Two studies were conducted to support the dual process model of moral decision making, which states that there are two pathways to moral decisions: one emotional and the other cognitive. Decisions made in personal dilemmas are driven by emotions and intuition, while decisions made in impersonal dilemmas are driven by cognitive factors. Intuitive, emotional reactions tend to lead to non-utilitarian decisions while deliberative reasoning tends to lead to utilitarian decisions. For the current studies, undergraduate students from the University of North Florida completed working memory tests, an empathy scale, and also responded to moral dilemma scenarios. In the second study, participants were asked to respond to the moral dilemma scenarios in the following conditions: baseline, working memory condition (counting task), cold water (cold pressor task), and warm water. In Study 1, participants in the high working memory group had slower reaction times while responding to self dilemmas. In Study 2, the empathy item “I feel other people’s joy” was the best predictor of participants’ utilitarian decisions. These results are framed in terms of the dual process model and possible directions for future research.

Durante el pasar de los años, el comercio electrónico se ha incrementado en diversos países hasta el punto de volverse un factor necesario y oportuno para gran parte de empresas. Dicho crecimiento, lo llevó a, actualmente, adecuarse a diversas tendencias tecnológicas para las personas en el mundo, como lo es el uso de los smartphones y la compra desde estos (m-commerce). Esta rama del comercio electrónico tiene como uno de sus grandes precursores al Retail y la facilidad que este atribuye en diversas plataformas al comprar la diversidad de productos que ofrece. Sin embargo, nos referimos a un cambio que aún está en una etapa en la que no se profundizan temas relevantes como la experiencia del cliente y los factores que motivan a este a comprar desde su celular. Esto genera oportunidades de investigación con respecto al tema a tocar. El objetivo de este estudio es plantear cómo y de qué forma la experiencia de cliente se relaciona o se ve condicionada con respecto a factores específicos en la realidad peruana. Dichos factores serán planteados como precursores de una visión más utilitaria al analizar la forma en la que el consumidor de la aplicación percibe la experiencia de compra. Los factores utilitarios mencionados son personalización, facilidad de uso y conveniencia. Se expone que es posible entender una posible conexión de estos con la experiencia del cliente y, por consiguiente, con su satisfacción al usar, percibir y comprar en la aplicación. Además, se propone una metodología adecuada para una efectiva profundización en el tema planteado. / In the last few decades, e-commerce has skyrocketed in most countries in the world, gaining significant relevance in today's business world. The adoption of e-commerce has brought many changes to companies and consumers, forcing them to adapt to new tech-trends such as mobile commerce, also known as m-commerce (using smartphones for online purchases). This subset of e-commerce has impacted Retail sales significantly, making purchases much more accessible to consumers and eliminating many barriers associated with regular shopping. Although the adoption rate has increased significantly, we believe that the customer experience of mobile commerce is still in its early phases, with many investigation opportunities. The most important of this opportunities is the understanding of the principal variables in the customer experience in the Peruvian context. We analyze the most principal variables in this context and, then, decided to use only three of them called: Utilitarian factors. Our objective in this investigation is to understand the users experience in m-commerce and how it relates to specific factors in Peru’s reality. These factors will be analyzed from a utilitarian perspective, analyzing how the different variables impact a user’s perception of their customer experience. These utilitarian factors are: personalization, usability and convenience. The connection of these factors is important too because there aren’t too many investigations about this topic. These utilitarian factors have an impact on a user’s customer experience and satisfaction. We will be using an investigation framework to validate our hypothesis and find correlations between the independent variables. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo comprobar que los factores utilitarios y hedónicos influyen en la actitud de los consumidores y esta tiene un impacto positivo en la intención de compra en una página web. Por ello, se realizará una encuesta a una muestra de personas pertenecientes al público objetivo, teniendo como principal requisito el haber comprado por el canal online del sector de ropa y calzado en los últimos 6 meses. El cuestionario está basado en la escala de Likert. El procesamiento estadístico utilizado es el de SEM (Structural equation modelling), el cual permitirá probar las hipótesis planteadas. Las variables utilizadas son los factores utilitarios, los cuales se dividen en: conveniencia, percepción de facilidad de uso, información del producto, ahorro monetario y al funcionamiento del sistema y factores hedónicos, los cuales son: rol de compras, el mejor acuerdo y atributos sociales. Asimismo, se menciona la actitud, la cual se define como aquella que afecta los pensamientos, sentimientos y procesos de toma de decisiones de los consumidores. Finalmente, la intención de compra hace referencia a la posibilidad