This thesis investigates one of the major factors in the supply and cost of housing, land. The hypothesis of this thesis is that a principal reason why Canada continues to have a housing problem is that government housing policy has treated land as a market commodity much like any other and has rarely examined, let alone challenged, the ramifications of this assumption in terms of its impact on the supply, quality and price of housing. The examination of the land component of urban housing is pursued by exploring the following research questions: How have Canadian government officials, politicians and reformers defined the urban land problem as it relates to housing and what land policies have been considered and implemented in relation to housing problems? The public, professional and academic discussion of these questions is pursued by a review of the professional and academic literature, municipal plans, technical reports and government studies and the debates on housing and urban land policy in the federal parliament. The thesis is divided into two parts. First, the philosophy of private landownership and the basic thrust of public land policy is examined. Most attention is given to the nature of property rights and their protection and enforcement by government as it is the most fundamental land policy. Also, the nature of urbanization and the intervention of government in urban development and housing since 1900 is reviewed. Second, an historical overview of land policy and the provision of housing is provided. This discussion is divided into four historical periods: 1900-1929, 1930-1939, 1940-1969, 1970-1985. The constraints on and opportunities for urban land policy are examined and the nature of land policy in each period is discussed. There have been, in general, five categories of land policies adopted since 1900: land use zoning, subdivision regulation, public infrastructure and servicing programmes, public land assembly programmes and unearned increment taxes. These policies have emphasized the treatment of land as a privately held market commodity. There is a conflict between the desires of private land owners to maximize the return on their land and the need of the broader community to obtain land for housing at prices which make affordable and physically adequate housing feasible. This conflict is at the crux of the urban land problem. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Orientador: Claudio Schuller Maciel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:13:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mioto_BeatrizTamaso_M.pdf: 5565474 bytes, checksum: 0840ce91a25296528f24bdc84f10995c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central analisar a rede urbana de Santa Catarina nos anos pós- 1970, sob a égide do processo geral de desconcentração produtiva regional no Brasil. O tema é importante não apenas pelo fato de não terem sido escritos muitos estudos gerais sobre a rede urbana catarinense nas últimas décadas, mas também porque esta abordagem permite entender de forma ampla a articulação intra e inter-regional do território catarinense à economia nacional. O estudo está pautado, em primeiro lugar, no resgate do período de formação da rede urbana e integração do estado ao desenvolvimento brasileiro (que se estende até o início dos anos 1970). Tal período estabeleceu um padrão de (des)integração, cuja tônica era a articulação mais forte com espaços extrínsecos do que entre as ilhas do chamado "arquipélago regional" catarinense. Em segundo lugar, examinaram-se as transformações da estrutura econômica em direção à desconcentração produtiva regional no Brasil, que tiveram importantes implicações para a articulação da rede urbana do estado. Esses desdobramentos são discutidas na terceira parte do estudo, que descreve e qualifica as transformações da rede urbana de Santa Catarina a partir dos anos 1970. Para tanto se utilizou os estudos sobre as Regiões de Influência das Cidades (IBGE) e a evolução populacional que, em consonância às mudanças econômicas, forjaram um novo padrão de (des)integração. O sentido dessas mudanças foi, cada vez mais, a concentração na porção leste do território, onde, por um lado, passa a apresentar aglomerados produtivos e urbanos praticamente contíguos, dando maior complexidade à rede urbana litorânea. Por outro, subsistem regiões (como o Planalto Serrano, o Meio e Extremo Oeste) que continuam relativamente desintegradas, com uma rede urbana frágil e um quadro dramático de expulsão de população / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the urban network in Santa Catarina State since the 1970s, from the aegis of the general process of regional productive deconcentration in Brazil. The issue is important not only because there are not many general studies about the urban network in Santa Catarina in recent decades, but also because this approach provides a broad understanding of the intra- and inter-regional articulation of the Santa Catarina territory to the national economy. The study is based, in the first place, on a review of the time of the formation of the urban network and the integration of this state to Brazilian development (which extended until the early 1970s). This period established a pattern of (dis)integration, emphasized by the stronger articulation with extrinsic spaces than among the so called islands of Santa Catarina's "regional archipelago." Second, it examines the transformations of the economic structure in direction of a regional productive deconcentration in Brazil, which had important implications for the articulation of urban space in the state. These implications are discussed in the third part of the study, which describes and qualifies the transformations of the urban network of Santa Catarina since the 1970s. To do so, it uses studies about the Regions of Influence of the Cities conducted by the Brazilian census institute (IBGE) and the population changes, which, together with economic changes, forged a new standard of (dis)integration. These changes increasingly led to concentration in the eastern portion of the territory, which came to have nearly contiguous productive and urban agglomerates, giving greater complexity to the coastal urban network. In contrast, regions (such as the Mountain Plains, and the mid and far west) continued to be relatively disintegrated, with a fragile urban network and a dramatic framework of population expulsion / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

