The motivation for this thesis lies in the knowledge that there is a crucial information need amongst LGBTQ-persons wanting to read fiction related to LGBTQ in order to strengthen their own identity. This particular information need regarding identification has been said to be more central within LGBTQ-communities than within other user groups, largely because they represent a marginalized group in society. Critical feminists, such as Hope A. Olson, have proved that knowledge organization based on systems of subject representation in fact may lead to further marginalization and exclusion of already marginalized groups. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to compare subject representation and social tagging as methods of organizing LGBTQ-fiction. The empirical data is drawn from the collaborative tagging platform LibraryThing and five public library catalogs.Within a feminist framework based on queer theory, the advantages of user-generated metadata in the form of social tagging over professional knowledge organization in the form of subject representation are discussed, and in the end dismissed as an adequate replacement or alternative for the latter. The results of this study show that social tagging presents users with more diverse access points than those created within a controlled vocabulary system. However, while some of the social tags are more specific and in some ways inclusive, most of the tags consist of general terms describing the works of fiction. This is a two years master’s thesis.

Ermöglicht durch die Medientechnologien des Web 2.0 hat sich seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre ein kulturelles Nachahmungsphänomen im Internet entwickelt. YouTube, Flickr, Twitter und Co. haben zu einer Potenzierung und Beschleunigung der ohnehin vorhandenen ,Kultur des Kopierens’ geführt. Anhand der mehrteiligen Arbeit I’m too sad to tell you des Konzeptkünstlers Bas Jan Ader und deren Nachahmungen und Adaptionen wird hier beispielhaft untersucht, welche Auswirkungen, Potentiale und Begrenzungen sich aus dem Nachahmungsphänomen ableiten lassen und inwiefern der über die Videoplattformen erstellte User-Generated-Content als Archiv- und Quellenmaterial für eine künstlerische Forschung fungieren kann.

Die mobile Kartographie bedient sich dem mobilen Internet und der zivilen Nutzung des GPS-Signals. Der damit einhergehenden Mobilität des Benutzers, aber auch den technischen Schranken mobiler Endgeräte (wie geringen Prozessorleistungen, kleinen Displays und begrenzten Batterielaufzeiten) muss in Form einer Adaption der mobilen Karten Rechnung getragen werden. Die Adaption geschieht hinsichtlich des Informationsbedarfs, der sich aus dem aktuellen Nutzungskontext des Benutzers (d.h. seiner räumlich-zeitlichen Situation, seinen Interessen, Aufgabenkontext, aktuellen Umständen, Zielen, Bedürfnissen etc) ableiten lässt sowie hinsichtlich des Interaktionsgrades und der Interaktionsarten. Ein weiterer Aspekt mobiler Kartographie sind nutzergenerierte Inhalte. Dank der ständigen Verfügbarkeit des Internets und einer unkomplizierten Art der Positionsbestimmung können auch Amateurnutzer problemlos selber räumliche Daten erheben und veröffentlichen. Der Kartograph rückt damit mehr in den Hintergrund und stellt sein Fachwissen in Form von Komponenten wie Basiskarten, Software oder Interaktionsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Dadurch bedürfen traditionelle kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle hinsichtlich der mobilen Kartographie einer grundsätzlichen Weiterentwicklung, da eine strikte Trennung in Kartenhersteller und Kartennutzer nicht mehr vorgenommen werden kann. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit stellt ein abgeleitetes kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell für mobile, interaktive Karten vor. Ein Anwendungsgebiet der mobilen Kartographie sind mobile touristische Applikationen, welche im mobilen Technologie- und Informationszeitalter eine zeitgemäße Form der Reiseinformation und des Reiseservices darstellen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene existierende touristische Anwendungen für Smartphones analysiert und eine eigene mobile Kartenapplikation für Wanderungen in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz konzipiert und prototypisch implementiert. Diese Applikation schlägt Wanderrouten vor, liefert zahlreiche Informationen sowie Kartenmaterial und ist an den Wanderkalender der Sächsischen Zeitung angelehnt, welcher jährlich von Kartographie-Studenten der Technischen Universität Dresden erarbeitet wird. / Mobile cartography makes use of mobile internet and the civil utilisation of the GPS signal. The resulting mobility of the user as well as technical restrictions of mobile devices (such as low processor performance, small display sizes and limited battery life) has to be taken into account in the form of an adaption of mobile maps. The adaption is carried out with regard to the current need for information which can be derived from the context of the user (i.e. spatial-temporal situation, interests, task, circumstances, aims, needs etc). Another