de que un consumidor realice un comportamiento de compra particular en línea. / The research work aims to identify the relationship of utilitarian and hedonic factors with the attitude of consumers and the impact they have on their purchase intent on a website. Therefore, a survey will be carried out on a sample of people belonging to the target audience, having as a main requirement to have purchased through the online channel of the clothing and footwear sector in the last 6 months. The questionnaire is based on the Likert scale. The statistical processing used is that of SEM (Structural equation modelling), which will make it possible to test the hypotheses put forward. The variables used are the utilitarian factors, which are divided into: convenience, perception of ease of use, product information, monetary savings and the functioning of the system, and hedonic factors, which are: purchasing role, the best agreement and social attributes. Attitude is also mentioned, which is defined as that which affects consumers' thoughts, feelings and decision-making processes. Finally, the intention to purchase as a dependent variable. / Trabajo de investigación

La pandemia ocasionada por la COVID-19 obligó a las librerías a cerrar sus tiendas físicas y migrar al canal digital. Es por ello que, esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las motivaciones hedónicas y utilitarias en relación a la intención de compra en la categoría de plataformas de librerías online. Para la comprensión del estudio, se exploran las relaciones de tres variables: Motivación Hedónica, Motivación Utilitaria e Intención de compra, a través de la revisión de la literatura. También, es importante mencionar que se expone la relevancia, el alcance y las limitaciones del presente estudio en el contexto peruano. Por otro lado, el estudio tendrá un alcance correlacional ya que se busca conocer la relación existente entre las variables propuestas. Asimismo, se trabajará bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y el estudiado será transversal dado que se realizará en un periodo de tiempo determinado. La recopilación de datos será desarrollada utilizando un cuestionario, el cual será enviado de manera online. La muestra está prevista para un total de 400 respuestas, por parte de aquellos que han comprado alguna vez libros en plataformas de librerías online. / The COVID-19 pandemic forced bookstores to close their physical stores and migrate to the digital channel. That is why this research aims to study hedonic and utilitarian motivations in relation to purchase intention in the category of online bookstore platforms. In order to understand the study, the relationships of three variables are explored: Hedonic Motivation, Utilitarian Motivation and Purchasing intention, through the literature review. Also, it is important to mention that the relevance, scope and limitations of this study in the Peruvian context are exposed. On the other hand, the data collection will be developed using a questionnaire, which will be sent online. The sample is scheduled for a total of 400 responses, by those who have ever bought books on online bookstore platforms. / Trabajo de investigación

Följderna av covid-19 pandemin har lett till att hela världen har fått ställa om och anpassat sig till de restriktioner och rekommendationer som har införts för att minska smittspridningen. Under år 2020ökade digitaliseringen i samhället och en bransch som har fått anpassa sig är evenemangsbranschen. Då restriktioner kring fysisk interaktion i form av att begränsa sociala kontakter infördes blev det svårt för arrangörer att arrangera fysiska evenemang och många valde då att genomföra dem digitalt istället. Musikbranschen, vars intäkter i stor utsträckning kommer från fysiska konserter och stimpengar, drabbades extra hårt och även de fick ställa om till digitala versioner. Denna omställningen är någonting nytt både för arrangörer men även för deltagarna. Denna uppsats studerar deltagares attityder mot digitala musikevenemang genom att kolla på deltagare på Zara Larssons digitala konsert i mars 2021. Attityden analyseras utifrån hedonistiska och utilitaristiska värden, som har visat sig relevanta i tidigare studier baserade på attityden av fysiska evenemang. För att belysa den digitala aspektens effekt om evenemanget analyseras även ekvalitet. Då det tidigare har varit mer fokus på kvantitativa analyser så ger denna studie en merdjupgående bild av deltagarnas attityder av digitala musikevenemang, genom 13 semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare på ett digitalt evenemang. Slutsatsen som dras i denna studie är att även om deltagarna föredrar fysiska evenemang så har de en generellt positiv attityd mot digitala evenemang. Det visade sig att en positivevenemangsupplevelse leder till en positiv attityd. Alla de hedonistiska värdena från HED/UTskalan visade sig vara applicerbara. Hedonistisk tillfredställelse visade sig vara applicerbar, medan eudaimonisk tillfredställelse inte var applicerbar i samma utsträckning. De mest applicerbara utilitaristiska värdena från HED/UT-skalan var funktionell & praktisk, och det minst applicerbara värdet var nödvändigt. Mellan dessa två värden var utilitaristiska starkast i syftet att delta på ett digitalt evenemang. Den digitala kvaliteten mättes genom e-kvalitet på evenemanget, och hade även den stor påverkan på upplevelsen trots att alla dimensioner inte gick att applicera på studien. / During the year 2020 the society were forced to readjust due to the covid-19 pandemic. To reduce the spread of the disease, restrictions and recommendations