Neste trabalho, utiliza-se o modelo de insumo-produto de Leontief, em sua variante nacional, estática e aberta, para quantificar alguns benefícios indiretos gerados por um investimento em construção e manutenção de obras de infra-estrutura de transporte. Estes benefícios são conseqüência do aumento da produção gerado pelo investimento, uma vez que há uma parcela de produção de qualquer bem ou serviço que corresponde a um aumento de riqueza para a região receptora do investimento. Procura-se mostrar que esse aumento de riqueza deve ser considerado como um beneficio indireto adicional, e que a busca da identificação da magnitude desse valor adicionado à economia pode fazer a diferença entre múltiplas alternativas de investimento. Sugere-se que o resultado dessa quantificação possa fazer parte de métodos mais flexíveis de avaliação como os métodos multi-objetivos e multi-critérios. / At this work, the national static open Leontief\'s input-output model is used in order to measure some indirect benefits generated as a consequence of investment in construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure facilities. These benefits are generated by an increase in production, once there is always a part of the production of goods and services which implies on a growth of wealth for the region into which the investment is applied. It is shown that this increase of wealth has to be taken in to account as an additional indirect benefit, and that searching for identification of the magnitude of that value added into the economy could make the difference among several investment alternatives. It is suggested that the results of that measurement could be considered in more flexible evaluation methods, such as multi-objectives and multi-criteria methods.

Na mesma proporção que fontes de água potável são reduzidas, a competição por elas tem aumentado, conseqüência imediata da expansão de áreas urbanas e de novas demandas agro-industriais. Os conflitos gerados por esta competição tendem a comprometer o desenvolvimento sustentável e o progresso de uma forma geral, uma vez que resultam em perda de eficácia para vultuosos investimentos públicos e privados e em prejuízos para os usuários menos estruturados. Considerando os fatos acima, o objeto deste trabalho é o estabelecimento de cenários de alocação das disponibilidades hídricas entre usuários de água da bacia do Sapucaí-Mirim/Grande, visando determinar a convivência harmoniosa das várias finalidades de uso provenientes do mesmo recurso hídrico. Tal meta poderá ser alcançada através da análise dos indicadores de desempenho - confiabilidade, vulnerabilidade e resiliência - do sistema os quais serão obtidos com o auxílio do modelo de simulação IRAS (Interactive River Aquifer Simulation). / In the same proportion that fresh water sources are been reduced, competition for its has grown, immediate consequence of urban areas expansion and new agroindustrial demands. Conflicts generated by this competition tend to affect the sustainable development and the progress as well, once this competitiveness situation means efficacy loss to large amounts of public and privy investments, and also injuries to less structured users. Considering above facts, the goal of this paperwork is to establish water availability allocation scenarios between Sapucai-Mirim/Grande basin\'s users, aiming to settle a balanced distribution of the several use finalities came from the same water resource. Such goal can be reached through system performance indicators analysis - reliability, vulnerability and resilience - which will be estimated through IRAS simulation model aid.

