It is easy to overlook the individual features that constitute a community, including types and mix of land use, lot sizes, building type, size and height, setbacks, street and sidewalk widths, parking requirements, and infrastructure, all of which are controlled and regulated by land use development codes, more commonly referred to as zoning. Zoning is the primary means communities employ to control and guide land use and development decisions affecting the physical form of these places. However, zoning is a rigid, legal framework that separates uses and prescribes standards without describing or even considering what development will or should look like. Disenchantment with conventional zoning methods combined with innovative new approaches that address current and emerging issues are now readily available to learn from and adapt. A number of these approaches focus on design and form rather than use alone. The intentions of code reform focus on the creation of better public space, pedestrian friendly streets and communities, mixing uses and reducing parking requirements, all of which can lead to increased physical activity and healthy communities. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this project was on the potential application of waste heat recovery and utilisation (WHR&U) systems in pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR) technology. The background theory provided in the literature survey showed that WHR&U systems have attracted the attention of many researchers over the past two decades, as using waste heat improves the system overall efficiency, notwithstanding the cost of extra plant. PBMR waste heat streams were identified and investigated based on the amount of heat rejected to the environment. WHR&U systems require specially designed heat recovery equipment, and as such the used and/or spent PBMR fuel tanks were considered by the way of example. An appropriately scaled system was designed, built and tested, to demonstrate the functioning of such a cooling system. Two separate and independent cooling lines, using natural circulation flow in a particular form of heat pipes called thermosyphon loops were used to ensure that the fuel tank is cooled when the power conversion unit has to be switched off for maintenance, or if it fails. A theoretical model that simulates the heat transfer process in the as-designed WHR&U system was developed. It is a one-dimensional flow model assuming quasi-static and incompressible liquid and vapour flow. An experimental investigation of the WHR&U system was performed in order to validate the theoretical model results. The experimental results were then used to modify the theoretical heat transfer coefficients so that they simulate the experiments more accurately. Three energy conversion devices, the dual-function absorption cycle (DFAC), the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the Stirling engine (SE), were identified as suitable for transforming the recovered heat into a useful form, depending on the source temperatures from 60 ºC to 800 ºC. This project focuses on a free-piston SE with emphasis on the thermo-dynamic performance of a SE heat exchanger. It was found that a heat exchanger with a copper woven wire mesh configuration has a relatively large gas-to-metal and metal-to-liquid heat transfer area. Tube-in-shell heat exchanger configurations were tested, with the working fluid flowing in ten copper inner pipes, while a coolant flows through the shell tube. A lumped parameter model was used to describe the thermo-fluid dynamic behaviour of the SE heat exchanger. In order to validate the theoretical results, a uni-directional flow experimental investigation was performed. The theoretical model was adjusted so that it simulated the SE heat exchanger. It was found that after this correction the theoretical model accurately predicts the experiment. Finally, a dynamic analysis of the SE heat exchanger experimental set-up was undertaken to show that, although vibrating, the heat exchanger setup assembly was indeed acceptable from a vibrational and fatigue point of view. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofoogmerk met hierdie projek was die moontlike aanwending van afvalhitteherwinningen- benutting-(WHR&U-) stelsels in modulêre-gruisbedreaktor-(PBMR-) tegnologie. Agtergrondteorie in die literatuurondersoek toon dat WHR&U-stelsels al menige navorser se belangstelling geprikkel het, hetsy vanweë die moontlike ekonomiese voordele wat dit inhou óf vir besoedelingsvoorkoming, bo-en-behalwe die koste van bykomende toerusting. Die PBMRafvalhittestrome is ondersoek en bepaal op grond van die hoeveelheid hitte wat dit na die omgewing vrystel. Om in die prosesbehoeftes van WHR&U-stelsels te voorsien, moet goed ontwerpte, doelgemaakte hitteherwinningstoerusting in ʼn verkoelings- en/of verhittingsproses gebruik word, dus is die PBMR as voorbeeld gebruik vir die konsep. ʼn Toepaslik geskaleerde WHR&U-stelsel is dus ontwerp, gebou en getoets om die geldigheid van die stelselontwerp te toon. Twee onafhanklike verkoelingslyne, wat van natuurlike konveksie gebruik