The inner city has seen significant social and economic changes in the post-war period. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the evolution of public policy and its impacts on the changing Canadian inner city, between 1960 and 1990, by using a case study, that of Southwest Montreal. Southwest Montreal was Canada's first and longtime most important industrial area, and has suffered substantial decline since the 1950s. In order to set the context for the case study, it is necessary to outline the variety of the Canadian inner city, the socio-economic changes facing it, as well as the policy responses to these changes. The case study will trace the evolution of transportation, housing and economic/industrial policies between 1960 and 1990, and ascertain the impacts of these policies according to the theories of inner-city change (policy as factors of decline, stability, and revitalization). The policy input of the three levels of government (local, provincial and federal) will be covered. The case study will also be compared to other Canadian inner cities. It was found that public policy is an important, though not decisive, factor in inner-city change, and that policy has evolved significantly in the last thirty years.

O trabalho é uma análise comparada de cinco mecanismos de política urbana praticados em quatro países diferentes: EUA, França, Colômbia e Brasil. Esses mecanismos têm como característica principal o financiamento de melhorias na infraestrutura urbana, com recursos gerados por parte da valorização imobiliária, e apropriados por meio desses mecanismos. São eles: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) nos EUA, Leyes de la Plusvalia na Colômbia, Zones d´Aménagement Concertée (ZAC) na França, CEPACs e Outorga Onerosa em São Paulo, Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar princípios e regras comuns entre eles, e analisar suas diferenças mais significativas, e as razões para isso. Os mecanismos são apresentados individualmente e, em seguida, comparados quanto a suas características principais: histórico e objetivos de sua implantação, estrutura legal, método de formação do preço ou valor a ser pago, momento do pagamento e eficácia na geração de benefícios urbanísticos. / This work is a comparative analysis of five different mechanisms or urban policy as they are practiced in four different countries: the USA, France, Colombia and Brazil. The main characteristic these mechanisms have in common is the financing of improvements in the urban infrastructure with resources generated by the increase in value or real estate, and the corresponding capture part of that increase in value. The mechanisms analyzed are: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) in the USA, Leyes de la Plusvalia, in Colombia, Zones d\'Aménagement Concertée (ZAC) in France, Certificados de Potencial Adicional de Construção (CEPACs) and Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, São Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this work is to identify the principles and rules that they share, analyze the most relevant differences and the reasons for those differences. Each of the mechanisms is presented individually, followed by a comparison of their main characteristics: its objective and history, legal structure, price or value formation, moment of payment, and its effectiveness in generating urban improvement.

The inner city has seen significant social and economic changes in the post-war period. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the evolution of public policy and its impacts on the changing Canadian inner city, between 1960 and 1990, by using a case study, that of Southwest Montreal. Southwest Montreal was Canada's first and longtime most important industrial area, and has suffered substantial decline since the 1950s. In order to set the context for the case study, it is necessary to outline the variety of the Canadian inner city, the socio-economic changes facing it, as well as the policy responses to these changes. The case study will trace the evolution of transportation, housing and economic/industrial policies between 1960 and 1990, and ascertain the impacts of these policies according to the theories of inner-city change (policy as factors of decline, stability, and revitalization). The policy input of the three levels of government (local, provincial and federal) will be covered. The case study will also be compared to other Canadian inner cities. It was found that public policy is an important, though not decisive, factor in inner-city change, and that policy has evolved significantly in the last thirty years. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This dissertation contributes to the literature on urban development politics. It takes a normative ideal, democratic urban governance, out of the esoteric realm of academic debate and applies it to a critical case study which concerns the most financially consequential area of urban policy, that of urban economic development. The principal elements of democratic urban governance are described, examined, and reconstructed as a framework for evaluating the policy making potentials in the present case. Beyond its academic contribution, this dissertation provides developmental policy makers with an intellectually sound basis for considering, more candidly and more directly, issues concerning democracy and governance. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to certain writers urban regeneration as an idea encapsulates both the perception of city decline (in local economies, in the use of land and buildings, in the equality of the environment and social life) and the hope of renewal, reversing trends in order to find a new basis for economic growth and social wellbeing. Rebuilding the city, clearing away obsolete buildings and vacant sites, and producing new building forms and designs symbolised the renewal in action. But urban regeneration also has different components or evolution criteria like, the major strategy (the focus of the renewal project), an economic focus, a social content, a physical emphasis or an environmental approach. The economic change that occurred in cities throughout the world in the past decade, has been paralleled not only by the physical reshaping of the city, but it has been accompanied by institutional restructuring (the rise of new firms, new working practices and relationships designed to exploit new market opportunities). The physical, economic, social and cultural projects launched through the process of urban regeneration, reconstruct the economic, socio-cultural, political-institutional and physicalenvironmental fabric of cities. It battles urban decay and redevelop the city to such a extend that it brings back the original appeal of the city, which lured people to the central city for decades. But not all urban renewal projects are aimed at the inner city; some are launched in a much wider context and would focus on blighted or previously disadvantaged and marginalised areas. Renewal projects in Cape Town and elsewhere in South Africa in cities like Durban and Johannesburg are still ongoing and form an important part of rebuilding cities of modem South Africa. It is however important to remember that not all urban renewal projects proved to be a success, some do fail. In the Cape Town Metropole and the Central City local government has neglected many areas for much too long. Recent efforts to restore the beauty of Cape Town and really address the urban challenges that arose from the Apartheid legacy shows a commitment from the Cape Town Municipality to create a much more liveable and economic viable urban environment. This study investigated the City of Cape Town Municipality's approach towards urban regeneration in the Central Business District and other specific business nodes. A literature review gave an intellectual background to the study and helped to build a logical framework. Secondary analysis helped define the goal of the study and qualitative field research assisted the investigation through direct observation and semi-structured interviewing. The study did not aim to prove that every urban renewal project that was launched was aimed at eradicating the problems associated with the Apartheid City. An important factor to take in account is that different business areas (The Victoria and Alfred Waterfront) and nodes (The Wetton-Landsdowne Phillipi Corridor), the focus of this study, make use of different redevelopment strategies. This study focused on how and why some work and must be built upon, and delivered critique on why some failed and should convert to a more successful renewal approach. The study concluded that the City of Cape Town's approach towards urban regeneration do compare positively with redevelopment strategies followed in other parts of the world such as America and Britain. The study tried to show the direction urban regeneration could take for the future, based on an evaluation of urban regeneration evolution criteria namely: • The major strategy and orientation and key actors and stakeholders. • The economic focus. • The social content. • The physical emphasis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stedelike vernuwmg omvat beide die konsep stedelike verval (met betrekking tot plaaslike ekonomieë, die fisiese gebruik van grond en gebou en wat betref die kwaliteit van die omgewing) en die hoop van vernuwing of herontwikkeling, met die idee om die rigting van strategie te verander sodat 'n nuwe basis vir ekonomiese groei en sosiale welstand gevind kan word. Die herontwikkeling of opbou van die stad beteken nie net die verwydering van nuttelose en ongebruikte geboue en vakante grond nie. Stedelike hernuwing het verskeie komponenete of evolusie kriteria, soos die hoof strategie (die fokus van die hernuwingsprogram), 'n ekonomiese fokus, 'n sosiale inhoud, 'n fisiese klem of 'n omgewingsbenadering. Die ekonomiese verandering wat oor die laaste dekade in die wêreld plaasgevind het is vergesel nie net deur 'n fisiese herstrukturering van die wêreld se hoof stede nie, maar ook institusionele hervorming (die opkoms van nuwe firmas en venootskappe en nuwe ekonomiese en mark geleenthede) Die fisiese, ekonomiese sosiale en kulturele komponente wat deel vorm van stedelike hernuwingstrategieë dra by tot die heropbou en herontwikkeling van die ekonomiese, sosiokulturele, polities-institusioneel en fisiese-omgewingsfabrikaat van stede. Stedelike verval word beveg en die stad word tot so 'n mate herontwikkel dat dit die oorspronklike aantrekkingskrag van die stad herstel. Maar nie alle hernuwingstrategieë is gemik op die Sentrale Sakekern nie, sommige word in 'n wyer konteks geloods, en fokus op areas van verval, vorige benadeelde en gemarginaliseerde areas met as doelwit 'n meer interkonnektiewe stad. Hernuwingsprojekte word steeds op 'n konstante basis geloods in stede soos Kaapstad, Durban en Johannesburg met die oog op die belangrike herontwikkeling van kern areas in die stede. Dit is egter belangrik om in ag te neem dat nie elke stedelike hernuwingsprojek 'n seker sukses is nie, soos die Wetton-Landsdowne Phillipi Korridor Program. Binne die Kaapse Metropool en in die Sentrale Sakekern is kern areas vir lang tye verontagsaam en toegelaat om te verval. Die onlangse pogings (1999 - 2002) wat aangewend word deur die Kaapstad Munisipaliteit dui op 'n verbintenis van die organisasie se kant aftot stedelike hernuwing. Die organisasie, deur middel van die Stedelike Hernuwingsprogram van 2002, is ook verbind tot areas wat voorheen deur Apartheidsbeleid benadeel en gemarginaliseer is. Hierdie studie fokus op Kaapstad se benadering tot stedelike hernuwing in die Sentrale Sakekern en ander spesifieke besigheidsnodusse. 