aspect of mobile cartography is user generated content. The permanent availability of mobile internet as well as the uncomplicated way of location determination makes it easy for amateur users to gather and publish own data. So the cartographer backs out and provides expert knowledge in the form of base maps, software and interaction techniques that can be used by the map user as an user interface for integrating own data. Thereby traditional cartographic communication models require a fundamental further development because a strict separation into map maker and map user can not be made anymore. The diploma thesis introduces a derived cartographic communication model for mobile interactive maps. An application field of mobile cartography are mobile map applications in tourism. These touristic applications are an up-to-date kind of travelling service in the century of mobile technology and information. In the context of this diploma thesis several existing touristic applications for smartphones for were examined and an own mobile application for hiking in Saxon Switzerland was conceived and implemented prototypically. This application suggests hiking trips, provides various information as well as maps and is based on a hiking calendar that is worked out annually by cartography students of Dresden University of Technology.

Los sistemas online para compartir fotos proporcionan una valiosa fuente de contenidos generado por el usuario (UGC). La mayor a de los sistemas de re- cuperaci on de im agenes Web utilizan las anotaciones textuales para rankear los resultados, sin embargo estas anotaciones no s olo ilustran el contenido visual de una imagen, sino que tambi en describen situaciones subjetivas, espaciales, temporales y sociales, que complican la tarea de b usqueda basada en palabras clave. La investigaci on en esta tesis se centra en c omo mejorar la recuperaci on de im agenes en sistemas de gran escala, es decir, la Web, combinando informaci on proporcionada por los usuarios m as el contenido visual de las im agenes. En el presente trabajo se exploran distintos tipos de UGC, tales como anotaciones de texto, anotaciones visuales, y datos de click-through, as como diversas t ecnicas para combinar esta informaci on con el objetivo de mejorar la recuperaci on de im agenes usando informaci on visual. En conclusi on, la investigaci on realizada en esta tesis se centra en la impor- tancia de incluir la informaci on visual en distintas etapas de la recuperaci on de contenido. Combinando informaci on visual con otras formas de UGC, es posible mejorar signi cativamente el rendimiento de un sistema de recuperaci on de im agenes y cambiar la experiencia del usuario en la b usqueda de contenidos multimedia en la Web. / Online photo sharing systems provide a valuable source of user generated content (UGC). Most Web image retrieval systems use textual annotations to rank the results, although these annotations do not only illustrate the visual content of an image, but also describe subjective, spatial, temporal, and social dimensions, complicating the task of keyword based search. The research in this thesis is focused on how to improve the retrieval of images in large scale context , i.e. the Web, using information provided by users combined with visual content from images. Di erent forms of UGC are explored, such as textual annotations, visual annotations, and click-through-data, as well as di erent techniques to combine these data to improve the retrieval of images using visual information. In conclusion, the research conducted in this thesis focuses on the impor- tance to include visual information into various steps of the retrieval of media content. Using visual information, in combination with various forms of UGC, can signi cantly improve the retrieval performance and alter the user experience when searching for multimedia content on the Web. 1

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência do conteúdo de divulgação científica publicado pelo canal Minutos Psíquicos do YouTube sobre a formação do capital social. O objeto de estudo foi analisado com o aporte da Teoria Fundamentada, uma ferramenta metodológica que tem sido recomendada por pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros para o estudo das mídias sociais e das redes sociais na internet. O corpus de análise foi constituído pelo vídeo mais popular do canal selecionado e pelos comentários relacionados. Para a análise dos comentários foram utilizadas as três técnicas de codificação da Teoria Fundamentada: a codificação aberta, a codificação axial e a codificação seletiva. Ao final da pesquisa, foram identificadas três práticas discursivas que contribuem para a formação do capital social e de valores relacionados no contexto de estudo: a autoexpressão, as reações do canal e o suporte social. As formas de capital social que apareceram com maior frequência são o capital relacional, o capital cognitivo e a confiança no ambiente social. Porém, também foi possível constatar a presença do capital normativo e de indícios do capital institucional. Entre os valores construídos pelos usuários em suas práticas