The past ten years has been a decade of land wars in India. Rapid urbanization is spilling beyond city boundaries into the highways connecting large cities, instigating a frenzied consolidation and conversion of agricultural lands into urban/industrial lands. This process is fraught with conflict, as different social groups compete to stake their claims on the land value increments - the increases in land value due to the change in land use from agricultural to non-agricultural - of these newly converted highway lands. Against the backdrop of conflictual land consolidation processes, this dissertation examines the unique case of the Pune highways, located in the state of Maharashtra in India. Along some of Pune’s highways, agrarian landowners – sometimes voluntarily and sometimes with the mediation of bureaucrats – are pooling their fragmented agricultural lands, converting them to urban and industrial lands, and forming collective institutions of land ownership to own and control these newly converted highway lands. In other words, agrarian landowners along these highways are not being displaced from their lands. Instead, they are capturing some or all of the land value increments, and are benefiting from the urban transition. I examine the conditions that made these collective institutions possible in the Pune region, and the possibility and desirability of transferring these conditions to other regions elsewhere that are mired in similar land conflicts. My main finding is that the core of India’s land conflicts is a change in the valuation of land from fertility to location. This new, highway-induced restructuring of the land market interacts in complex ways with older caste-based forms of agrarian land control and these changes in land-based social relations is the source of conflict. India’s rapid urbanization along highways is taking place not within cities, but in-between cities, and is leading to new forms of politics that defies the urban-rural dichotomies. I also use Pune’s land conflicts and cooperatives as a window into the broader phenomenon of India’s 21st century transition from an agrarian to urban economy, and articulate the major elements of the new regional institutions that are needed for managing land markets during an uncertain urban transition.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoBMT.pdf: 2412306 bytes, checksum: a3d8dd3b281beeba1e88650e455d6059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Investiga as especificidades das ?reas de Transi??o Rural e Urbana em suas rela??es com o planejamento territorial e urbano. Analisa as ?reas de Transi??o Rural e Urbana no munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo do Amarante, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, com vistas a identificar elementos que contribuam para uma melhor delimita??o dessas ?reas no planejamento territorial e urbano, especialmente no Plano Diretor dos munic?pios. S?o quest?es principais de pesquisa: a) como realizar uma an?lise do espa?o municipal explicitando-se as caracter?sticas e especificidades dos espa?os com din?mica urbana, com din?mica de transi??o rural e urbana e com din?micas rurais? b) Como superar as dificuldades de identifica??o, caracteriza??o e delimita??o das ?reas de Transi??o Rural e Urbana no processo de planejamento, regula??o e gest?o do territ?rio? Para responder a essas quest?es a pesquisa focaliza os espa?os aqui designados como ?reas de Transi??o Rural e Urbana (ATRU s) em sua rela??o com os par?metros da pol?tica territorial e urbana. A an?lise fundamenta-se na vis?o de autores como Milton Santos e Bertha Becker. Dentre as principais conclus?es, identificou-se a relev?ncia em se associar as din?micas s?cio-econ?micas, hist?ricas, pol?ticas e culturais ?s configura??es das ATRU s, analisando tamb?m os seus aspectos demogr?ficos e formais no territ?rio como estrat?gia metodol?gica de reconhecimento e delimita??o dessas ?reas. Verificou-se que as ATRU s ocorrem em din?micas distintas onde a transi??o se d? em gradientes de urbaniza??o ou de dinamiza??o da atividade agr?cola. Sobretudo, constatou-se que as ATRU s n?o se configuram necessariamente em ?reas cont?guas ao espa?o urbano, mas sua ocorr?ncia verifica-se tamb?m de forma isolada e dispersa no espa?o municipal, o que as diferenciam das tradicionais zonas de expans?o urbana

The growth of cities is pressuring the extraction of scarce and precarious resources, leading to overexploitation. The international community is calling for a more holistic understanding of climate change responses in the urban context, including notions of gender equality and justice aspects. The case of this study, Umeå, is one of many places that are undergoing a transition toward climate neutrality. Umeå stands out and is renowned due to its take on climate mitigation, as well as on the committed approach to gender perspectives in city planning. The guiding aim of this thesis is to explore how the aims, efforts, projects and strategies of Umeå municipality take into account principles of justice in relation to the transition toward climate neutrality. Another aim is to explore how the findings from Umeå can contribute to further understanding of justice in transition within an urban context, a gap which earlier research has detected. The theoretical framework applied to the study is the Just Urban Transition (JUT) framework. Combining the concepts from environmental, climate, energy and urban justice with feminist and decolonial perspectives on knowledge production is my way of exploring the JUT-framework within an urban context. The data of the study consists of semi-structured interviews and documents. The findings from this study shows that justice aspects can be addressed in relation to transition processes without an explicit formulation derived from justice literature, and that feminist and decolonial perspectives on knowledge production can further strengthen the understanding of justice concepts. Examples where awareness of gender or socio-economic background intersects with climate mitigation have showcased the interconnectedness of how different justice perspectives can be translated into practice. Through a justice lens, this study detected that during the transition toward climate neutrality, Umeå emphasises cooperation through co-creation and dialogue-processes, with the aim to anchor structural change with citizens, civil society and companies operating in Umeå. Challenges when it comes to the transition toward climate neutrality, as shown in this case, are related to behavioural change at the individual and structural level. Competing (gendered) interests and economic incentives are here depicted as imperative to address in order to reach structural change and climate neutrality.

