important, which imposes solutions that take into account both the economic and social significance of goods. Today's freight transport in the city area contributes to air pollution, harmful emissions, noise, adverse effects on the city's infrastructure and poses a traffic hazard for people staying in the city center. Therefore, there is a need that increased freight transport does not affect quality of life, health and the global climate. However, the majority of freight transport is inefficiently loaded, creating unnecessary presence of freight traffic. City logistics focuses on efficient transport of goods while taking into account the total social cost with continuous and long-term measures for a sustainable society while effectively utilizing resources. The purpose of the thesis work is to investigate micro-consolidation for freight transport in Borås inner city and further identify success factors and challenges for successful implementation of micro-consolidation. The result presents critical success factors and their importance to different stakeholders along with challenges and conditions that need to be considered in the implementation of micro-consolidation. Success factors can be divided into three categories: financial, practical and social success factors. The financial success factors highlight how micro-consolidation can be economically self-sufficient and how the business can be financed and owned. The practical factors mention how the operational activities are managed. Furthermore, the social factors present cooperation and commitment between stakeholders as success factors. Finally, a more specific summary of potential challenges and recommendations for Borås Stad is presented and what benefits a micro-consolidation brings to all stakeholders in the city area.

A caracterização do sistema de transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentada neste trabalho, apoia-se nas diversas formas de organização das atividades e serviços de transporte de carga, pondo em evidência os novos espaços e fluxos que foram gerados nas últimas duas décadas. A questão da circulação e transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e suas relações com as transformações na organização produtiva são abordadas, entendidas como aspectos importantes da dinâmica sócioespacial da metrópole paulistana. Admite-se que as transformações na organização produtiva da metrópole implicaram o crescimento dos fluxos de bens e mercadorias que, ao afetar a organização da circulação geral e dos serviços de transporte de carga, podem ter repercutido na organização espacial urbana. Tais transformações, também decorrentes de inovações na organização dos próprios serviços de transporte de carga, vêm sendo caracterizadas como atividade logística e visam ganhos globais no processo de produção. Assim sendo, alguns dos novos elementos do sistema de transportes de carga podem estar relacionados a processos sócio-espaciais característicos da formação metropolitana contemporânea, que se expressam em diferentes formas de distribuição espacial das atividades econômicas. Partindo-se desse pressuposto são descritos alguns aspectos da organização da produção e das atividades de comércio e serviços que têm resultado em mudanças no sistema urbano de cargas, argumentando-se que tais mudanças fazem parte das dinâmicas de transformação do espaço metropolitano e confirmam a força de polarização e articulação concentrada na RMSP. / The characterization of load transport system in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, exposed in this work, holds on several ways of activities and duties organization for cargo transport, calling the attention to the new spaces and flows that were engendered on the last decades. The issue of cargo traffic and transport in São Paulo Metropolitan region and its relation with the transformation of the productive organization are broached, understood as important aspects of social spatial dynamic of São Paulo Metropolis. It is admitted that the transformation of productive organization of the metropolis implied in the increase of the goods and merchandises flows, that when affecting the organization of the general circulation and cargo transport duties, may have rebounded in urban spatial organization. Such transformations, also decurrent from innovations in load transport duties own organization, are becoming characterized as logistics activities and aim global profits in the production process. Thus, some of the new elements of the load transport system may be related to social spatial processes characteristic of the contemporary metropolitan formation, which express itself in different ways of spatial distribution of the economical activities. Starting from this presupposition some aspects of the production organization and of the trading and duties activities are described, which have turned out to changes in the urban load system, arguing that such changes constitute the dynamics transformations of the metropolitan spaces and confirm the polarization strength and the concentrated articulation in RMSP (São Paulo Metropolitan Region).