'n Literêre oorsig het gehelp om die intellektuele agtergrondmateriaal en logiese raamwerk van die studie te vorm. Sekondêre analise het die doel Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za van die studie bepaal en kwalitatiewe veldwerk het die ondersoek aangehelp deur observasie en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Die studie sal nie probeer bewys dat elke hernuwingsprojek wat deur die Kaapstad Munisipaliteit geloods word gemik is op die uitwis van stedelike probleme geassosieer met die Apartheidsbeleid nie. Die evaluasie aan die einde van die studie poog om dit uit te wys. Dit is belangrik om te beklemtoon dat elke verskillende area wat die potensiaal toon vir herontwikkeling soos die Victoria en Alfred Waterfront of die Wetton-Landsdowne Phillipi Korridor (die fokus van die studie) volg verskillende strategieë ten einde hul hernuwingsdoelwit te bereik (ekonomiese ontwikkeling, sosiale fokus of omgewingsbeklemtoning). Die studie het wel die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat van Kaapstad se stedelike hernuwingstrategieë tog ooreenstem met herontwikkelingstrategieë in die res van die wêreld soos in Amerika en Brittanje. Die studie fokus en poog ook om die rigting aan te dui vir toekomstige stedelike hernuwingstrategieë op grond van 'n evaluering van stedelike hernuwingsevolusie kriteria naamlik: • Die hoofstrategie en rolspelers. • Die ekonomiese fokus. • Die sosiale inhoud en • Die fisiese beklemtoning van hernuwingselemente.

From a current population near 19 million, the Mexico City metropolis may exceed 27 million by the year 2000. The many problems associated with this massive level of urban concentration include severe levels of air pollution, paralyzing congestion, and increasing costs of urban services provision. Meanwhile, the nation's periphery continues to suffer from severe economic and social underdevelopment relative to the nation's capital. Regional policies and plans to address these problems have been dominated by the concept of decentralizing the nation's urban-industrial system: i.e., dispersing urban and industrial growth from the metropolitan core to the national periphery. Mexican regional policy makers and planners have failed to adequately evaluate these proposed policies and plans for decentralization in a critical and rigorous manner. This evaluation must be made in terms of three critical criteria. The first is effectiveness: will a proposed plan genuinely return the benefits which are expected or hoped for? The second is efficiency: among several possible planning alternatives, which will return the greatest social benefits for the smallest social costs? The third is equity: which regional interest groups will be affected, and how will the costs and benefits be distributed among these groups? Research is based on three principal data sources: Mexico's National Development Plan: 1983-1988, which has predominantly determined the nation's sectoral, social, and regional policies during the de la Madrid administration; a plan prepared for the quasi-governmental Commission for the Conurbation of the Nation's Center, for urban-industrial deconcentration from Mexico City into the nation's Central Region; and extensive fieldwork in Mexico City and several other Mexican urban centers, concerned with the actual practice of regional economic development in Mexico today. Based on this research, a regionally disaggregated cost-benefit framework is proposed for policy and planning evaluation, and particularly to facilitate conflict resolution, negotiation, and other forms of adjustment among the many powerful interest groups which compete for scarce regional development resources.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Urban Design to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / African cities are rapidly developing, and current planning approaches are often based on theory derived from the global North as opposed to research on the developing cities of the South. These approaches are often limited in relevance when planning and policy-making decisions have to be made in a much more diverse and dynamic urban environment of the developing South. The research on particular cities of the South, in this case Maputo, produced new layers of creative planning ideas with new shared theories as contribution to global planning. The research investigates place making through contextually appropriate urban design approaches within the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. Alternative approaches towards planning for (designing in) an African city were compared and reviewed to determine how contextually appropriate theory can be applied to develop a precinct plan for the upgrading and future development of the Bullring site in Maputo. The conclusion is a desk based urban design project for the selected site / XL2018