discursivas estão a visibilidade, a legitimação e o suporte social. Esse último merece destaque por perpassar todas as categorias principais. O intercâmbio de informações foi uma prática pouco expressiva naquele contexto. Por fim, conclui-se que o conteúdo publicado pelo canal funciona como um vetor para as diferentes formas de comportamento social que contribuem para a formação do capital social. / The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the content of scientific divulgation published by YouTube Minutos Psíquicos channel on the formation of social capital. The object of study was analyzed with the contribution of Grounded Theory, a methodological tool that has been recommended by Brazilian and foreign researchers for the study of social media and social networks on the internet. The analysis corpus consisted of the most popular video of the selected channel and related comments. For the analysis of the comments the three coding techniques of the Grounded Theory were used: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. At the end of the research, three discursive practices were identified that contribute to the formation of social capital and related values in the study context: self-expression, channel reactions and social support. The forms of social capital that have appeared most often are relational, cognitive, and trustworthiness of social environment. However, it was also possible to verify the presence of normative capital and evidence of institutional capital. Among the values built by the users in their discursive practices are visibility, legitimation and social support. The latter deserves special mention because it covers all the main categories. The information exchange was not very expressive in that context. Finally, it is concluded that the content published by the channel works as a vector for the different forms of social behavior that contribute to the formation of social capital.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a influência do conteúdo de divulgação científica publicado pelo canal Minutos Psíquicos do YouTube sobre a formação do capital social. O objeto de estudo foi analisado com o aporte da Teoria Fundamentada, uma ferramenta metodológica que tem sido recomendada por pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros para o estudo das mídias sociais e das redes sociais na internet. O corpus de análise foi constituído pelo vídeo mais popular do canal selecionado e pelos comentários relacionados. Para a análise dos comentários foram utilizadas as três técnicas de codificação da Teoria Fundamentada: a codificação aberta, a codificação axial e a codificação seletiva. Ao final da pesquisa, foram identificadas três práticas discursivas que contribuem para a formação do capital social e de valores relacionados no contexto de estudo: a autoexpressão, as reações do canal e o suporte social. As formas de capital social que apareceram com maior frequência são o capital relacional, o capital cognitivo e a confiança no ambiente social. Porém, também foi possível constatar a presença do capital normativo e de indícios do capital institucional. Entre os valores construídos pelos usuários em suas práticas discursivas estão a visibilidade, a legitimação e o suporte social. Esse último merece destaque por perpassar todas as categorias principais. O intercâmbio de informações foi uma prática pouco expressiva naquele contexto. Por fim, conclui-se que o conteúdo publicado pelo canal funciona como um vetor para as diferentes formas de comportamento social que contribuem para a formação do capital social. / The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the content of scientific divulgation published by YouTube Minutos Psíquicos channel on the formation of social capital. The object of study was analyzed with the contribution of Grounded Theory, a methodological tool that has been recommended by Brazilian and foreign researchers for the study of social media and social networks on the internet. The analysis corpus consisted of the most popular video of the selected channel and related comments. For the analysis of the comments the three coding techniques of the Grounded Theory were used: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. At the end of the research, three discursive practices were identified that contribute to the formation of social capital and related values in the study context: self-expression, channel reactions and social support. The forms of social capital that have appeared most often are relational, cognitive, and trustworthiness of social environment. However, it was also possible to verify the presence of normative capital and evidence of institutional capital. Among the values built by the users in their discursive practices are visibility, legitimation and social support. The latter deserves special mention because it covers all the main categories. The information exchange was not very expressive in that context. Finally, it is concluded that the content published by the channel works as a vector for the different forms of social behavior that contribute to the formation of social capital.