La croissance de la téléphonie mobile en Afrique a surpassé les prévisions les plus optimistes des opérateurs. De nos jours l’intérêt et l’utilité du téléphone sont clairement démontrés par les pratiques et ce pour tous les usagers quel que soit le niveau social ou géographique. Très adapté dans plusieurs domaines, tels le commerce, la santé, l’éducation, l’élevage et l’agriculture, il n’est pas utilisé de la même manière dans différents milieux tels les zones rurales, périurbaines, ou urbaines : ou dans les pays émergents et ceux en développement. Les uns utilisent des applications, les autres juste pour des appels, ainsi l’outil n’est pas le même partout. L’agriculture est une des activités pratiquées par plus de 80% de la population active au Burkina, avec des producteurs commerçants dans les zones urbaines et périurbaines qui pratiquent la maraicher-culture et des ruraux qui sont plus axés dans les productions saisonnières et fruitières. Dans l’optique d’accroitre sa production agricole, en miroir des grandes puissances, le Burkina Faso reste sur une lancée d’appropriation des technologies mobiles dans la production agricole. Malgré l’influence des facteurs d’ordre technique (la fracture numérique), politique, social (analphabétisme, illettrisme, pauvreté) et culturel, l’usage du téléphone mobile s’est développé si rapidement, et cela parce qu’il n’est plus l’apanage des seuls nantis. Son appropriation par les petits artisans, commerçants du secteur de l’économie et les agriculteurs a pris de l’ampleur adopté parce qu’ils ont compris l’intérêt du système d’abonnement par des cartes prépayés ou post payés à des coûts très accessibles, aux facilités multiples aussi qu’offre le téléphone portable. L’usage du téléphone mobile reste particulier car il est plus adopté par la population à faible revenus afin de réduire leurs dépenses, donc faire des économies. Dans le sens de toujours contribuer à l’expansion de l’adoption des technologies de l’information et de la communication (le téléphone portable y compris) des efforts sont effectués par les institutions privées et publiques, nationales et internationales pour favoriser leur accès et leur utilisation. / The growth of mobile telephony in Africa has surpassed the most optimistic forecasts of the operators. Nowadays the interest and the usefulness of the telephone are clearly demonstrated by the practices and this for all the users whatever the social or geographical level. It is highly adapted in several fields, such as trade, health, education, livestock and agriculture, and is not used in the same way in different environments such as rural, peri-urban or urban areas: emerging and developing countries. Some use applications, others just for calls, so the tool is not the same everywhere. Agriculture is one of the activities practiced by more than 80% of the working population in Burkina, with commercial producers in urban and peri-urban areas practicing market gardening and rural people who are more focused on seasonal and fruit production. In order to increase its agricultural production, mirroring the great powers, Burkina Faso is still on a roll of appropriation of mobile technologies in agricultural production. Despite the influence of technical factors (the digital divide), political, social (illiteracy, poverty) and cultural, the use of the mobile phone has developed so quickly, and this because it does not is more the prerogative of the only haves. Its appropriation by small artisans, traders in the economy sector and farmers has gained momentum because they have understood the value of the subscription system by prepaid or postpaid cards at very affordable costs, to the multiple facilities also that offers the mobile phone. The use of the mobile phone remains particular because it is more adopted by the low-income population to reduce their expenses, so save money. In the sense of always contributing to the expansion of the adoption of information and communication technologies (including the mobile phone) efforts are being made by private and public, national and international institutions to promote their access and their usage.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-10T14:58:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reia Sílvia Rios Magalhães e Silva.pdf: 3243834 bytes, checksum: 48dd7add1e870fbf706e75f0f6d65606 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:58:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reia Sílvia Rios Magalhães e Silva.pdf: 3243834 bytes, checksum: 48dd7add1e870fbf706e75f0f6d65606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-13 / UFPI - Universidade Federal do Piauí / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Este trabalho, que tem como fio condutor as tecnologias e o processo de midiatização da sociedade contemporânea, busca cruzar as concepções teóricas sobre o ambiente das tecnologias para a construção do social com as percepções de docentes e discentes, participantes de grupos e núcleos de pesquisa do Curso de Serviço Social da Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, acerca dos usos, interações (inscrição) com dispositivos midiáticos e contextos para inferir sobre as práticas desses agentes educacionais com a Internet na produção acadêmica. As tecnologias da atual sociedade, dentre as quais, a Internet, permeadas por dinâmicas variadas, se fazem presentes em todos os setores da vida humana, impondo mudanças na sociedade, na cultura, na política, na economia, enfim, nas atividades mais simples do cotidiano. No campo da educação, a exemplo dos demais, a cultura midiática se mostra com evidência, suscitando novas alternativas de ensino, de pesquisa, ampliando as possibilidades interacionais. Em virtude do seu caráter de interface, o presente estudo fundamenta-se tanto nas concepções de teóricos da comunicação, como nas concepções de teóricos da educação. Recorre-se a respeitados autores brasileiros, como Braga (2002, 2006, 2007, 2008), Fausto Neto (2006), Ferreira (2006, 2010a, 2010b), ? bem como a autores estrangeiros, tais como o teórico francês, Miège (2009), Levy (1999, 2000), Lahire (2002), Silverstone (2002), Castells (2003) e outros autores que fazem da temática, objeto de estudo e de reflexão. Foram evocados também autores, como Moran (2000, 2012), Ramal (2002), Nascimento (2003) e outros que, embora voltados para a educação, estão preocupados com as novas configurações