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in Industrial Sociology in the Graduate School for the Humanities, Social Sciences and Education in the faculty of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand November 2016 / The study pursues the examination of transition in peri-urban areas through the case study of Midvaal Local Municipality. Peri-urban areas are experiencing a transition from rural urban coexistence to urban dominance. The peri-urban urban concept remains a complex one to define. Peri-urban concept has been accepted to mean the urban and rural linkages that are mutually reinforcing. Literature has reflected on urban bias developments of peri-urban areas with rural function being subdued. There is evidence of competing tensions between rural and urban functions. These tensions arise from competing interests such as residential estate developments and industrialisation of peri-urban zones. The study explores the urban bias extended to peri-urban zones that has potential to underscore rural functions, such as farming. Theoretical constructs assist to contextualise the transition in the peri-urban areas. There is convergence in the body of literature over transition of the peri-urban areas albeit not homogeneous. Unique country and within country transition of peri-urban zones make it difficult to forecast growth trajectory of peri-urban zones. The study finds that peri-urban developments have taken an affluent development trend, redefining the peri-urban as zones of high consumption. It is established that ultra-rich people are attracted to Midvaal. Accordingly, there are exclusive upmarket estates, namely, Eye of Africa golfing estate and Blue Saddle Ranches equestrian estate. These affluent development trends fracture the conceptualisation of peri-urban areas as vulnerable, poor areas that are a consequence of urban sprawl. Some of the pro-urban developments in periurban areas results in irrecoverable loss of agricultural land. Often, urban bias functions influence the neighbouring farm portions through land use or even influence price of land in these zones. There is an appeal of middle and upper class to peri-urban zones owing to country nostalgia, cheap land, security, recreation, ambiance, tranquillity and anti-urbanism. Peri-urban areas are being redefined along class lines in the South African socio-economic context. Racial property ownership patterns have been replaced by class patterns. The study establishes that ownership patterns within the estates under study are above the middle class income bracket of South Africa, rather a preserve of the affluent. The study establishes that Midvaal Municipality consents to the development of estates. There is an underlying motivation for the local authorities to be amenable to the upmarket estate developments. The municipality is actuated by revenue linked to upmarket residential estate developments. Developments of these estates inject revenue growth in the area. Upfront, developers invest in the laying of bulk infrastructure which is later taken over by the municipality. This type of relationship, if not guarded may yield elite capture of peri-urban. Development trends in peri-urban areas are not homogeneous. Some peri-urban zones still reflect a state of neglect, vulnerability and are homes of the poor. Whilst the municipality boasts being premised on agriculture strategy in its objectives as an agri-tropolis local authority, there is little evidence to suggest vibrant agriculture and contribution of same towards the GDP of the municipality. Instead, the growth path is dominated by non-agricultural functions and activities. There are contradictions and tensions of agricultural pursuit over industrial and residential developments. / MT2017

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como as regras formais e informais que determinam a decisão alocativa do Fundo de Desenvolvimento Urbano do município de São Paulo são capazes de influenciar o conflito distributivo no âmbito da política urbana municipal. Para isso, foram analisados os processos ou etapas decisórias do fundo entre 2003 e 2016, afim de identificar os loci ou arenas decisórias nas quais se deu a tomada de decisão, os atores envolvidos e seu papel no processo, os critérios utilizados na priorização de secretarias e projetos, além de realizar uma análise quantitativa da distribuição entre pastas e áreas da política. Para tanto, procurou-se operar em uma lacuna teórica entre a ciência política e os estudos urbanos ao se empregar a literatura neoinstitucionalista em especial suas vertentes histórica e sociológica, particularmente a sociologia da ação pública, com a instrumentalização de políticas públicas com o intuito de entender os reflexos de um instrumento que se insere no contexto de instrumentos urbanísticos de recuperação da valorização da terra urbana. O estudo demonstra que o FUNDURB, ao determinar o processo de decisão sobre a alocação de recursos, limita parcialmente o comportamento dos atores e, dessa forma, estabelece relações assimétricas de poder entre diferentes demandas e interesses. Além disso, foram identificados efeitos próprios da instrumentalização como previsto pela literatura, na medida em que a vinculação e subvinculação de receitas produzem inércia e evitam questionamentos sobre a problematização em torno de uma política de desenvolvimento urbano. Ademais, os critérios utilizados para a alocação de recursos revelaram lógicas dissimuladas pela adoção do instrumento e realçaram o caráter seu arrecadatório, posicionando-o em um contexto mais amplo dentro do processo orçamentário da prefeitura de São Paulo / This research aims to understand how formal and informal rules that determine the allocation of resources of the Urban Development Fund (FUNDURB) of the municipality of São Paulo are able to influence the distributive conflict within the municipal urban policy. To