Conteúdo Gerado por Usuário (CGU) é a denominação dada ao conteúdo criado de forma espontânea por indivíduos comuns, sem vínculos com meios de comunicação. Esse tipo de conteúdo carrega informações valiosas e pode ser explorado por diversas áreas do conhecimento. Muito do CGU é disponibilizado em forma de textos avaliações de produtos, comentários em fóruns sobre filmes e discussões em redes sociais são exemplos. No entanto, a linguagem utilizada em textos de CGU diverge, de várias maneiras, da norma culta da língua, dificultando seu processamento por técnicas de PLN. A linguagem de CGU é fortemente ligada à língua utilizada no cotidiano, contendo, assim, uma grande quantidade de ruídos. Erros ortográficos, abreviações, gírias, ausência ou mau uso de pontuação e de capitalização são alguns ruídos que dificultam o processamento desses textos. Diversos trabalhos relatam perda considerável de desempenho ao testar ferramentas do estado-daarte de PLN em textos de CGU. A Normalização Textual é o processo de transformar palavras ruidosas em palavras consideradas corretas e pode ser utilizada para melhorar a qualidade de textos de CGU. Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de métodos e sistemas que visam a (a) identificar palavras ruidosas em textos de CGU, (b) encontrar palavras candidatas a sua substituição, e (c) ranquear os candidatos para realizar a normalização. Para a identificação de ruídos, foram propostos métodos baseados em léxicos e em aprendizado de máquina, com redes neurais profundas. A identificação automática apresentou resultados comparáveis ao uso de léxicos, comprovando que este processo pode ser feito com baixa dependência de recursos. Para a geração e ranqueamento de candidatos, foram investigadas técnicas baseadas em similaridade lexical e word embeddings. Concluiu-se que o uso de word embeddings é altamente adequado para normalização, tendo atingido os melhores resultados. Todos os métodos propostos foram avaliados com base em um córpus de CGU anotado no decorrer do projeto, contendo textos de diferentes origens: fóruns de discussão, reviews de produtos e publicações no Twitter. Um sistema, Enelvo, combinando todos os métodos foi implementado e comparado a um outro sistema normalizador existente, o UGCNormal. Os resultados obtidos pelo sistema Enelvo foram consideravelmente superiores, com taxa de correção entre 67% e 97% para diferentes tipos de ruído, com menos dependência de recursos e maior flexibilidade na normalização. / User Generated Content (UGC) is the name given to content created spontaneously by ordinary individuals, without connections to the media. This type of content carries valuable information and can be exploited by several areas of knowledge. Much of the UGC is provided in the form of texts product reviews, comments on forums about movies, and discussions on social networks are examples. However, the language used in UGC texts differs, in many ways, from the cultured norm of the language, making it difficult for NLP techniques to handle them. UGC language is strongly linked to the language used in daily life, containing a large amount of noise. Spelling mistakes, abbreviations, slang, absence or misuse of punctuation and capitalization are some noises that make it difficult to process these texts. Several works report considerable loss of performance when testing NLP state-of-the-art tools in UGC texts. Textual Normalization is the process of turning noisy words into words considered correct and can be used to improve the quality of UGC texts. This work reports the development of methods and systems that aim to (a) identify noisy words in UGC, (b) find candidate words for substitution, and (c) rank candidates for normalization. For the identification of noisy words, lexical-based methods and machine learning ones using deep neural networks were proposed. The automatic identification presented results comparable to the use of lexicons, proving that this process can be done with low dependence of resources. For the generation and ranking of candidates, techniques based on lexical similarity and word embeddings were investigated. It was concluded that the use of embeddings is highly suitable for normalization, having achieved the best results. All proposed methods were evaluated based on a UGC corpus annotated throughout the project, containing texts from different sources: discussion forums, product reviews and tweets. A system, Enelvo, combining all methods was implemented and compared to another existing normalizing system, UGCNormal. The results obtained by the Enelvo system were considerably higher, with a correction rate between 67 % and 97 % for different types of noise, with less dependence on resources and greater flexibility in normalization.

