Introduction : Une majorité de Canadiens adopte un mode de vie sédentaire qui est un facteur de risque important pour différents problèmes de santé. Dernièrement, des interventions en santé publique ciblent le transport actif pour augmenter la pratique d’activité physique. Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier la direction et la taille de l’association entre l’état de santé rapporté par des adultes montréalais et leur utilisation de la marche et du vélo utilitaires. Méthode : L’échantillon comprend 4503 résidents de l’Île de Montréal, âgés de 18 ans et plus, ayant répondu à un sondage téléphonique sur la pratique de l’activité physique et du transport actif. Des analyses de régression logistique multiples ont été appliquées pour examiner l’association entre l’état de santé auto-rapporté et la pratique du vélo (N=4386) et entre l’état de santé auto-rapporté et la pratique de la marche utilitaire (N=4350). Résultats : Les gens ayant une santé perçue comme bonne et moyenne/mauvaise ont une probabilité plus faible de pratiquer la marche utilitaire (OR = 0,740; p < 0,05 et OR = 0,552; p < 0,01) que ceux rapportant une excellente santé, alors que cette association n’est pas significative pour la pratique du vélo utilitaire dans notre étude. Conclusion : Bien que les résultats obtenus ne soient pas tous statistiquement significatifs, la probabilité d’utiliser le transport actif semble plus faible chez les adultes indiquant un moins bon état de santé par rapport aux adultes indiquant que leur état de santé est excellent. / Background: A majority of Canadians are physically inactive and have a sedentary lifestyle, which is an important risk factor for a variety of diseases. Recently, public health interventions have focused on active transport as means of increasing the level of activity in the population. Objective: This study’s aim is to quantify the direction and size of the association between self-rated health and active transport practices, i.e. utilitarian cycling and walking, among adult Montrealers. Methods: Data on physical activity and utilitarian practices were collected from 4503 adult residents of the Island of Montreal (≥ 18 years old), from one of two telephone surveys conducted in the spring and in the fall of 2009. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between self-rated health and utilitarian cycling (N=4386) and walking (N=4350). Results: Reporting a good and a fair/bad self-rated health was associated with a lower likelihood of practicing utilitarian walking (OR = 0,740; p < 0,05 and OR = 0,552; p < 0,01) than reporting an excellent health, but no significant association was found between self-rated health and utilitarian cycling in our study. Conclusions: Even though all results were not statistically significant, active transport practices appear to be less likely among persons reporting a poorer health in comparison to those reporting excellent health.

Influencer marketing är ett växande fenomen och blir alltmer vanligt som marknadsföringsverktyg på sociala medier. Efter att granskat tidigare forskning upptäckte vi att det tidigare inte forskats mycket kring hur influencer marketing skiljer sig åt mellan olika branscher. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilken roll begreppen trovärdighet och identitethar i mode- (hedonism) och IT-branschen (utilitarism/hedonism) när det gäller användandet av influencer marketing, ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Resultatet ska bidra med ökad förståelse kring upplevda skillnader mellan de olika branscherna som i sin tur kan bidra med information tillföretag som klassificeras som hedonistiska och utilitaristiska vid deras användande av influencer marketing. Frågeställningarna som ställdes var:1. På vilket sätt kan mode- och IT-branschen kopplas till hedonistiskt samt utilitaristisktvärde?2. Vilka skillnader, kopplat till begreppen trovärdighet och identitet, uppleverkonsumenterna att det finns av användningen av influencers på sociala medier inom mode- respektive IT-branschen? För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar inleddes studien med en så kallad förstudie. Förstudien bestod av två semistrukturerade intervjuer, en med ett IT-företag och en med ett modeföretag. Målet med förstudien var inte att genomföra en fulländad kvalitativ studie utan målet med förstudien var att få en inblick i ämnet vi valt att skriva om och hur branscherna såg på ämnet. Syftet med förstudien var också att tillsammans med svaren som erhållits frånenkätundersökningen kunna besvara studiens två forskningsfrågor. Studiens huvudfokus var enkvantitativ studie med en enkätundersökning som spreds via Facebook, e-mail och sms. Målet med enkäten var att fånga upp konsumenternas perspektiv på influencer marketing på sociala medier kopplat till upplevda skillnader mellan mode- och IT-branschen kopplat till studiens tvåhuvudbegrepp identitet och trovärdighet. Resultatet av studien indikerar att modebranschen upplevs ligga i framkant när det kommer tillanvändandet av influencer marketing. Detta kan till stor del bero på själva användandet av modeprodukter jämfört med IT-produkter. Modebranschen går främst att koppla tillhedonistiska