maak, in die vorm van hitte-pype of termoheuwel lusse, was gebruik om te verseker dat verkoeling verskaf word wanneer die hoof lus breek of instandhouding nodig hê. ʼn Teoretiese model is ontwikkel wat die hitteoordragproses in die ontwerpte WHR&U-stelsel simuleer. Dié model was ʼn eendimensionele vloeimodel wat kwasistatiese en onsamedrukbare vloeistof- en dampvloei in die WHR&U-stelsel-lusse veronderstel. ʼn Eksperimentele ondersoek is op die WHR&U-stelsel uitgevoer ten einde die teoretiese model se resultate te bevestig. Die eksperimentele resultate was dus geneem om die teoretiese hitteoordragkoëffisiënte aan te pas sodat dit die eksperimente kon simuleer. Drie energieomsettingstoestelle, naamlik die dubbel funksie absorpsie siklus (DFAC), die organiese Rankine siklus (ORC) en die Stirling enjin (SE), is as geskikte toestelle uitgewys om die herwonne hitte op grond van brontemperature tussen 60 ºC en 800 ºC in ʼn bruikbare vorm om te sit. Hierdie tesis het op vryesuier-SE’s gekonsentreer, met klem op die hitteruiler. Meer bepaald is die termodinamiese werkverrigting van ʼn SE-hitteruiler ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat ʼn hitteruiler met ʼn geweefde koperdraadmaas-samestelling oor ʼn betreklik groot gas-totmetaal- en metaal-tot-vloeistof-oordragoppervlakte beskik. Die verhitter en verkoeler is in ʼn buis-in-mantel-vorm ontwerp, met die werksvloeistof wat deur tien koperbinnepype vloei en ʼn koelmiddel deur die mantelbuis. ʼn Saamgevoegde-parameter-model is gebruik om die termodinamiese gedrag van die SEhitteruiler te beskryf. Ten einde die teoretiese resultate te bevestig, is ʼn eenrigtingvloeiproefondersoek uitgevoer. Die teoretiese model is aangepas sodat dit die SE-hitteruiler kon simuleer. Ná die nodige verstellings is daar bevind dat die teoretiese model die proefneming akkuraat voorspel. Laastens was ʼn dinamiese ontleding van die SE-hitteruiler ook onderneem om te toon dat, hoewel dit vibreer, die hitteruiler proef samestel inderdaad veilig is.

This diploma thesis focuses on the important knowledge related to education and bringing up left-handed children. The theoretical part focuses on the explanation of the term laterality and its diagnostics and also on the methodology of left-handed writing and the preparatory exercises for writing. Furthermore this part points to some various causes and effects suppression of left- handedness, and a brief insight into a former approach and an actual approach. This part offers information to the new trend in writing - Czech school font called Comenia Script. The practical part concentrates on the development of writing for left-handed in the commonly used writing alphabet, and in the font Comenia Script. There is also included a tentative questionnaire for primary school teachers and an observation and teaching of left- handed pupils in four different grades at primary schools. Keywords: laterality, left-handedness, upbringing, education, the commonly used writing alphabet, the font Comenia Script

TITLE Czech-German (Austrian) language relations - possibilities for language interference SUMMARY This diploma thesis examines the language interference between the Czech and the German in the field of gastronomy. This phenomenon is reflected in the composition of grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. The last area has been selected for a research. I decided to analyze 180 menu cards in the nine states of Austria. In those menu cards I tried to discover 13 in advance chosen words, which have been used in the Central-European language area according to Newerkla. Appearance of those 13 words in menu cards proves mutual language influence between the Czech and the German in each state of Austria. The research, I conducted, shows that the most influenced states are Vienna, Lower and Upper Austria. Probably the main reason for the result is that in these areas the most intensive political and economic cooperation between Czechs and Austrians took place.

The thesis aims to explore patterns and methods that lead to valuation of real estate assets through a process of hotel appraisal. It therefore focuses on a hotel as a special type of property. It seeks to derive a general procedure for determination of value of a property used as an asset for operation of a hotel through combination of established business valuation and property valuation methods. The first part of the evaluation mechanism will be quite similar to the valuation of a company process. Emphasis is placed on the analytical part involving examination at the locality, the strategic and financial analysis and the determination of the constituents that generate value. In the part on property valuation, the use of valuation methods, determination of investment costs and discount rates are discussed in greater detail. The second part focuses on the valuation of real estate assets, namely on the need to exclude the tangible and intangible assets unrelated to the hotel property. The thesis concludes with a recommendation of a procedure that would result in establishment of market value of the hotel's property itself.