regarding physical interaction were established. These restrictions made it difficult for different industries to continue their business. For instance both, the music and the event industry were hit hard. The music industry get a large amount of its income from physical concerts and music revenue, and events could not be held in a physical form with fear of spreading the virus. To readjust the industries began making digital concerts and events instead, which was a readjustment new to both organisers and participants. This paper studies the participants attitudes towards digital music events by looking into participants on Zara Larssons digital concert in March 2021. The attitude is analysed by looking at hedonic and utilitarian values, that have shown to be relevant in previous studies of attitudes towards physical events. To be able to analyse the digital aspect and it effects towards the event, itis of importance to include e-quality in the analysis as well. By using a qualitative method, this study grants a deeper understanding of participants attitudes towards digital music events. Which is made through 13 semi structured interviews with participants of a digital event. The conclusion driven from this study is that even if the participants prefer physical events, the still have an overall positive attitude towards digital events. It became clear that a positive event experience lead to a positive attitude towards the event. All the hedonic values from the HED/UT scale were found to be applicable. Hedonic satisfaction was also applicable, while eaudomic satisfaction was not to the same extent. Regarding the utilitarian values from the HED/UT-scale, "functional" and "practical" where the most applicable values, and "necessary" the least. Among these two values, the utilitarian values were the strongest in the purpose of attending a digital event. The digital quality measured through e-quality, had a great impact on the experience, event though not all dimensions were applicable in the study. This essay is written in Swedish.

M. Tech. (Department of Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Counterfeiting is a global phenomenon in developed and developing countries, causing a threat to national economies and societies. It negatively harms new investment and progressively endangers public health and safety as well. Known and famous brands are often targeted for counterfeiting. This phenomenon is primarily driven by consumers’ aspiring attitudes, social media pressures and the need to differentiate oneself. The aim of the study is to examine the influence of materialism, hedonic consumption motive, utilitarian consumption motive, personal gratification and novelty-seeking on attitudes and the influence of attitudes on willingness to purchase counterfeit sportswear products at a selected HEI. The study is grounded within the positivist philosophy, in which a quantitative research approach was followed, since positivists prefer an analytic and factual interpretation of quantitative data. An online structured questionnaire was used to collect data through an online survey. The study sample was conveniently selected from a population of registered students at a selected HEI in Southern Gauteng in the 2020 academic year. Data were collected on demographic variables, materialism (MAT), hedonic motivation (HED), utilitarian motive (UTL), personal gratification (PGT), novelty-seeking (NOS), attitude towards counterfeits (ATC) and willingness to purchase (WTP) counterfeit sportswear. A total of 327 questionnaires were completed and used in the final data analysis. Descriptive statistics techniques, correlations and regression analysis were used to evaluate perceptions and relationships between the study constructs. The research results revealed the existence of significant positive associations amongst the study constructs. Of the five antecedents, two of the five predictor variables, namely, UTL and NOS showed significant predictive relationships with attitudes towards counterfeit sportswear purchases. Attitudes towards counterfeits (ATC) also emerged as a significant predictor of students’ WTP counterfeit sportswear. Since NOS and UTL seem to predict a positive attitude towards counterfeit sportswear, the study recommends that brand owners develop awareness about ethical purchasing behaviour. They should also educate consumers on the social and economic downside of buying counterfeit products and that seeking novelty when purchasing counterfeit products may soon wane and wear off, leading to regret and cognitive dissonance. Further, brand marketers should also emphasise the utility value inherent in the purchase of authentic branded products instead of buying counterfeits. Since consumers cannot often readily distinguish between genuine and fake sportswear, it is therefore critical for marketers of branded products to promote the contrast of originals and fakes and to underline the quality, longevity, and dependability of their authentic products in the market. These results make a valuable contribution to academics, brand managers and marketers, as the results reveal that consumer buying can be influenced by personality and social interests of different individuals. The study notes that laws only cannot prohibit the sale and purchase of counterfeit products. It requires the stricter implementation thereof. Further, there is a need for behavioural change strategies to counter the effects of counterfeiting. Nudges such as promotions and loyalty programmes may encourage the purchase of authentic products as opposed to the purchase of counterfeits.