that end, the decision-making processes or steps of the fund between 2003 and 2016 were analysed, in order to identify the loci or arenas where decisions were taken, along with the actors involved and their role in the process, as well as the criteria used in the prioritization of departments and projects, in addition to conducting a quantitative analysis of the distribution among departments and policy areas. The research operates in a theoretical gap between political science and urban studies and, therefore, it employs new institutionalist literature particularly its historical and sociological streams, particularly the sociology of public action, with the instrumentalization of public policies in order to understand the reflections of an instrument that is inserted in the context of urban land value recovery. The study shows that the FUNDURB, while determining the decision-making process on resource allocation, partially limits the behaviour of the actors and thus establishes asymmetric power relations of power among different demands and interests. Moreover, effects of the instrumentalization were identified, as predicted by the literature, as public earmarking produce inertia and avoids questioning over the problematization around urban development. Furthermore, the criteria used in the allocation of resources revealed a disguised logic in the adoption of the instrument, which lies within a broader context of the budgetary process of the municipality of São Paulo

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar um estudo de caso de política urbana, os processos de revisão do Plano Diretor de Viçosa, no estado de Minas Gerais, uma cidade universitária localizada na região da Mata Mineira. Nesse estudo, podemos verificar a relevância para o quadro socioespacial de Viçosa da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no que se refere à produção do espaço, como gerador de demanda de serviços e no mercado imobiliário, mas também por se constituir num importante agente-ator político, na figura de seus docentes, como propositores e elaboradores de políticas públicas locais. A relevância do presente trabalho reside no fato de que, parte considerável das pesquisas realizadas na temática urbana leva em consideração quase que exclusivamente, a dinâmica urbana metropolitana e o desdobramento das ações de planejamento urbano nesses espaços. Assim, o trabalho pode se consubstanciar num esforço de compreensão da dinâmica da produção do espaço urbano e na elucidação dos processos de formulação e discussão sobre políticas públicas em cidades de porte médio do Brasil. Especificamente, o trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o processo de participação social na revisão do plano diretor desse município, considerando as ações empreendidas pelo Poder Público local no processo de revisão do Plano Diretor, as ações dos agentes-atores envolvidos no processo e como se efetuou a participação social nesse acontecimento. Analisaremos os limites e as possibilidades do processo participatório ocorrido em Viçosa inserido nessa política urbana, considerando a expectativa de se consubstanciar-se num processo que possa repercutir numa mudança socioespacial. Para realizarmos a análise proposta, reconstruímos o histórico da criação das instituições locais de planejamento urbano, considerando a atuação dos principais agentes políticos, como essas instituições conduziram as ações de planejamento urbano que visavam a participação social e por fim, a própria participação da sociedade local nas audiências de consulta popular. As reconstituições propostas foram possíveis a partir da realização de entrevistas e consulta documental. / This thesis aims to analyze a case study of urban policy, the review processe of the Viçosa Master Plan, the state of Minas Gerais, a university town located in the Mata Mineira region. In this study, we can verify the relevance to the socio-spatial framework of Viçosa of the Federal University of Viçosa, regarding the production of space, as a generator of demand for services and real estate, but also for constituting an important political actor-actor in the figure of their teachers as proponents and elaborators of local public policies. The relevance of this work is in the fact that a considerable part of the research conducted in the urban theme takes into account almost exclusively metropolitan urban dynamics and the developments of urban planning actions in these spaces. Like this, the work can constitute an effort to understand the dynamics of the production of urban space and in elucidating the processes of formulation and discussion of public policy in medium-sized cities of Brazil. Specifically, the study aims to analyze the process of social participation in the review of the master plan of this municipality , considering the actions taken by the local public authorities in the review of the Plan Director process , the actions of the agents involved in the process and how to befell the social participation in this event. Analyze the limits and possibilities of participatory process occurred in Viçosa inserted into this urban policy , considering the expectation of fleshing it is a process that can pass a sociospatial change. To perform the analysis proposed to reconstruct the history of the creation of local institutions of urban planning, considering the performance of the main political players, these institutions led the urban planning actions aimed at social participation and, finally, the participation of local society in the public audience. The reconstructions were possible from conducting interviews and document research.