midiáticas e suas implicações na educação e na construção do conhecimento. A partir dos dados, coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, da técnica da observação e do questionário semiaberto, foi possível inferir que a Internet, em particular, na sua evolução, traz novos e instigantes desafios, ganhando força entre os agentes educacionais, que passam a viver num novo ambiente vigorizado por um ininterrupto e interativo fluxo comunicacional, o que, por consequência, impele a inscrição desses agentes nos processos midiáticos. Entretanto, a ocorrência de transformações das práticas está vinculada ao modo de inscrição desses agentes nos processos midiáticos, ou seja, nos modos de usos e interações com a internet na produção acadêmica. Nesse sentido, a "reificação tecnológica", que é a percepção das tecnologias como um amontoado de recursos técnicos, isolados, descontínuos, sem relação com a realidade social, impede os agentes de alcançar novas perspectivas de práticas. Por isso, docentes e discentes precisam estar abertos à incorporação dessa nova realidade. O uso das tecnologias na educação e na pesquisa exige competências, tanto prática, para o manuseio da ferramenta em si, como teórica, para integrar harmoniosamente essas técnicas às atividades de ensinar, de aprender e produzir conhecimento. Assim, verificamos que em qualquer circunstância, devemos evitar a alienação e a reificação tecnológica. Da mesma forma que potencializa, a Internet paralisa. As informações que disponibiliza, nem sempre, trazem respostas convincentes às demandas e anseios dos agentes educacionais. / Having as thread the technologies and the mediatization process of contemporary society, it was attempted to cross the theoretical conceptions of technological environment for the construction of the society with the perceptions of teachers and students who participate of research center groups of the Social Work Course of the Federal University of Piauí - UFPI , about the uses, interactions ( registration) with media devices and contexts to infer about the educational practices of these agents with the Internet in academic production. The technologies of today's society, among which the Internet, permeated by varied dynamics, are present in all sectors of human life, imposing changes in society , culture, politics, economics , finally , in the simplest activities of everyday. In education, like the other fields, the midiatic culture is shown in a evident way, raising new alternatives for teaching, research, expanding the possibilities of interaction. By virtue of its interface character, the study is based both on theoretical concepts of communication, as well as in educational theorists. Respected Brazilian authors such as Braga (2002, 2005, 2006, 2008), Fausto Neto (2006), Ferreira (2006, 2010a, 2010b) were taken in consideration- as well as foreign ones, such as the French theorist, Miège (2009 ), Levy (1999, 2000), Lahire (2002), Silverstone (2002), Castells (2003) and other authors that make the theme an object of study and reflection. Moran (2002, 2012), Branch (2002), Birth (2003), and others that, although focused on education, they are also concerned about the new media settings and their implications in education and knowledge building. From the data collected through semi-structured interviews, the technique of observation and semi-open questionnaire, it was possible to infer that the internet, in particular, in its evolution, brings up new and exciting challenges and it becomes stronger among educational agents, who start to live in a new endless and interactive communicative flow, which consequently drives the registration of these agents into the media processes. However, the occurrence of transformations of practices is linked to the manner of these agents application in media processes, ie, ways of uses and interactions with the internet in the academic production. In this sense, the “technological reification”, which is the perception of technology as a heap of technical resources, isolated, discontinuous, unrelated to social reality, prevents agents to achieve new practice perspectives. Therefore, teachers and students need to be open to incorporate this new reality. The usage of technology in education and research requires skills, both practical for handling the tool itself, as theoretical, to seamlessly integrate these techniques to the activities of teaching, learning and producing knowledge. Thus, it is possible to assert that in all circumstances, alienation and technological reification should be avoided. The information it provides, not always, brings up convincing answers to the demands and desires of educational agents.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Major Professor Not Listed / Based on the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) approach and Parasocial Interaction (PSI) theory, this study examined how people use live streaming platforms in China. Uniquely, it sought to understand the effect of romantic relationships on how and why people watch Host Live Shows (HLSs) and explored the relationships between Chinese audiences and live- streamers. Through an online survey, four viewing motivations were identified: Community Building, Ego-boost, Escape, and Bandwagon. Ego-boost is a relatively new motivation of media use, which means audiences watch and interact with HLSs to get compliments, self-confidence, self- validation, and ego-boosts. This study found audiences’ perceived realism and PSI were both very neutral. However, emotion projection of audiences onto streamers was observed – most viewers highly agree that streamers are their friends. Moreover, this study found the quality of interpersonal communication is affecting audiences’ HLS dependence and the degree of PSI, while the quantity of interpersonal communication might not be – the more satisfied a person is about his/her interpersonal communication, the heavier he/she depends on HLSs and the stronger his/her PSI is. As expected, the degrees of both romantic relationship status and romantic relationship satisfaction influence people’s HLS use. While compared with females, males are affected by romantic relationships more, both the status and satisfaction level. Lastly, when it comes to people’s romantic lives and social lives, HLSs are more likely to be used as alternatives to meet their unsatisfied needs from their “real partners.”