A caracterização do sistema de transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, apresentada neste trabalho, apoia-se nas diversas formas de organização das atividades e serviços de transporte de carga, pondo em evidência os novos espaços e fluxos que foram gerados nas últimas duas décadas. A questão da circulação e transporte de carga na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e suas relações com as transformações na organização produtiva são abordadas, entendidas como aspectos importantes da dinâmica sócioespacial da metrópole paulistana. Admite-se que as transformações na organização produtiva da metrópole implicaram o crescimento dos fluxos de bens e mercadorias que, ao afetar a organização da circulação geral e dos serviços de transporte de carga, podem ter repercutido na organização espacial urbana. Tais transformações, também decorrentes de inovações na organização dos próprios serviços de transporte de carga, vêm sendo caracterizadas como atividade logística e visam ganhos globais no processo de produção. Assim sendo, alguns dos novos elementos do sistema de transportes de carga podem estar relacionados a processos sócio-espaciais característicos da formação metropolitana contemporânea, que se expressam em diferentes formas de distribuição espacial das atividades econômicas. Partindo-se desse pressuposto são descritos alguns aspectos da organização da produção e das atividades de comércio e serviços que têm resultado em mudanças no sistema urbano de cargas, argumentando-se que tais mudanças fazem parte das dinâmicas de transformação do espaço metropolitano e confirmam a força de polarização e articulação concentrada na RMSP. / The characterization of load transport system in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, exposed in this work, holds on several ways of activities and duties organization for cargo transport, calling the attention to the new spaces and flows that were engendered on the last decades. The issue of cargo traffic and transport in São Paulo Metropolitan region and its relation with the transformation of the productive organization are broached, understood as important aspects of social spatial dynamic of São Paulo Metropolis. It is admitted that the transformation of productive organization of the metropolis implied in the increase of the goods and merchandises flows, that when affecting the organization of the general circulation and cargo transport duties, may have rebounded in urban spatial organization. Such transformations, also decurrent from innovations in load transport duties own organization, are becoming characterized as logistics activities and aim global profits in the production process. Thus, some of the new elements of the load transport system may be related to social spatial processes characteristic of the contemporary metropolitan formation, which express itself in different ways of spatial distribution of the economical activities. Starting from this presupposition some aspects of the production organization and of the trading and duties activities are described, which have turned out to changes in the urban load system, arguing that such changes constitute the dynamics transformations of the metropolitan spaces and confirm the polarization strength and the concentrated articulation in RMSP (São Paulo Metropolitan Region).

Le transport de marchandises en ville bien que composante essentielle de la ville a disparu des schémas d'urbanisme et reste secondaire dans les préoccupations des pouvoirs publics. Pourtant le TMV présente de nouveaux enjeux (fonctionnels, environnementaux, économiques...) qui doivent intéresser les acteurs de la ville. La question posée dans cette thèse est "en quoi un opérateur de transports publics urbains peut-il être intéressé par les nouveaux services de logistique urbaine ?". Pour y répondre, un diagnostic sera tout d'abord mené sur le TMV afin de mieux comprendre sa mauvaise organisation puis seront envisagées les nouvelles formes de régulation possibles sur les services de gestion de la voirie, la mise en place d'espaces logistiques urbains et relais-livraisons, le transport de fret et le déplacement des chalands / Urban freight is an essential component of the city, but it disappeared from the scheme of town planning and remains secondary within authorities concerns. However, urban freight presents new stakes (functional, environmental, economic…) which seem interesting for the city actors. The question raised by this study is “how may a public transport operator be interested in new urban logistics services?” To answer it, a diagnosis of urban logistics will be made to better understand its poor organisation. Then the new possible forms of regulation will be considered. They will be related to roadway system, installation of logistic urban spaces and pick-up points, freight transport and customers moving

La gestion coordonnée de la logistique en contexte urbain est complexe. La mutualisation est une pratique considérée par les parties prenantes comme potentiellement source de performance de la logistique urbaine. Plusieurs expériences de mutualisation urbaine ont néanmoins échoué. Ce travail de thèse vise à appréhender les antécédents à l’adoption de la mutualisation urbaine en tant que facteurs explicatifs.La première partie propose une revue de la littérature sur le champ de recherche. Le chapitre 1 présente les problématiques de la logistique urbaine et de la mutualisation urbaine. Le chapitre 2 définit la notion de mutualisation urbaine en tant qu’innovation interorganisationnelle qui mène à la formulation de trois propositions de recherche. Le chapitre 3 porte sur l’identification et la mesure de l’influence des antécédents à l’adoption d’une innovation interorganisationnelle. Le recours à la théorie de la diffusion des innovations appliqué à l’adoption de l’innovation organisationnelle et interorganisationnelle mène à la formulation de dix propositions de recherche. La seconde partie porte sur l’étude empirique. La démarche méthodologique est développée dans le chapitre 4. Le chapitre 5 présente les cinq études de cas multiples réalisées sur des centres de consolidation urbains. Le chapitre 6 présente les principaux résultats obtenus au travers des entretiens exploratoires. Neuf antécédents à l’adoption de la mutualisation urbaine ont été validés : l’avantage relatif, la compatibilité, la possibilité de tester, l’observabilité, le caractère volontaire de l’utilisation, le risque perçu, la confiance, le pouvoir des partenaires et l’influence des acteurs publics. / The coordinated management of logistics in an urban context is complex. Pooling is a practice considered by stakeholders as a potential source of urban logistics performance. Several experiences of urban pooling have failed. This research aims to understand the antecedents to the adoption of urban pooling as explanatory factors.The first part of the thesis proposes a literature review of the research fields. Chapter 1 highlights the challenges and issues of urban logistics and urban pooling. Chapter 2 defines the notion of urban pooling as an inter-organizational innovation. This leads to the formulation of three research proposals. Chapter 3 presents the identification and measurement of the antecedents’ influence on the adoption of an inter-organizational innovation. The use of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory applied to the adoption of organizational and inter-organizational innovations leads to the formulation of ten research proposals. The second part presents the empirical study. The methodology approach is developed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 shows the five multiple case studies of urban consolidation centers. Nine antecedents to the adoption of urban pooling are validated: relative advantage, compatibility, testability, observability, voluntariness of use, perceived risk, trust, power of partners and public stakeholders’ influence.