värden medan IT-branschen är svårare att definiera. Detta kan ha haft en storpåverkan på varför IT-branschen inte använder sig av influencer marketing i lika stor grad som modebranschen gör. Studien kom dock fram till att det finns belägg till att IT-branschen, som har inslag av såväl hedonistiska värden som utilitaristiska, även kan erhålla positiva effektergenom användandet av influencer marketing. Studien tyder på att det inte existerar någon större skillnad när det kommer till trovärdighet mellan branscherna. Det upplevs vara av betydanderoll för såväl mode- som IT-branschen. När det kommer till identitet gav studien dock belägg på att det finns en skillnad mellan branscherna, då identitet upplevs vara viktigare förmodebranschen. Vilket kan bero på att identitet spelar en större roll när det kommer till merhedonistiska branscher. / Influencer marketing is a growing phenomenon and is becoming more and more common as a marketing tool on social media. After reviewing previous research we discovered that there has not been much research in the past about how influencer marketing differs between different industries. The purpose of this study is to find out what role the concepts of credibility and identity have in the fashion- (hedonism) and the IT-industry (utilitarianism / hedonism) when it comes to the use of influencer marketing, from a societal perspective. The result will contribute to increased understanding of perceived differences between the various industries, which in turn can contribute information to companies classified as hedonistic and utilitarian in their use of influencer marketing. This essay will be written in Swedish and the questions this study examines are: 1. In what way can the fashion and IT industry be linked to hedonistic and utilitarian values? 2. What differences, linked to the concepts of credibility and identity, do consumers perceive that there is between the fashion- and the IT-industry when it comes to the use of influencers on social media? To be able to answer the study's questions, the study started with a so-called pree study. The pree study consisted of two semi-structured interviews, one with an IT company and one with a fashion company. The aim of the pree study was not to carry out a complete qualitative study, instead the purpose of the pree study was to gain an insight into the subject we have chosen to write about and how our representatives of the industries looked at the subject. The purpose of the pree study was also to be able to answer the two research question, together with the answers obtained from the survey. The main focus of this study was a quantitative study with a survey conducted via Facebook, e-mail and sms. The aim of the survey was to capture consumers’ perspectives on influencer marketing on social media linked to perceived differences between the fashion- and IT industry linked to the study's two main concepts of identity and credibility. The result of our study indicate that the fashion industry is perceived to use influencer marketing more often, which can depend on the use of fashion products compared to IT products. The fashion industry is mainly linked to hedonic values while the IT industry is more difficult to define. This may have had a major impact on why the IT industry does not use influencer marketing to the same extent as the fashion industry does, but the study concluded that there is evidence that the IT industry, which has elements of both hedonic and utilitarian values, can also obtain positive effects through the use of influencer marketing. The study indicates that there is no greater difference when it comes to credibility between the industries. It is perceived to be of significant role for the fashion industry as well as for the IT industry. When it comes to identity, the study showed that there is a difference between the industries. IIIIdentity is considered to be more important for the fashion industry. Which may be because identity play a larger role when it comes to more hedonistic industries.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to understand female consumers’ behaviour within online shopping, in order to identify which features within three chosen elements, common within the presentation of women’s tops, reduce mental intangibility and stimulate perceived value. Design/methodology/approach - A standard qualitative study approached through two methods of data collection; interviews and focus groups, from which specific patterns and concepts were identified during the development of conversations. Research limitations - This study is limited to female students from The Swedish School of Textiles. The research will focus on three visual variables common within the online presentation of women’s tops. Originality/Value - This study contributes knowledge to online apparel retailers, enabling them to optimise their website product display, thus increasing their competitive advantage. Our analysis of the chosen visual elements will contribute to a further understanding on how to reduce mental intangibility through visual communication. Additionally by acknowledging how to influence customers’ perceived value, online retailers will be able to trigger loyalty. / Program: Master Programme in Fashion Management