A presente dissertação objetiva desenvolver uma análise crítica acerca das possibilidades e limites das ações e programas para a reabilitação dos grandes conjuntos habitacionais, especificamente aqueles da COHAB-SP. Para tanto se procedeu ao exame da evolução do ideário urbanístico e arquitetônico relacionado ao atendimento das demandas por moradia da classe trabalhadora, dos primórdios da Revolução Industrial até o esforço de reconstrução europeu do segundo pós-guerra, com a produção massiva sob a forma conjunto habitacional. A sobreposição de problemas físicos e sociais nesses espaços levou à implementação, a partir da década de 1970, de programas voltados à sua reabilitação; essas propostas são aqui examinadas e avaliadas de acordo com seus objetivos e resultados alcançados, dentro de seus contextos urbanos e socioeconômicos específicos. Procedeu-se ao exame das ações do Estado brasileiro no campo da habitação popular ao longo do século XX, culminando com a instituição do SFH/BNH, período em que são produzidos os maiores e mais precários conjuntos habitacionais no Brasil. Procurou-se avaliar de que forma a atuação estatal sob a forma da produção dos grandes conjuntos pela COHAB-SP condicionou vastos contingentes populacionais a um cotidiano de segregação e exclusão, reforçando padrões já presentes na estruturação do espaço metropolitano de São Paulo. Identificadas as características da produção dos grandes conjuntos da COHAB-SP passou-se à análise e avaliação do Programa Viver Melhor, instituído pela Companhia em 2001 especificamente com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida das populações residentes em seus conjuntos; procurou-se identificar as possibilidades e limites na transformação das condições urbanísticas e sociais nesses espaços a partir dessas políticas públicas específicas. / This dissertation aims at developing a critical analysis of the possibilities and limits of actions and programs for the rehabilitation of large public housing estates, specifically those produced by COHAB-SP. Therefore, an examination of the development of the urban and architectural ideas related to the meeting of the demands for housing to the working class was carried out, from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the effort to rebuild Europe after the Second World War, with a massive production under the housing estate form. The overlapping of physical and social problems in these areas led to the implementation, from the 1970s, of programs aimed at their rehabilitation; these proposals are examined and evaluated here according to their goals and achievements within their specific urban and socioeconomic contexts. The actions of the Brazilian State in the social housing area during the twentieth century were examined until the establishment of the SFH / BNH, when the biggest and most precarious public housing estates were produced in Brazil. This research sought to evaluate how the state action for the production of large housing estates of COHAB-SP conditioned large groups of population to a routine of segregation and exclusion, reinforcing patterns already present on the structuring of São Paulos metropolitan space. After identifying the characteristics of the production of the large public housing estates of COHAB-SP there was the analysis and evaluation of the Programa Viver Melhor, established by the Housing Company in 2001 specifically to improve the life quality of the residents in their sites; the research sought to identify the possibilities and limits to the transformation of the urban and social conditions in these areas from these specific public policies.