The growing population of cities and the rise of e-commerce are increasing the transportation of both goods and people. This can generate problems such as traffic jams, increased pollution, and lower living standards for citizens. To reduce the negative impacts, a change in last mile mobility could be made, replacing traditional combustion vehicles with electric ones or, ideally, with bikes and cargo bikes.  This thesis examines the case of the Swedish cities of Gävle and Uppsala, trying to explain how the last mile affects the lives of their inhabitants, if and why electric vehicles and cargo bikes are implemented (or not), and how authorities can promote their use. For this purpose, after a literature review, some questions were developed, and seven city managers were interviewed: five from Gävle and two from Uppsala.  The study shows that city managers are aware of the impacts that the last mile, and mobility in general, has on its inhabitants, and of the need for a shift towards a more sustainable mobility. Despite this awareness, policy makers are not doing everything possible to accelerate the transition. According to city managers, both the public and private sector advocate more for a change of energy source (from combustion to electric vehicles) rather than a model change using bikes. In addition, the study shows the opportunities that the new model based on non-traditional vehicles can offer and the barriers that prevent its implementation. Finally, different measures that could make cities more sustainable are proposed.

[pt] Nos últimos anos as empresas varejistas começaram a investir em modelos menores de lojas, voltando-se para o atendimento de conveniência, que busca atender os novos hábitos de consumo da população. No entanto, esse modelo de loja representa um grande desafio logístico para as empresas, uma vez que por serem pequenas essas lojas normalmente não possuem espaço para estoque, necessitando de abastecimentos frequentes. A logística urbana apresenta alguns obstáculos como as restrições de circulação por tipo de veículo e as janelas de tempo, tornando a roteirização adequada fundamental para entregar o produto correto, no momento correto e na quantidade correta, garantindo assim a redução de veículos, distância percorrida e custos logísticos. Desta forma, este trabalho busca contribuir para o reabastecimento ótimo de lojas de conveniência localizadas em grandes centros urbanos através da otimização de rotas, considerando restrições de circulação e janelas de tempo disponíveis para abastecimento. Para isto, um estudo de caso foi feito em uma empresa do setor varejista utilizando uma ferramenta de código aberto baseada no Excel para resolver a variante do problema de roteirização de veículos. A ferramenta utilizada para resolver casos reais da empresa em estudo, considera o planejamento médio da demanda diária assim como a capacidade e disponibilidade dos veículos, tempos de descarga e restrições de horário para recebimento e circulação de veículos. Os resultados do estudo para os cenários discutidos apresentam uma redução de até 32 por cento no frete da empresa, além de oportunidades de ganhos operacionais frente à atual operação da empresa. / [en] In recent years retail companies have begun to invest in smaller store models, turning to the convenience service, which seeks to meet the new consumption habits of the population. However, this store model represents a major logistical challenge for companies, once they are small, usually do not have space for inventory and need frequent replenishments. City Logistics presents some obstacles such as traffic restrictions by vehicle type and time windows, making proper routing essential to deliver the right product at the right time and in the right amount, thus ensuring vehicle reduction, distance traveled and logistics costs. In this way, the objective of this paper is to contribute to the optimal replenishment of convenience stores located in large urban centers through an optimization of the routes, considering the traffic restrictions and the time windows available for supply. For this, a case study was done in a retail company using an Excel open source tool to solve the variant of the vehicle routing problem. The tool is used to solve real cases of the company under study, considering the average planning of daily demand as well as the capacity and availability of vehicles, unloading times and time constraints for receiving and circulating vehicles. The study results for the scenarios discussed present a reduction of up to 32 per cent in the company s freight as well as opportunities for operating gains against the company s current operation.