Ett av de mest populära community:n på internet och en av världens mest populärastewebbplats i dag är videotjänsten YouTube. Strömmande tjänster blir alltmer efterfrågade i taktmed att tekniken utvecklas och bandbreddens prestationsförmåga inte längre är en begränsning.Inte minst har strömmande tjänster, i synnerhet YouTube, blivit populärt på grund av desskopierade innehåll av användare, i motsats till det egenskapade. Många av de uppladdadevideoklippen är upphovsrättsskyddade och just sådana videoklipp har visat sig tendera att varasärskilt efterfrågade bland användarna.I den här uppsatsen tittar jag på användarnas beteenden på YouTube i form av en observationnär de laddar upp upphovsrättsskyddat material. Jag undersöker hur användare ställer sig tillupphovsrätten och de regler som råder på YouTube genom en enkätundersökning. Slutligenintervjuar jag två advokater specialiserade inom området för att ta del av deras professionellasynsätt. Uppsatsen presenterar de observerade användarstrategierna och reflektionerna.

Användarskapat innehåll, eller UGC från engelskans User Generated Content, har med teknikens utveckling blivit allt mer populärt på webbtidningar. Det ses som en konkurrensfördel men kan även innebära risker för tidningen, inte minst kostnadsmässigt. Det blir därför viktigt att satsa på UGC som läsarna vill ha, men vad detta innebär är inte ett välutforskat ämne. Denna uppsats ämnar svara på vilket användarskapat innehåll läsare av webbtidningar föredrar, samt varför de föredrar just detta. Med utgångspunkt i en litteraturstudie identifierades fem aspekter som kan hjälpa till att beskriva UGC. Med en dagboksstudie urskiljdes nio teman utifrån vilka det var möjligt att styrka fyra av aspekterna samt identifiera ytterligare fem aspekter som föreföll påverka hur läsare uppskattar UGC. / User Generated Content (UGC) has, with the fast-paced technological development, become increasingly popular in online newspapers. It is considered a competitive advantage but might entail risks for the newspapers, not in the least cost-wise. Thus it becomes important to invest in the UGC readers want, but what this encompasses is not a widely explored subject. This essay intends to answer what UGC readers of online newspapers prefer and why they prefer this particular content. On the basis of a literature study five aspects that can help describe UGC were identified. A diary study resulted in the identification of nine themes based on which it was possible to corroborate four of the aspects as well as identify a further five aspects that appeared to affect how readers view UGC.