The present thesis is concerned with the construction of by-pass road of the town Roudnice nad Labem and its potential impacts. It briefly describes traffic situation in Roudnice and possible solutions of traffic issues of the town. Theoretical section of the thesis defines a cost-benefit analysis and other assessment methods used for civic projects. The thesis also focuses on external cost and the contribution traffic brings in general as well as with respect to the particular area. The data acquired have been used for drawing a project CBA which addresses the matter of civic efficiency of the construction.

Cette recherche de doctorat concerne l’étude des fragments céramiques utilisés comme supports pour l’écriture dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine, c'est-à-dire les ostraca. Les deux groupes d'ostraca, objet de cette analyse, proviennent des fouilles archéologiques modernes effectuées dans deux sites qui se trouvent dans le désert occidental égyptien : Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayoum) et Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla). Le deux sites sont respectivement fouillés par la Mission archéologique du Centro di Studi Papirologici dell'Universita del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012) et de l’Université de New York -ISAW (2004-2013). Les aspects liés à la matérialité des ostraca (des fragments de récipients en céramique utilisés généralement pour écrire des textes en grec et démotique) ont été complètement ignorés par le passé en faveur de l’étude du texte. La raison principale de cette négligence est liée à la qualité médiocre du matériel céramique, considéré sans valeur. Par ailleurs, les études de céramologie en Égypte ainsi que l’étude des circuits économiques dans lesquels la poterie était utilisée sont très récents. En outre, il est communément admis que les scribes ramassait les fragments de céramique au hasard dans des dépotoirs et que n’y avait pas de sélection dans le choix des supports. Notre recherche démontre que ce concept est une fausse supposition, au moins pour ce qui concerne les deux groupes d'ostraca examinés. En revanche, il est clair que les scribes faisaient un choix sélectif des tessons selon leurs besoins et que, dans certains cas, il y avait une fragmentation ultérieure des morceaux. Rien a été laissé au hasard: le contenu des textes était strictement adapté à la nature de tessons utilisés comme support. De plus, la classification de la céramique des deux sites a été un point essentiel pour mettre en rapport la culture matérielle et l’organisation de la société égyptienne qui l’a produite entre le IIIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IVe siècle apr. J.-C. / This doctoral dissertation focuses on the study of the pottery sherds that were used as writing surfaces for painted texts in Greco-Roman Egypt, called ostraka. Two groups of ostraka found in two modern excavations, Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayyum), and Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla Oasis) are the main subjects of the investigation. The two archaeological sites are under excavation by, respectively, the Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012), and New York University-ISAW (2004-2013).Both settlements are located in the Western Desert of Egypt, in areas far from the Nile Valley and the main centers of power. The ostraka, which are re-used broken fragments of ceramic vessels with texts in Greek and Demotic, have been in the past seldom considered as archaeological objects because of the predominant importance of their texts. The material part of the ostraka being made from pottery vessels generally unrefined and of poor quality, have deterred most scholars from studying them accurately. Moreover, ceramological studies in Egypt and the interest towards the economy of the pottery manufacture and re-use are very recent. Finally, it is commonly believed that scribes collected the ceramic fragments to be used as ostraka randomly from open-air dumps. This research proved that this concept has to be considered as a wrong assumption, at least for the two groups of ostraka examined. On the contrary, it is very clear that the ancient scribes made a proper selection of the sherds they needed for specific purposes and that in some cases they reworked the sherds. It seems clear that nothing was left to the chance: the content of the texts and their use is strictly related to the kind of potsherds used to hold it. Additionally, the study of the ceramic types used in both settlements, analyzed as signifiers of the cultural environments for which they were produced, has shed light to the complex society of Egypt between the third century BCE and the fourth century CE.