This qualitative research maps the attitudes of the cosmetic surgery tourism stakeholders towards the phenomenon from their ethical, cultural and psychological aspects. Utilitarianism, media culture and mental health state that leads to the decision to experience cosmetic tourism, inform the investigation of the aforementioned aspects. There is a pronounced socio-cultural pressure affecting the motive to travel for cosmetic services, combined with the mental health issues ascending largely from culturally prescribed norms. The authors, by utilizing the constructivist genre of grounded theory, established conclusive evidence that a certain amount of emotional well-being does stem from cosmetic surgery, as long as the societal beauty standards are not solely what drove this decision, in the long run. Thus, the postoperative eudaimonia is temporary, and in order to gain physical and psychological benefits from this medical tourism experience in the long term, a positive aging shift in the perception and operations of cosmetic surgery tourism is deemed as necessary, as the findings of this research demonstrate. Finally, future research opportunities should be directed towards the implications of cosmetic surgery tourism on evolution and the establishment of biohacking as a large share of the offered cosmetic tourism services.

The role of Deterrence and Retribution in sentencing in South African Courts Since the early history of the existence of humanity punishment has been meted out to transgressors of the laws of society. Informal sanctions, including ostracism are imposed by members of society for social transgressions. Formal punishment is imposed by courts through a system of criminal justice. This dissertation deals with the concept of punishment. It considers the significance of the theories of punishment in the sentencing process with particular reference to deterrence and retribution, the philosophical rationale for their use and thus their role in sentencing. In this study the historical evolution of retribution is traced and the recognition accorded particularly to retribution and deterrence as well as reformation and prevention as penal objectives at various periods in history is examined. Case law has been cited to determine their recognition by judicial practice in criminal courts. The study also reflects on the criminal justice system's clients' perceptions on sentencing. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté au Sénégal, et de montrer l'intérêt d'intégrer l'approche par les capabilités dans l'analyse de la pauvreté. Cette thèse vise à faire valoir que l'approche par les capabilités est un cadre adéquat et pertinent pour l'identification des pauvres et présente un grand intérêt pour l'élaboration de meilleures politiques publiques de lutte contre la pauvreté en rapport avec les OMD.Pour mener à bien ce travail, la thèse s'organise en deux temps. Dans un premier, il est question de traiter du concept de pauvreté en confrontant l'approche monétaire traditionnelle et l'approche par les capabilités, et de montrer l'intérêt de l'économie du bonheur dans l'analyse de la pauvreté et du bien-être. Dans un second temps, il s'agit d'éclairer les options méthodologiques pour traiter empiriquement la mesure de la pauvreté et d'apporter les arguments en faveur de l'approche par les capabilités.Les traits essentiels de cette thèse s'organisent autour de trois apports principaux. Le premier est d'ordre théorique. Il propose une analyse de la pauvreté au Sénégal en termes de capabilités. Le second est d'ordre empirique et fournit une mesure multidimensionnelle basée sur la théorie des ensembles flous à partir de l'enquête de suivi de la pauvreté au Sénégal (ESPS 2). Le troisième est méthodologique et propose une démarche originale qui consiste à construire un noyau dur de la pauvreté utilitariste (en confrontant les pauvretés monétaire et subjective), puis d'analyser l'évolution de ce noyau dur selon la distribution des degrés de pauvreté des capabilités. / The aim of this thesis is to propose a multidimensional analysis of poverty in Senegal, and to show the importance of integrating the capability approach in the analysis of poverty. This thesis aims at showing that the capability approach is an adequate and appropriate framework for identifying the poor and proves to be of real interest in setting up better public policies in order to fight against poverty relating to the MDGs.This study is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the concept of poverty confronting the traditional monetary approach with the capability approach, and shows the interest of the economics of happiness in the analysis of poverty and well being. In a second phase, the objective is to illuminate methodological options in order to treat the extent of poverty empirically and bring the arguments in favor of the capability approach.The essential features of this thesis revolve around three main contributions. The first one is theoretical. It offers an analysis of poverty in Senegal in terms of capabilities. The second is empirical and provides a multidimensional measure based on the theory of fuzzy sets from the monitoring survey of poverty in Senegal (MSPS 2). The third one is methodological and proposes an original approach consisting of building a core of utilitarian poverty (by comparing the monetary and subjective poverty) and then analyzing the evolution of the core according to the distribution of the degrees of poverty capabilities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Ferreira