A travers la comparaison des politiques migratoires de travail en France et en Suisse, il s'agit de savoir de quelle manière ces deux pays arrivent-ils à un compromis entre un libéralisme tendant à davantage d'échange et un système de droit visant à réduire cette ouverture ? Cette étude comparative porte sur les politiques d'immigration en France et en Suisse depuis la Seconde Guerre Mondiale jusqu'aux dernières lois. En repartant des raisons d'émigration des travailleurs migrants, il s'agit de s'intéresser au traitement de l'immigration et de la main-d'œuvre étrangère par les sociétés d'accueil à travers les permis de travail, les cartes de séjour et de façon plus générale "la catégorisation" des étrangers. L'évolution des caractéristiques des travailleurs migrants est également analysée afin de distinguer les différentes "générations" de travailleurs venus, ainsi que leurs insertions dans le monde du travail. La question de l'intégration est posée grâce à un certain nombre d'indicateurs concernant les travailleurs et leurs familles : la scolarisation des enfants, le logement, les droits sociaux et civiques; mais également à travers l'analyse de l'Etat-Nation. Enfin, l'impact de la communautarisation des politiques migratoires est développé afin d'exposer les possibilités pour chaque pays de définir les personnes autorisées à venir sur leurs territoires dans un contexte de globalisation, en fonction de leurs besoins respectifs. / By comparing the labour migration policies in France and Switzerland, the question is how these two countries arrive at a compromise between a liberalism towards more exchange and a legal system aiming at reducing this opening. This comparative study covers the immigration policies in France and Switzerland since World War II up to the latest laws. By starting with the reasons for emigration of migrant workers we must interest ourselves in the dealings with immigration of foreign labour in the host societies through the work permit, resident permit and more generally speaking the "categorisation" of foreigners. The evolution of the characteristics of the migrant workers is also analysed in order to distinguish bettween the different "generations" of migrant workers as well as their integration into the world of work. The issue of integration is treated through a certain number of indicators regarding the workers ans their families : schooling of children, accomodation, social and civic rights; but also through the analysis of the Host Country. Finally, the impact of the communitarisation of the migratory policies is developed in order to display the possibilities for each country to define the persons authorised to enter their territories in a context of globalisation, according to their respective needs.

<p>Forskningsfråga: Vad finns det för skillnader respektive likheter i beteende mellan män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor?</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom observationer, intervjuer och fokusgrupper undersöka samt skapa förståelse för vilka skillnader och likheter i shoppingbeteende det finns mellan män och kvinnor.</p><p>Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts där vi tagit fram hypoteser. Vi har observerat män och kvinnor när de shoppar och sedan, med tester i SPSS, bevisat hur verkligheten ser ut samt accepterat eller förkastat hypoteserna. Testerna har genomförts i statistikprogrammet SPSS. En kvantitativ metod har använt då vi observerat och en kvalitativ metod har använts då vi även genomfört fokusgrupper samt en intervju.</p><p>Referensram: Uppsatsens fokus ligger i könsskillnader i shopping då vi framförallt utgått från Paco Underhills teorier och observationer. Även hedonistisk och ändamålsenligt beteende är av stor betydelse samt hur människans behov, önskemål och värderingar fungerar.</p><p>Slutsats: Våra resultat har visat att det finns fler likheter än skillnader i beteende hos män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor. Resultaten av vår uppsats indikerar på att mannens shoppingbeteende alltmer börjar likna kvinnans.</p> / <p>Researched question: What kind of differences and similarities is there between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is that thru observations, interviews and focus groups investigate and create an understanding of what differences and similarities there are between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes.</p><p>Method: A deductive approach has been used where we have developed six hypotheses. We have been observing men and women when they shop and thru that showed how the reality looks and proved whether the hypotheses where accepted or rejected. The results are shown in tests and diagrams that's has been carried out in SPSS. Both a quantitative and qualitative method has been used thru observations, focus groups and an interview.</p><p>Frame of reference: The focus of the paper lies in what gender differences there is in shopping behavior while shopping clothes and shoes. The main theories are taken from Paco Underhill's theories and observations. Hedonic and utilitarian behaviors and how humans create needs, desires and values, are also of great importance.</p><p>Conclusion: Our results have shown that there are more similarities than differences between male and female behavior when they shop clothes and shoes. The results of this paper indicate that male shopping behavior is starting to transform into female shopping behavior.</p>