Dans la littérature, plusieurs travaux ont été développés autour de la modélisation, l’analyse et la mise en place de politiques de maintenance pour les équipements sujets à des défaillances aléatoires. Ces travaux occultent souvent les réalités industrielles par des hypothèses telles que la connaissance a priori des distributions paramétriques des durées de vie et l’homogénéité des conditions d’exploitation des équipements. Ces hypothèses sont restrictives et constituent une source de biais parce qu’elles conditionnent l’analyse statistique des politiques de maintenance. Dans ce présent travail de thèse, de telles hypothèses sont relaxées pour permettre la prise en compte et la mise en valeurs des informations dérivant directement des données de durées vie issues de l’exploitation de l’équipement et ce sans passer par un modèle paramétrique intermédiaire. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse consiste alors en le développement de modèles statistiques et d’outils efficaces pour l’analyse des politiques de maintenance basées sur les données de durées de vie hétérogènes. Nous proposons en effet une démarche complète d’analyse de stratégies de maintenance en partant des données de durées de vie jusqu’à l’obtention des politiques optimales de maintenance en passant par une phase d’estimation des lois de probabilité. Les politiques de maintenance considérées sont appliques à des équipements usagés évoluant dans des environnements d’exploitation distingués par leur niveau de sévérité. Dans ce contexte, un modèle mathématique est proposé permettant d’évaluer et d’analyser théoriquement les coûts unitaires d’une stratégie de maintenance particulière dite de type âge. Cette analyse a permis d’établir les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes garantissant un âge optimal de remplacement préventif de l’équipement. Les coûts unitaires de maintenance sont complètement estimés par la méthode du Noyau de Parzen. Cette méthode d’estimation est non-paramétrique et définie par une fonction noyau et un paramètre de lissage. Il est également montré, dans nos travaux de recherche, que cet estimateur garantit une faible propagation des erreurs induites par le paramètre de lissage. Les résultats obtenus par la méthode du Noyau de Parzen sont proches des valeurs théoriques avec un faible coefficient de variation. Des extensions de la première politique de maintenance sont également proposées et étudiées. Ce travail de thèse s’achève par la proposition d’une approche permettant de mesurer et d’analyser le risque induit par le report d’une maintenance préventive. Ce risque est analysé à travers une fonction risque proposée / In the reliability literature, several researches works have been developed to deal with modeling, analysis and implementation of maintenance policies for equipments subject to random failures. The majority of these works are based on common assumptions among which the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes is assumed to be known. Furthermore, the equipment is assumed to experience only one operating environment. Such assumptions are indeed restrictive and may introduce a bias in the statistical analysis of the distribution function of the equipment lifetimes which in turn impacts optimization of maintenance policies. In the present research work, these two particular assumptions are relaxed. This relaxation allows to take into account of information related to conditions where the equipment is being operating and to focus on the statistical analysis of maintenance policies without using an intermediate parametric lifetimes distribution. The objective of this thesis consists then on the development of efficient statistical models and tools for managing the maintenance of equipments whose lifetimes distribution is unknown and defined through the heterogeneous lifetimes data. Indeed, this thesis proposes a framework for maintenance strategies determination, from lifetimes data acquisition toward the computation of optimal maintenance policies. The maintenance policies considered are assumed to be performed on used equipments. These later are conduct to experience their missions within different environments each of which is characterized by a degree of severity. In this context, a first mathematical model is proposed to evaluate costs induced by maintenance strategies. The analysis of these costs helps to establish the necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of an optimal age to perform the preventive maintenance. The maintenance costs are fully estimated by using the Kernel method. This estimation method is non-parametric and defined by two parameters, namely the kernel function and the smoothing parameter. The variability of maintenance costs estimator is deeply analyzed according to the smoothing parameter of Kernel method. From these analyses, it is shown that Kernel estimator method ensures a weak propagation of the errors due to the computation of smoothing parameter. In addition, several simulations are made to estimate the optimal replacement age. These simulations figure out that the numerical results from the Kernel method are close to the theoretical values with a weak coefficient of variation. Two probabilistic extensions of the first mathematical model are proposed and theoretically discussed. To deal with the problem of delayed preventive maintenance, an approach is proposed and discussed. The proposed approach allows evaluating the risk that could induce the delay taken to perform a preventive maintenance at the required optimal date. This approach is based on risk analysis conduct on the basis of a proposed risk function