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Möglichkeiten, Nutzer bei der touristischen Navigation besser zu unterstützen. Dabei werden zum einen Methoden einer nutzerorientierten thematischen Routenplanung aufgezeigt und zum anderen kartographische Anamorphoten als visuelle Navigationshilfe diskutiert. Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Methoden zur nutzerorientierten semantischen Filterung themenrelevanter Gebiete im Allgemeinen und zur individuellen thematischen Rou-tenplanung im Besonderen. Derzeit existieren verschiedene technische Ansätze für Routenplanungen, die touristisch relevante Orte zu einem spezifischen Thema auf Basis nutzergenerierter Webinhalte bestimmen und zu Themenrouten kombinieren. Es existiert jedoch, nach Auffassung des Autors, kein Ansatz für eine wirklich individuelle Routenplanung, bei der Nutzer frei das Thema und den Start- und Endpunkt einer Route definieren können. Die erste Methode, Kontinuummethode, basiert auf der Generierung eines thematischen Pseudokontinuums. Hier werden Daten der Plattformen Wikipedia, Flickr und Panoramio kombiniert und mittels der Kerndichteschätzung zu Pseudodichtekontinua transformiert. Mithilfe der Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) als Methode der semantischen Ähnlichkeitsbestimmung werden dann den Pseudodichtekontinua Themenrelevanzwerte zugeordnet und so relevante geographische Gebiete zu einem nutzerdefinierten Thema gefiltert. Für eine thematische Routenplanung werden diese Themenrelevanzwerte auf ein Wegenetz übertragen. Die zweite Methode, Sequenzmethode, baut auf der semantischen Ähnlichkeitsbestimmung auf und ordnet georeferenzierte Wikipedia-Artikel entsprechend ihrer Themenrelevanz. Diese werden dann sequenziell in die Routenberechnung integriert. Eine durchgeführte Nutzerbefragung bestätigt, dass beide Methoden geeignet sind, um themenrelevante Routen zu bestimmen. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit widmet sich der Eignung anamorphotischer Darstellungen als Navigationshilfe. Navigation als Problemlösungsprozess lässt sich hierarchisch-sequenziell in Teilprozesse unterteilen, die je nach Aufgabe bzw. Problemstellung unterschiedliche Visualisierungsformen fordern. Anamorphoten können das Kartenbild hinsichtlich eines bestimmten Sachbezuges verzerren und so die Karteninterpretation bei diesen unterschiedlichen Navigationsprozessen erleichtern. In der Arbeit wird zum einen eine umfassende deutschsprachige Taxonomie zu Anamorphoten eingeführt und zum anderen eine empirische Untersuchung zur Nutzung epizentrisch-gerichteter Distanzwertanamorphoten für die Navigation vorgestellt. Dabei liegt der Fokus der Studie auf dem Einfluss der Egozentrizität und Verzerrung bei der Karteninterpretation in einzelnen Navigationsprozessen und inwieweit zeitbe-schreibende Darstellungen bei der Navigation und Wegfindung hilfreich sind. / This thesis deals with means of a better support to touristic navigation processes. Methods for a user-orientated thematic route planning are presented on the one hand and, on the other hand, the usabilty of distorted cartograms as visual navigation aids are discussed. In the first part of the thesis, two methods are presented for a user-orientated semantic selection of theme-relevant areas in general and for an individual thematic routing in particular. Several technical approaches to a touristic tour planning, which connects popular locations to specific theme routes based on user-generated web content have been published in the recent years. However, no approach exists to the author’s knowledge, which allows truly individual theme route planning in a way that a user can define a theme as well as a starting and end point of the route. The first method, continuum method, is based on the generation of a thematic pseudo continuum. Here, data of the web platforms of Wikipedia, Flickr and Panoramio are combined and transformed to a pseudo continuum by using the kernel density estimation. A semantic similarity analysis based on the Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) is carried out to predict thematic-relevance values, which are matched to the pseudo continuum and, thus, to select relevant geographic areas concerning a specific theme. These thematic-relevance values are transferred to a road network for the purpose of a thematic routing. The second method, sequence method, is based on a semantic similarity analysis as well and ranks Wikipedia articles according to their thematic relevance. These ranked articles are sequentially integrated into the routing. A completed user survey confirms the suitability of both methods to generate theme-relevant routes for touristic purposes. The second part of the thesis deals with the usability of distorted visualisations as navigation aids. Navigation as a problem-solving process can be hierarchically-sequentially divided into subtasks, whereas visualisation can be optimised for a certain task or problem. Cartograms in forms of distorted visualisations can adapt to a certain semantic focus and effectively support users in the navigation process. Within the scope of this thesis, an extensive German-language taxonomy of distorted cartograms has been compiled. Moreover, an empirical study on the usability of epicentrically directed distance cartograms in navigation processes is covered. The focus of this study is set on the influence of distortion and egocentricity of visualisations in the map interpretation and how time-describing representations can help the user in navigation and wayfinding processes.