Nous construisons une analyse des dispositifs identitaires contemporains (dont les réseaux socionumériques) sur plusieurs niveaux : au niveau informatique (modèle conceptuel clôturant représentations sociales et sociabilités) ; au niveau microsocial (négociation des singularités subjectives et ancrage des normes sociales) ; au niveau économique (stratégies hégémoniques et partenariat avec les industries culturelles) ; au niveau sociopolitique (expérimentation de postures individuelles sur la base d'expériences affectives et dans un cercle privé rendant possible l'engagement dans les processus délibératifs constituant le sens commun). Pour appréhender ces enjeux, nous avons mis en œuvre une méthodologie immersive et multi-située en compagnie d'une population composée de figures du sujet contemporain : des apprentis en BTS dans le secteur du Tertiaire, soumis à un complexe de contraintes, et engagés au niveau personnel et socioprofessionnel dans divers dispositifs identitaires. Il ressort de ces analyses plusieurs propositions théoriques, dont celle du cadre privatif présenté comme ensemble de contraintes identitaires définies ou négociées par les interactants et resitué au niveau informatique (ingénierie de la vie privée médiatisée), microsocial (veille mutuelle), économique (modèle socioéconomique du salon), sociopolitique (espace anecdotique), et méthodologique (immersion auprès des usagers). / We build an analysis of contemporary identity devices (including social network sites) on several levels: computer (conceptual model ending social representations and sociability), microsocial (negotiating subjective singularities and anchoring social norms), economics (hegemonic strategies and partnerships with cultural industries), socio-political (experimenting individual postures based on emotional experiences in a « private club model » and making it possible to engage in deliberative processes constituting common sense). To understand these issues, we have implemented an immersive and multi-situated methodology located in a population composed of contemporary subject's figures: young apprentices in the Tertiary, subject to complex constraints, and committed personal level, social and professional identity in various devices. It is clear from these analyzes several theoretical proposals, including the « privatory framework » presented as a set of identity constraints defined or negotiated by interactants and situating in Computer Science (engineering publicized privacy), the micro (mutual insight), economic (socioeconomic model of the « private club »), socio-political (anecdotical sphere) and methodological (immersion to users).

This research examines how two prominent foundations (the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Lumina Foundation) identify problems, develop potential solutions, and attempt to foster their adoption across states and higher education institutions. As foundations play an increasingly central role in shaping how education institutions are funded, how they deliver course content, structure academic programs, and deliver student support services, the importance of these questions increases as well. This study draws on interviews with current and former foundation employees, as well as interviews with actors in consulting, advocacy, policy and research organizations, and extensive document analysis, to look beyond the foundations’ financial investments to examine how foundations and their grantees develop policy goals, strategies, and seek to affect education policy through ideas, research, and advocacy. This study finds that foundations are undergoing a policy learning process, whereby they modify strategies based on new information, input from partner organizations, and past investments. Limits and challenges to this process are also observed. How foundations grapple with new information is important, because this study also finds that foundations are influential political actors within the higher education completion agenda. In partnership with intermediary organizations, foundations raise awareness of their goals, problem definitions, and solutions, and take an active role in seeking out support for their higher education agendas, affecting both state policy and higher education institutions.