Selon les Nations Unies, la moitié de la population du Pakistan résidera dans une ville à l’horizon 2030, un taux à comparer à celui de 40% qui est attendu pour l’Inde. Notre thèse décrit les changements des structures familiales qui surviennent dans le cadre de cette transition urbaine au Pakistan. La famille peut jouer un rôle important dans la réussite des processus de transition urbaine et démographique et la maîtrise de la fécondité. Nous avons mené trois enquêtes de terrain à Faisalabad entre Décembre 2011 et Février 2012 et analysé les résultats au moyen de tabulations croisées, d’une analyse factorielle exploratoire et de modèles logistiques binomiaux. Le niveau de vie, les conditions de vie et de logement, la taille des ménages et les structures familiales sont les quatre déterminants sous-jacents associés aux structures familiales et à la transition urbaine. On observe un consensus qui fait la louange de la famille nucléaire. Les migrations contribuent également à l’expansion du système de la famille nucléaire. L’occidentalisation des familles et la promotion du rôle des femmes au sein de la famille et dans la société sont des changements observables à Faisalabad en raison de la transition urbaine. . Les femmes sont beaucoup plus nombreuses que les hommes à vivre au sein d’une famille nucléaire. De même, les classes supérieures sont aussi sont beaucoup plus nombreuses à former des familles nucléaires que les classes populaires. Une personne éduquée a beaucoup plus de chances de vivre dans une famille nucléaire qu’un illettré. Les non-migrants son légèrement moins nombreux à former des familles nucléaires que les migrants. Il y a une plus forte probabilité de rencontrer une famille nucléaire dans une zone urbaine que dans une zone rurale. Cependant, le lieu de résidence n’est pas un facteur déterminant dans les types familiaux lorsqu’il est croisé avec les facteurs sociaux. Ces derniers sont déterminants pour expliquer le contraste observé entre les familles rurales et les familles urbaines. / According to estimates of UNO, by 2030, cities are likely to house about 50 % of Pakistan’s population as compared to 40% for India. Our thesis shows a fascinating picture of changing Pakistani family structure with urban transition in Pakistan. Family can play an important role in successful completion of urban, demographic and fertility transition. We conducted three surveys from December, 2011 to February, 2012 in Faisalabad and analyzed data by cross tabulation, exploratory factor analysis and binomial logistic regression. Standard of living, Urban-Rural divide in housing conditions, household size and family structure are four latent factors which operate in relation to family structure and urban transition. There is a consensus praising the nuclear family system and preference for nuclear family system. Migrations contribute also the expanding nuclear family system. Westernization of family, women empowerment in family and society are three major latent changes in Faisalabad owing to urban transition. Females are much more than males likely to live in a nuclear family system. Upper economic class is also much more likely to live in a nuclear family system than lower economic class. There is much more chance to live in a nuclear family system as education level increases from illiterate to literate. Non-migrants are slightly less likely than migrants to live in a nuclear family system. There is a higher probability to meet nuclear families in urban areas than in rural areas. However, the place of residence has no significance on the family type in relation with social factors. Social factors are determinant in explaining the contrast between urban and rural families.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and get an overview of infant and child mortality in four smaller parishes in Småland County, Moheda, Slätthög, Vislanda and Skatelöv.The study will compare three different periods, 1889-1894, 1910-1915, and 1944-1940. The evidence has been collected from death and burial registers and birth and baptism registers from the parishes.The study's main question is "What proportion of Moheda's, Slätthög's, Vislanda's, and Skatelöv's children up to and including the age of six died during the periods 1889-1894, 1910-1915, and 1944-1949?". The result the study has achieved in relation to the main question is that during the first period 322 children died and during the last period 26 children died, thus the child mortality rate decreased.