Under the banner of the ‘sharing economy’, private short-term rental platforms such as Airbnb have witnessed tremendous success, facilitating millions of overnight stays in everyday homes. And while the issue has garnered considerable attention from both popular media and policy makers in cities such as New York, Amsterdam, London and Berlin, little attention has been paid to the topic in Stockholm, Sweden as well as academic literature. With this absence of discussion serving as a point of departure, I analyze both primary and secondary data pertaining to the rise of Airbnb in Stockholm. With a theoretical lens based in critical poststructuralist thought, I argue that Airbnb is embedded within neoliberal urbanism, fueling the social and economic forces behind gentrification. In order to address the problematic implications of Airbnb and similar platforms, I suggest policymakers and applicable actors to review the current taxing scheme, consider temporal restrictions, align short-term rental laws with subletting laws and communicate clearly.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the modalities of Swedish urban policy in its approach to urban segregation. By using a diachronic discourse analytic approach inspired by Foucault, I attempt to reconstruct the narrative of urban policy by looking at the problematizations of urban phenomena in urban programmes extending over the course of two decades. With respect to situating urban policy between the material realities of the spaces it seeks to address and the political rationalities that underline their framing in policies, I have used Foucault’s concepts of governmentality and dispositif. The overarching goal of this study is to demonstrate the contentious nature of policy decisions which have been informed by the material realities of segregated areas as much as they have been informed by dominant socio-political and economic narratives under which the rhetoric construct of ‘breaking segregation’ (Andersson, 2006) has been subsumed. The study shows that policy decisions are often submerged in the “truth effects” of discourses established well beyond the boundaries of concentrated urban poverty, such as narratives of flows and mobility, sustainable development or economic growth - which in turn significantly affect the policy interpretation of phenomena such as poverty, urban crime and ethnic polarization.

This thesis examines the international movement of Ideals about sustainable urban development and design through a focus on planning, private sector architecture and engineering experts. These experts, who are referred to in the literature as the global intelligence corps (GIC), package-up their know-how in urban sustainability as a moneymaking product, and serve it as urban mega- projects around the world. In doing so, the global intelligence corps (GIC) construct norms about what represents ‘good’ ecological urban planning, and subsidize to the expansion of an interna- tionalized mobile model of sustainable urbanism. This thesis aims at building on a wide-ranging literature of the business of (GIC) in design and sustainable urban development, and an in-depth case study of the top 11 of European and American global intelligence corps firms working in Mo- rocco’s Eco-megaprojects. Analysis of this substantial projects explains how the (GIC’s) work shapes a spreading model of sustainable urbanism, and how this, in turn, produces and reinforces particular canons in urban development practice. This thesis however, demonstrated that the (GIC) firms might be at the same time advisors and settlers of sustainable-urbanism canons, but only in the presence of a positive financial and political will, while socio-environmental and ethical issues are not necessarily always involved in their calculus to make a decision.

Italy is the only country in Europe that has institutionalized a completely parallel and segregating housing system - the camp system for Roma people. These camps were created purely based on an elusive nomadic character innate to the population. Over the decades, with further migratory flows of Roma people reaching the country, conditions have only worsened, developing a system so much tethered to the Italian society that the country has even been renamed ‘Campland’. Over time, this same exclusion has been problematized, resulting in the criminalisation of Roma people, at the same time bringing to light the exceptionality of their living conditions. The first part of this study is devoted to understanding the process of discursive legitimization of said exclusion. The approach, inspired by a Foucaldian understanding, involved also grasping the dialectical relationship between discourse and social structures (Fairclough, 1992) - in this sense, it entailed situating it outside its boundaries of exceptionality and inside the broader context of wider housing exclusion affecting Italy. The aim of this thesis was thus to reconstruct both the specific condition of Roma exclusion, and the structural inequalities innate to the Italian housing regime which enabled its development. The concept of social exclusion (Levitas et al, 2007) is implemented in the study first as a way to understand the overall condition faced by Roma people, and as a way to bring forward reflections on the role of housing as one of its fundamental dimensions. The study illustrates how the implementation of the camps and its relative discourse were enabled by the constant retreat of the State from the provision of housing, and how the current institutional incapacity to solve the Roma Question is directly connected to the inability to answer the housing needs of wider segments of the population. The only proposed institutional responses, in both cases, are only ‘filler’ solutions embedded in ideas of temporality, thus failing to address the underlying problem: the structural shortage of public housing.