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T16:56:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL HENRIQUE RIBEIRO.pdf: 14273051 bytes, checksum: 541ed5f4c2f552f6364bd8b982faaf8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL HENRIQUE RIBEIRO.pdf: 14273051 bytes, checksum: 541ed5f4c2f552f6364bd8b982faaf8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / In the area of Architecture and Urbanism, the proposed theme is related to the socio-spatial implications of "Great Urban Projects" (GPU). Such projects are characterized by the size, specificity of the architectural-urban program and, especially, transformations that induce in the places where they are implanted. Under the context of the social function of architecture and urbanism, one inquires whether the proposition and implantation of GPUs imply producing socially necessary projects. The analysis involves a case study: the Itaquer?o or Arena Corinthians. Inaugurated in 2014 in the district of Itaquera, S?o Paulo city, this football stadium has triggered significant transformations in the immediate surroundings that are reflected in the East Zone of the city. It can be said that this class of spatial intervention is unprecedented in the history of the urban periphery of S?o Paulo, the research involves documentation of the transformations arising from the installation of Itaquer?o in its initial moments. The methodology proposes the development of theoretical-empirical elements related to the subject approach in the field of applied social sciences, especially field research involving questionnaires and interviews. The aim is to contribute to the production of knowledge focused on contemporary space dynamics, to the methodology of architectural-urbanistic projects, as well as to subsidize the formulation of public policies of a territorial character. / Na ?rea de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, o tema proposto relaciona-se com as implica??es socioespaciais provenientes de ?Grandes Projetos Urbanos?. Tais projetos se caracterizam pelo porte, especificidade do programa arquitet?nico-urban?stico e, especialmente, transforma??es que induzem nas localidades onde s?o implantados. Sob o contexto da fun??o social da arquitetura e urbanismo, indaga-se se a proposi??o e implanta??o de projetos urbanos de grande porte implicam produzir projetos socialmente necess?rios. A an?lise envolve um estudo de caso: o Itaquer?o ou Arena Corinthians. Esse est?dio de futebol foi inaugurado em 2014 e desencadeia transforma??es significativas no entorno imediato em que foi implantado e na Zona Leste da cidade de S?o Paulo. Tal classe de interven??o espacial ? in?dita na hist?ria da periferia urbana do munic?pio e a pesquisa envolve a documenta??o das transforma??es espaciais promovidas pelo Itaquer?o em seus momentos iniciais. A metodologia prop?e o desenvolvimento de elementos te?rico-emp?ricos relacionados ? abordagem do assunto no campo das ci?ncias sociais aplicadas, em especial, pesquisa de campo envolvendo question?rios e entrevistas. Pretende-se contribuir na produ??o do conhecimento voltado ?s din?micas espaciais contempor?neas, ? metodologia de projetos arquitet?nico-urban?sticos, assim como subsidiar a formula??o de pol?ticas p?blicas de car?ter territorial.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JUAREZ DE MORAIS.pdf: 1414536 bytes, checksum: 2babe2e928f51167455692d9f76241ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-10 / This research investigated the materials contaminated by hydrocarbons in the automotive sector, specifically the used lubricating oil and grease filters. The approach applied in this research lies in the Case Study and Modeling. It starts with the assumption that the volume of such waste generated in this research may infer that the universe of vehicles with the same characteristics in Brazil should produce waste according to the same pattern in the total volume thereof. Were adopted as analysis variables the size of Brazil s current fleet of vehicles (considering cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks and buses), the frequency of exchange of lubricating oils, the average distance traveled by motor vehicles and the time they are used in construction and validation of a mathematical model that allows their evidence. The data used to test the model were obtained in three motor vehicle dealers in the State of Goiás. Our results showed a total of 675,910,124.33 liters of lubricating oil used and contaminated extracted directly from the vehicles, plus 4,006.841.98 liters of lubricating oil used and contaminated removed from the inside of used lubricants and filters that are generated annually by Brazilian vehicles. The effectiveness of the model might be better if this study contemplate other automotive segments such as agricultural machinery and motorcycles. / Trata-se de uma pesquisa investigativa a respeito dos materiais contaminados por hidrocarbonetos no setor automotivo, mais especificamente, os óleos e filtros lubrificantes usados. A abordagem aplicada nessa pesquisa se situa no Estudo de Caso e Modelagem. Parte-se da hipótese de que, o volume gerado destes resíduos na pesquisa, poderá inferir que o universo de veículos, com as mesmas características no Brasil, deva produzir resíduos de acordo com o mesmo padrão no volume total dos mesmos. Foram adotadas como variáveis de análise o tamanho da frota circulante brasileira de veículos automotores (considerando automóveis, comerciais leves, caminhões e ônibus), a periodicidade da troca de óleos lubrificantes, a quilometragem média percorrida pelos veículos automotores e o tempo em que são utilizados na construção e validação de um modelo matemático que permita a sua comprovação. Os dados utilizados para testar o modelo, foram obtidos em três concessionárias de veículos automotores, localizadas no Estado de Goiás. O modelo estatístico apresentou um total de 675.910.124,33 litros de óleo lubrificante usado e contaminado, extraído diretamente dos veículos, acrescido de 4.006.841,98 litros de óleo lubrificante usado e contaminado retirado do interior dos filtros lubrificantes usados e que são gerados anualmente pelos veículos brasileiros. A eficácia do modelo poderia ser melhor se este estudo contemplasse outros segmentos automotivos como máquinas agrícolas e motocicletas.