Avec plus d'un tiers de professeurs pratiquants dans l'académie de Toulouse, les enquêtes ont constaté que, désormais, le recours informatique est un phénomène historique irréversible dans l'enseignement des mathématiques au collège dû : premièrement, à la généralisation des équipements (vidéoprojecteurs en classe) ; à l'engagement des professeurs qui a compensé les défaillances de l'institution dans leurs administrations ; deuxièmement, aux incitations et obligations institutionnelles des nouveaux programmes et des inspections ; troisièmement, à la disponibilité des logiciels gratuits qui ont suppléé les carences budgétaires ; à l'abondance des activités diffusées en ligne par les sites académiques, les IREM et l'association Sésamath ; quatrièmement, au rôle éminent de la formation continue volontaire qui a mobilisé 40 % des professeurs en douze ans ; cinquièmement, à l'enclenchement d'un cercle vertueux de reconnaissance de la valeur du recours informatique. L'étude pragmatique et théorique a révélé que les diverses activités informatiques d'enseignement-apprentissage (AIEA) pratiquées (apprenticiel, imagiciel, exerciseur, didacticiel, praticiel), en utilisant les apports spécifiques de l'informatique (concrétisation, expérimentation intensifiée, individualisation, interaction, motivation), ont apporté des situations instrumentées nouvelles de transposition interne offrant des champs conceptuels féconds qui sous l'effet de schèmes opératoires sont capables d'améliorer l'enseignement-apprentissage des notions et méthodes mathématiques. Un résultat qui dépend de la qualité de ses composantes praxéologiques (intégration, pertinence, performance, supériorité, scénario, mise en scène, durée) et du respect de règles pratiques qui déterminent conjointement les valeurs éducologiques de l'AIEA (propre, efficace et d'usage, professionnelle et institutionnelle) susceptibles de donner un meilleur rendement et une plus grande productivité à l'enseignement des mathématiques. / With more than a third of practicing teachers in the Academy of Toulouse, surveys found the computer use is now, an irreversible historical phenomenon in the teaching of mathematics at the college due to : 1st, the generalization of equipment (video projectors in the classroom); the commitment of teachers has offset the institution failures; 2nd, the incentives and institutional obligations of new programs and inspections; 3rd, the availability of free software who have deputized budgetary deficiencies; the abundance of broadcast activities online by academic sites, the IREM and the association Sésamath; 4th, the prominent role of continuing education who has mobilized 40% of teachers in twelve years; 5th, the engagement of a virtuous circle of recognition of the value of the computer use. The pragmatic and theoretical study revealed that activities computer teaching-learning (ACTL) carried out (learnial, imagicial, exerciser, tutorial, practical), using the specific contributions of computing (implementation, testing intensified, individualization, interaction, motivation), brought new instrumented situations of internal transposition offering fertile conceptual fields which, under the effect of operative schemes, are able to improve the teaching-learning of concepts and mathematical methods. A result that depends on the quality of its components praxiological (integration, relevance, performance, superiority, scenario, staging, duration) and respect of practical rules that jointly determine the training values of ACTL (intrinsic, efficient, to use, professional and institutional) able to give better performance and higher productivity in the teaching of mathematics.