Abstract Title: Customer Perceived Value of Credit Card Rewards - A study on Canadian Consumers Level: Final assignment for Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration Author: Lisa Smedley Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: 2013 - January Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate what influences Customer Perceived Value; where Canadian consumers’ preferences lie in terms of rewards in the Canadian credit card industry. Method: After researching previous studies and determining what constructs have been utilized prior on similar research topics, I implement a quantitative, and to some extend iterative, research approach. Through survey research, I investigate Canadian consumer preferences through a survey sample of 124 Canadian consumers in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Result &amp; Conclusions: One finding in the study indicates that utilitarian benefits, which provide financial gain for the card holder, are perceived by respondents as the most valuable reward. Another finding is that inexperienced credit card holders see significantly greater value in symbolic benefits than experienced card holders do. The present study does not support the theory that customer involvement influences the customer’s perception of rewards. 2 Suggestions for future research: More extensive research is needed on the subject of whether Canadian consumers’ perceived value of rewards is influenced by their level of involvement in their credit card. Also, studies involving additional factors that could possibly determine a consumer’s perception of rewards, such as income and ethnicity should be investigated for a more well-rounded understanding of customer preferences. Contribution of the thesis: The present study contributes with new findings that can be of substantial significance for Canadian financial institutions as it provides insight into what credit card rewards Canadian consumers perceive as being valuable to them. Key words: Rewards programs, credit cards, customer loyalty, perceived customer value, timing of reward, type of reward, dimension of benefit, utilitarian, hedonic, symbolic

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka fenomenet shoppingturism. Skribenterna valde att utifrån sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer kartlägga de faktorer som bidrar till att resenärer åker på en shoppingresa. Därutöver undersökte skribenterna även om shoppingturism kan kopplas samman med upplevelseturism samt om respondenterna anser att shoppingresandet kan ha någon påverkan på en destination. Metoden som skribenterna har använt sig av är en kvalitativ intervjustudie där intervjumanualen var halvstrukturerad. För att tolka de resultat som framkommit under samtliga intervjuer har skribenterna använt sig av tidigare forskning samt diverse teoretiska analysverktyg. Under empiriavsnittet har skribenterna redovisat de resultat som framkom under samtliga intervjuer. Empiriavsnittet är uppdelat i fem rubriker. Under den första rubriken presenteras intervjudeltagarna. Under den andra rubriken presenteras de faktorer som intervjudeltagarna anser vara bidragande till att de åker på en shoppingresa. Under den tredje rubriken presenteras infrastrukturens samt resekostnaders betydelse för en destination. Under den fjärde rubriken presenteras huruvida shoppingturismen kan kopplas till upplevelseturismen och slutligen presenteras under den femte rubriken huruvida shoppingresandet kan påverka en destination enligt respondenterna. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phenomenon of shopping tourism. The writers chose to identify the factors that contribute to the travelers to go on a shopping trip from six qualitative interviews. In addition, the writers also investigated if shopping tourism can be connected with adventure tourism and if the respondents think that shopping travel can have an impact on a destination. The method which the writers have used is a qualitative interview study in which the interview guide was semi-structured. To interpret the results that emerged from all interviews, the writers made use of previous research and various theoretical analyses. In the empirical section which is divided into five headings, the authors reported the results that emerged from all interviews. The first section contains a presentation of the interview participants. The second section presents the factors that the interview participants feel contributes them to go on a shopping trip. The third section presents the importance of the infrastructure and travel expenses for a destination. The fourth section presents whether shopping tourism can be linked to experience tourism and in conclusion the fifth section presents whether shopping travel can affect a destination according to the respondents.