Scassiotti.pdf: 9384803 bytes, checksum: 9f07ea9f99a54586178375d3a48fdea2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 / The vast majority of studies in the literature on the Consumer Behavior have assumed a method similar to a study design between groups considering a generic/abstract subject. The research objective is to perform an analysis of consumer behavior through the case study. To this end, it was assumed to remain focused on individual consumer behavior (considering an individual as a home), prioritize effectively behavioral information (which records the purchasing behavior and not made reported) and the functional relationships engendered. Then, we examine four households contained in a Consumer Panel provided by the group Latin Panel during each week of 2003, analyzing how buying patterns for four categories of products (laundry detergent, deodorant, cookie and soft drink) took place. Picked up two households in the class AB (one without child and the other with child) and two households in the class DE (also one without child and the other with child). The results showed that the purchasing patterns varied depending on each product, i.e. the purchasing patterns of a family was composed by the conjunction of four different patterns of each product reviewed. For laundry detergent, households without children took an average of 43.61% more than those with children and were the ones who spent a year the highest value in this category. For deodorant, all households had very few episodes of purchase and prioritized products IR type 3. For biscuits, the numbers of households had similar episodes of purchase, bought more items from the UR type 1 and IR type 3. Already, the soft drink product category was the most bought, so when one considers the number of times purchased, as the number of episodes and also the total amount spent. It was seen that the presence of children is a factor that appears to increase the purchase of soft drink by buying opportunity and the total volume purchased. The homes were shown, many times, more faithful to manufacturers than to brands, ranging from marks made by the same manufacturer, mainly products for laundry detergent and deodorant. However, had it been cases, too, especially the cookies that all products purchased from that manufacturer were the same brand. Nevertheless, even in households that were able to identify "preferences" varied between brands within a product category. With this research, we can say that it met most of this method (case study) applied to the Consumer Behavior with an instrument, a Panel of Consumption, than was known before. However, for such a study is detailed, more individual information is required / A grande maioria das pesquisas encontradas na literatura sobre o Comportamento do Consumidor tem assumido um método de estudo semelhante a um delineamento entre grupos considerando-se um sujeito genérico/abstrato. Diante disso, objetivou-se realizar uma análise do comportamento do consumidor por meio do estudo de caso. Para tanto, assumiu-se manter o foco sobre comportamentos de consumo individuais (considerando um indivíduo como um domicílio), priorizando informações efetivamente comportamentais (que registrasse o comportamento de compra efetuado e não o relatado) e nas relações funcionais engendradas. Então, escolheram-se quatro domicílios constantes de um Painel de Consumo fornecido pelo grupo Latin Panel durante todas as semanas do ano de 2003, analisando-se como os padrões de compra para quatro categorias de produtos (detergente para roupa, desodorante, biscoito doce recheado e refrigerante) se davam. Escolheram-se dois domicílios da classe AB (um sem criança e o outro com criança) e dois da classe DE, também um sem criança e o outro com criança. Os resultados apontaram que o padrão de compras variou a depender de cada produto, ou seja, o padrão de compras de uma família foi composto pela conjunção de quatro padrões diferentes de cada produto analisado. Para detergente para roupa, os domicílios sem crianças levaram em média 43,61% a mais do que os com crianças e foram os que gastaram por ano o maior valor nesta categoria. Para o produto desodorante, todos os domicílios tiveram pouquíssimos episódios de compra e priorizaram produtos de RI do tipo 3. Para biscoitos, os domicílios tiveram números de episódios de compra semelhantes, compraram mais itens de RU do tipo 1 e RI do tipo 3. Já, o produto refrigerante foi a categoria mais comprada, tanto quando se considera o número de vezes compradas, quanto o número de episódios e, também, o preço total gasto. Viu-se que a presença de crianças é um fator que parece aumentar a compra de refrigerante por oportunidade de compra e o volume total adquirido. Os domicílios se mostraram, por muitas vezes, mais fiéis aos fabricantes do que às marcas, variando entre marcas confeccionadas pelo mesmo fabricante, principalmente para os produtos detergentes para roupa e desodorante. Contudo, tiveram-se casos, também, destacando-se os produtos biscoito doce recheado em que todos os produtos comprados daquele fabricante foram da mesma marca. Apesar disso, mesmo os domicílios em que foi possível identificar preferências , variaram entre marcas dentro de uma mesma categoria de produto. Com a presente pesquisa, pode-se dizer que se conheceu mais desse método (estudo de caso) aplicado ao Comportamento do Consumidor tendo como instrumento, um Painel de Consumo, do que se conhecia outrora. Entretanto, para que um estudo dessa natureza seja pormenorizado, mais informações individuais são necessárias