Este trabalho visa o estudo da viabilidade da redução do uso de água no processo de dessalgação em refinarias de petróleo. Em uma primeira fase, foi necessário o estudo teórico da separação das emulsões água/óleo. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático baseado nas forças atuantes nas gotas de água, o que possibilitou a determinação do tempo entre as colisões de pares de gotas e o estabelecimento do critério para que ocorra o fenômeno de coalescência. Esse modelo foi empregado em um sistema desenvolvido com base em autômatos celulares, o qual possibilitou o acompanhamento do processo micro e macroscópico, através do cálculo para o conjunto das gotas, e o acompanhamento visual até a separação da fase contínua. Os experimentos de laboratório, para os quais foi usado equipamento ótico para a medição da intensidade de luz transmitida ou espalhada pelas gotas, possibilitaram avaliar a influência da qualidade da água de mistura no tempo de separação das emulsões. Na unidade industrial, foram realizados testes que permitiram analisar o desempenho das dessalgadoras em diferentes situações operacionais. Os resultados obtidos através dos experimentos de laboratório e da simulação usando o modelo matemático desenvolvido mostraram-se compatíveis com os dados obtidos nos testes na unidade industrial. O trabalho mostrou ser possível alterar os esquemas de usos de água nas dessalgadoras, aumentando a taxa de reciclagem e possibilitando a otimização do consumo de água fresca neste processo, o que resultaria em redução substancial no consumo geral de água na refinaria. / The aim of this work is the study of the reduction of water consumption in petroleum desalting processes. The study of the attraction forces acting on the droplets was necessary to know how the emulsion water/oil is separated. A mathematical model based upon these forces was built to calculate the time between each droplets collision and to establish criteria for their coalescence. This model was applied to a system developed based on cellular automata, which allows to follow the process micro and macroscopically. Computations were carried out to the ensemble of droplets and the visual progression, from the start of droplets separation of the continuous phase to the end of the process could be visualized. Laboratory experiments, in which optical equipment was used to measure the light intensity transmitted or scattered by the droplets, allowed to evaluate the influence of the type of mixing water in the separation time of the emulsions. Tests in the industrial unity allowed evaluating the performance of the desalting units at different operating conditions. Conclusions of the laboratory experiments and the results of the mathematical model were compared with results of the industrial tests, showing coherence between them. The work shows that it is possible to simulate the effect of the operating variables and to alter schemes of water use in desalting units, increasing the water recycling rate, allowing optimization of fresh water consumption in this process and reducing the total water consumption in the refinery.

A política de gestão dos recursos hídricos em regiões onde ocorrem conflitos no uso da água, deve ser estabelecida a partir de alguns princípios básicos, a saber: garantia da quantidade de água para atender à demanda decorrente dos diversos usos potencialmente conflitantes e garantia dos padrões de qualidade, fixados em função dos usos a que se destinam esses recursos. O presente trabalho desenvolve-se obedecendo o preceito de que a escassez dos recursos hídricos os tornam bens de valor econômico, cuja utilização deve contemplar os aspectos sociais, o comportamento do mercado e atender aos princípios expostos. Uma vez que os usos da água modificam não só a quantidade como a qualidade dos recursos hídricos disponíveis, propõe-se uma metodologia de cobrança em função dos usos da água, na forma de tarifação (contemplando a saturação do corpo de água, a sazonalidade e o tipo de apropriador) e que desempenhe o papel de instrumento de gestão da água e, portanto, tenha desdobramentos na ocupação do solo. Os valores cobrados associam parâmetros que estão relacionados às vazões aduzidas para consumo e à carga de poluentes lançada nos corpos receptores. A qualidade a ser mantida é previamente fixada através da determinação do valor de saturação dos parâmetros envolvidos, os quais decorrem do enquadramento do corpo de água, ou seja, na sua classificação de uso que, por sua vez, deve ser estabelecida pela sociedade. / The management policy on the use of the water resources in regions where conflicts between users occur, should be established taking into consideration some basic principies, as follow: guarantee of the amount of water necessary to supply the potentially confliting needs, and the guarantee of the quality standards established as a function of the uses made from these resources. This paper follows the concept that the shortage of the water resources makes them a good of economic value, which utilization must contemplate the social aspects, the behavior of the market, and must meet the principies described above. As the uses of the water modify not only the quantity but also the quality of the water resources, it is proposed that a payment system for water utilization is established in function of the uses of the water, in form of tariffs (considering the saturation of the water body, the intervals of use and the type of appropriation), and that it play the role of a managing tool, and, therefore, have consequences in the land use. The amounts to be charged associate parameters that are related to the pumped flow for consuming and to the leveis of pollutants discharged in the reception bodies. The quality to be maintained is previously determined through the calculation of the saturation value of the parameters involved, which derived from the classification of the water body, that is, from its classification of use, which itself must be established by the community.