Forskningsfråga: Vad finns det för skillnader respektive likheter i beteende mellan män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom observationer, intervjuer och fokusgrupper undersöka samt skapa förståelse för vilka skillnader och likheter i shoppingbeteende det finns mellan män och kvinnor. Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts där vi tagit fram hypoteser. Vi har observerat män och kvinnor när de shoppar och sedan, med tester i SPSS, bevisat hur verkligheten ser ut samt accepterat eller förkastat hypoteserna. Testerna har genomförts i statistikprogrammet SPSS. En kvantitativ metod har använt då vi observerat och en kvalitativ metod har använts då vi även genomfört fokusgrupper samt en intervju. Referensram: Uppsatsens fokus ligger i könsskillnader i shopping då vi framförallt utgått från Paco Underhills teorier och observationer. Även hedonistisk och ändamålsenligt beteende är av stor betydelse samt hur människans behov, önskemål och värderingar fungerar. Slutsats: Våra resultat har visat att det finns fler likheter än skillnader i beteende hos män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor. Resultaten av vår uppsats indikerar på att mannens shoppingbeteende alltmer börjar likna kvinnans. / Researched question: What kind of differences and similarities is there between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is that thru observations, interviews and focus groups investigate and create an understanding of what differences and similarities there are between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes. Method: A deductive approach has been used where we have developed six hypotheses. We have been observing men and women when they shop and thru that showed how the reality looks and proved whether the hypotheses where accepted or rejected. The results are shown in tests and diagrams that's has been carried out in SPSS. Both a quantitative and qualitative method has been used thru observations, focus groups and an interview. Frame of reference: The focus of the paper lies in what gender differences there is in shopping behavior while shopping clothes and shoes. The main theories are taken from Paco Underhill's theories and observations. Hedonic and utilitarian behaviors and how humans create needs, desires and values, are also of great importance. Conclusion: Our results have shown that there are more similarities than differences between male and female behavior when they shop clothes and shoes. The results of this paper indicate that male shopping behavior is starting to transform into female shopping behavior.

Svarbią vietą asmenybės ugdymo procese užima orumas. Reformacijos sensualistinėje J.A. Komenskio pedagogikoje orumas siejamas su dievotumu ir veikimu tam tikroje socialinėje-kultūrinėje erdvėje. Šiuolaikinės visuomenės socialinių ir kultūrinių vertybių transformacija keičia orumo dimensijas. Darbo tikslas atskleisti J.A. Komenskio orumo ugdymo procesą ir orumo transformacijas šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje. Siekiant minėto tikslo keliami uždaviniai: atskleisti orumo sampratą teologiniame, filosofiniame ir edukologiniame kontekste; aptarti J.A. Komenskio orumo ugdymo koncepciją ; išryškinti orumo transformacijos ypatumus šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje; apibūdinti šiuolaikinio jaunimo požiūrį į orumą. Tyrimo metodologijai pasitelkta krikščioniška personalistinė filosofija, atskleidžianti žmogaus buvimo būdus bei tarpusavio ryšius; vertybių filosofijos teiginiai, išryškinantys metafizinį gėrio pradmenį, kuris įtvirtina žmogaus vientisumo bei nuolatinio tapsmo idėją ir integralaus ugdymo būtinumą. Kiekybiniame tyrime dalyvavo 60 Romos katalikų ir evangelikų reformatų bei nekonfesiniai 16-18 metų jaunuoliai. Tyrimo hipotezė, kad šiuolaikinės visuomenės socialinių ir kultūrinių vertybių transformacija keičia orumo dimensijas pasitvirtino. Teorinis tyrimas parodė, kad modernioje epochoje orumo dimensiją transformuoja utilitarus individualizmas, sekuliarizacija ir moderni religija (New Age). Empirinis tyrimas atskleidė, kad krikščioniškų konfesijų respondentai transcendentinę orumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dignity plays a major role in the process of personality’s upbringing and edification. The sensualistic pedagogy of the Reformation outlined by J. A. Comenius relates dignity to godliness and action (operation) in a certain social-cultural area. The transformation of modern society’s social and cultural values impacts and changes the dimensions of personal dignity. The aim of this paper is to show the process of the upbringing of person’s dignity according to J. A. Comenius as well as disclose the transformations of dignity in today’s society. The aim is achieved in several ways: by revealing the concept of dignity in different contexts – such as theological, philosophical and educological; by reviewing the concept of the upbringing of dignity introduced by J. A. Comenius; by emphasizing the peculiarities of dignity transformations in today’s society; by defining the attitude of today’s youth concerning the issue of dignity. The methodology of the research has been based on Christian personalistic philosophy that outlines the ways of persons being and interpersonal relationships; the statements of the philosophy of values that emphasize the metaphysic principle of the good that lays firm foundation for personality’s wholeness, the idea of constant becoming (transformation), and the necessity of integral upbringing. The quantitative research was conducted by polling 60 Roman Catholics, Evangelical Reformers and non-confessional young people, aged 16-18. The hypothesis of the... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1005226 bytes, checksum: 99535e6d7d1d8adc519070ee93866c77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this research we seek to show the influence of massive religious phenomenon of Post modernity on the traditional reformed Protestant churches as the Presbyterian. The main goal of this work was: Analyze relations of Christians with the sacred in the discursive, practical utilitarian and spectacular conceptions of postmodern religiosity in a traditional Presbyterian Church Protestant Christian. The subject of this survey, which was qualitative, were the leaders of this religious institution, especially pastors and priests. We verify, by interviews and observations, which many followers of Presbyterian Church are involved or are contradictory in the acceptance of spectaculars practices and of utilitarian mysticism in its religious experience. In summary, they practice postmodern religiosity by the fact they think and live the religion as a consumer product. This influence of the massive religious about them has led us to see the frequent breaking of religious ethics established within the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Internal Constitution of Presbyterians from many followers of this institution. We start from the classic work of Weber (1998), the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism and resorted to other theorists as Bauman (1997), Lipovetsky (2007), Frankl (1994 and 1997), Pierucci (2006), Prandi and Pierucci (1996), Eliade (1978 and 1992), Debord (1997) and others who have inspired us in this research. / Neste trabalho de pesquisa buscamos mostrar a influência do fenômeno religioso massificado da pós-modernidade sobre as igrejas protestantes reformadas tradicionais como a Presbiteriana. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi: Analisar as relações dos cristãos com o sagrado nas concepções discursivas, práticas utilitárias e espetaculares de religiosidade pósmoderna em uma igreja cristã protestante tradicional Presbiteriana. Os sujeitos desta pesquisa qualitativa foram os líderes desta instituição religiosa, especialmente os pastores e presbíteros. Constatamos pelas entrevistas e observações, que muitos adeptos da Igreja Presbiteriana estão envolvidos ou se mostram contraditórios na aceitação das práticas espetacularizadas e de misticismo utilitário em sua vivência religiosa. Em resumo, eles praticam a religiosidade pósmoderna pelo fato de pensar e vivenciar a religião como produto de consumo. Esta influência da massificação religiosa sobre eles nos levou a perceber a quebra frequente da ética religiosa estabelecida na Confissão de Fé de Westminster e na Constituição Interna dos Presbiterianos por parte de grande número de adeptos desta instituição. Partimos da obra clássica de Weber (1998), A ética protestante e o espírito do capitalismo e recorremos também a outros teóricos como Bauman (1997), Lipovetsky (2007), Frankl (1994; 1997), Pierucci (2006), Prandi e Pierucci (1996), Eliade (1978; 1992), Debord (1997) e outros que nos inspiraram nesta pesquisa.