In this paper, the intention is to analyze the role of the European Union (EU) in the projects which aim towards urban social sustainable development. The city of Malmö and its district of Fosie serve as an example of a concrete geo-political entity. The study presents facts concerning the EU urban policy and data regarding the EU´s influence in the area of urban social sustainability in Malmö and the district of Fosie. The data are analyzed with use of the concept of urban social sustainable development and the theory of actorness. The results disclose that by applying ‘soft politics’ based on partnership, encouragement and support, the EU established itself as an important local actor in the area of social sustainability, and suggest that the validity of this claim may be EU wide. The EU will likely continue to develop further as an actor in this field; it is the intention of the EU as well as the ambition of the city of Malmö.

O trabalho é uma análise comparada de cinco mecanismos de política urbana praticados em quatro países diferentes: EUA, França, Colômbia e Brasil. Esses mecanismos têm como característica principal o financiamento de melhorias na infraestrutura urbana, com recursos gerados por parte da valorização imobiliária, e apropriados por meio desses mecanismos. São eles: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) nos EUA, Leyes de la Plusvalia na Colômbia, Zones d´Aménagement Concertée (ZAC) na França, CEPACs e Outorga Onerosa em São Paulo, Brasil. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar princípios e regras comuns entre eles, e analisar suas diferenças mais significativas, e as razões para isso. Os mecanismos são apresentados individualmente e, em seguida, comparados quanto a suas características principais: histórico e objetivos de sua implantação, estrutura legal, método de formação do preço ou valor a ser pago, momento do pagamento e eficácia na geração de benefícios urbanísticos. / This work is a comparative analysis of five different mechanisms or urban policy as they are practiced in four different countries: the USA, France, Colombia and Brazil. The main characteristic these mechanisms have in common is the financing of improvements in the urban infrastructure with resources generated by the increase in value or real estate, and the corresponding capture part of that increase in value. The mechanisms analyzed are: Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) in the USA, Leyes de la Plusvalia, in Colombia, Zones d\'Aménagement Concertée (ZAC) in France, Certificados de Potencial Adicional de Construção (CEPACs) and Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, São Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this work is to identify the principles and rules that they share, analyze the most relevant differences and the reasons for those differences. Each of the mechanisms is presented individually, followed by a comparison of their main characteristics: its objective and history, legal structure, price or value formation, moment of payment, and its effectiveness in generating urban improvement.

The inner city has seen significant social and economic changes in the post-war period. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the evolution of public policy and its impacts on the changing Canadian inner city, between 1960 and 1990, by using a case study, that of Southwest Montreal. Southwest Montreal was Canada's first and longtime most important industrial area, and has suffered substantial decline since the 1950s. In order to set the context for the case study, it is necessary to outline the variety of the Canadian inner city, the socio-economic changes facing it, as well as the policy responses to these changes. The case study will trace the evolution of transportation, housing and economic/industrial policies between 1960 and 1990, and ascertain the impacts of these policies according to the theories of inner-city change (policy as factors of decline, stability, and revitalization). The policy input of the three levels of government (local, provincial and federal) will be covered. The case study will also be compared to other Canadian inner cities. It was found that public policy is an important, though not decisive, factor in inner-city change, and that policy has evolved significantly in the last thirty years.