<p>Abstract</p><p>Motor sports have been around as long as motor vehicles have been. Sports are often seen as costly polluter but in the same time the motor sports have encourages a large part of development, both for vehicles and other industries. Inventions like rear mirror and ABS brakes come from motor sports. </p><p>One way to once again drive development forward while making motor sports carbon-neutral is to run the race cars on hydrogen. </p><p>In this thesis, the goal is to convert a spark ignition engine for hydrogen operation. The basis for the hydrogen conversion is the current situation analysis, which raises questions about racing, safety, economy and technology. </p><p>In the current situation the most hydrogen are made from natural gas reforming, giving a net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The technology and the desire are to produce hydrogen from all eco-friendly sources such as hydro, solar and wind power. Today, hydrogen is stored efficiently in 700 bars composite tanks. </p><p> This thesis shows how easy most diesel, wankel or spark ignition engines can be converted to hydrogen. Our engine has been converted through the reconstruction of ignition and fuel systems for hydrogen.</p><p>One possible scenario for hydrogen racing is to use professor Stenmark hydrogen balls (macro-spheres) in a piping system in the car. As the macro-spheres can be easily inserted in the pipe, the safety, space and emphasis in the car improved significantly against other storage methods of hydrogen. Today there are no race classes for hydrogen vehicles, but in the future, hydrogen vehicles can perhaps compete on equal terms or in their own classes.</p>

Abstract Motor sports have been around as long as motor vehicles have been. Sports are often seen as costly polluter but in the same time the motor sports have encourages a large part of development, both for vehicles and other industries. Inventions like rear mirror and ABS brakes come from motor sports. One way to once again drive development forward while making motor sports carbon-neutral is to run the race cars on hydrogen. In this thesis, the goal is to convert a spark ignition engine for hydrogen operation. The basis for the hydrogen conversion is the current situation analysis, which raises questions about racing, safety, economy and technology. In the current situation the most hydrogen are made from natural gas reforming, giving a net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The technology and the desire are to produce hydrogen from all eco-friendly sources such as hydro, solar and wind power. Today, hydrogen is stored efficiently in 700 bars composite tanks. This thesis shows how easy most diesel, wankel or spark ignition engines can be converted to hydrogen. Our engine has been converted through the reconstruction of ignition and fuel systems for hydrogen. One possible scenario for hydrogen racing is to use professor Stenmark hydrogen balls (macro-spheres) in a piping system in the car. As the macro-spheres can be easily inserted in the pipe, the safety, space and emphasis in the car improved significantly against other storage methods of hydrogen. Today there are no race classes for hydrogen vehicles, but in the future, hydrogen vehicles can perhaps compete on equal terms or in their own classes.

As a result of the Paris Agreement goals of reducing emissions by the year 2050, pressure is put on Europe to implement energy transition policies and strategies. Sweden has been one of the pioneers in clean energy with its sustainable energy mix based on renewables. However, solving the issue of energy storage for dynamic balance of supply and demand remains one of the biggest challenges.  Hydrogen is nowadays considered an economically viable energy carrier. It is expected to play a key role in boosting the future energy transition in sectors such as transport and steel industries. These sectors which stand for most greenhouse gases emissions in Sweden, can now be subject for decarbonization thanks to green hydrogen implementation in combination with electrification. The purpose of this paper is to develop and investigate the viability of using the excess of electricity from solar photovoltaics at Uddevalla port for producing hydrogen gas. RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden) provided most of the input data such as the planned solar electricity production and the port energy profiles as well as the potential energy and hydrogen gas demand, only to name a few. The study mainly consists of two parts. A literature study that presents the different methods of hydrogen gas generation and a current study that uses collected data for the calculation of hydrogen gas potential at Uddevalla port. The literature study presents the state of art technologies for electrolysis process, Sweden's energy transition and hydrogen strategies, hydrogen gas applications and future investments in the area of interest. Consequently, four different scenarios have been implemented and simulated to both calculate the potential hydrogen production and investigate the economic viability of such a system increase in the future.  The results show that it is not economically viable to produce hydrogen using only the surplus of electricity from the solar energy production. Such a system would require a large installed capacity of the electrolyser and would produce few operating hours. The results also show that the Alkaline electrolyser generates higher profits and that it would be relatively easy to expand the production capacity.  Lastly, as the study did not extensively take all key parameters into account for such a system and exclusively covers production, further studies and calculations need to be conducted considering the actual increase in electricity prices as it is an important variable that has a major impact on the economic feasibility. Furthermore, the new port construction is still under planning and thus input data may vary and differ from those used in this study. / Projekt NEMO - nollemissionsområde med hamn och industri

Miljöpåverkan och bränsleförbrukning är starkt återkommande ämnen gällande transporter till havs, luft och land. Förbränningsmotorer idag och säkert många år framöver spelar en stor roll för dessa transporter. Bränsleförbrukning och miljöpåverkan från dessa motorer måste därför anpassas efter framtida krav. Denna rapport redogör för ett examensarbete om förbränningsoptimering av en förbränningsmotor. Detta med hjälp av tillsättning av vät- och syrgas till förbränningsluften.   Projektet omfattar en teoretisk och en praktisk del där teoridelen utvärderas och kompletteras med praktiska tester på ett dieselelverk. Dieselelverket modifierades och utrustning för vät- och syrgasframställning utformades. Mätningar och tester utfördes sedan vid två grundbelastningar med olika volymflöden på den tillsatta vät- och syrgasen.   De mätningar som utfördes under projektet visar att ingen minskning av bränsleförbrukning och/eller miljöpåverkan kan påvisas. Mindre skillnader har uppmärksammats men dessa ligger inom gränsen för eventuella mätfel. Dock visar fakta som studerats många gånger motsatsen. Då inga åtgärder för förändring av bränslets insprutningstidpunkt eller förfining av motorregleringen gjorts, bedöms detta kunna vara två av anledningarna till att inget positivt resultat kunnat påvisas under det specifika projektet. / Environmental impact and fuel consumption is a strong recurrent topic concerning transportation at sea, land and air. Combustion engines today and certainly for many years to come play a major role in this transportation. Fuel consumption and environmental impact from these engines must be adapted to future requirements. This report describes a diploma thesis about enhancing combustion of a combustion engine. This by adding hydrogen and oxygen to the combustion air.   The project includes a theoretical part and a practical part in which the theoretical information is evaluated and supplemented by practical tests on a diesel generator. The diesel generator was modified and equipment for producing hydrogen and oxygen was designed. Measurements and tests were later carried out with different volume flow rates on the gas at two different base loads.   Measurements performed during the project show no reduction in fuel consumption and/or reduced environmental impact. The minor differences that have been noticed are unfortunately within the limits off possible measurement errors. However the facts studied many times shows opposite results. Since no action to change the injection timing or improvement of fuel control was performed on the engine, this is considered to be two of the reasons that no positive result was detected under this specific project.

The production of hydrogen gas might be a part of the transition towards renewable fuels. Hydrogen can be used as fuel, electricity or heat with the help of an energy converter. In the production of hydrogen gas, electrolysis is usually used, which means that water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. Permascand AB in Ljungaverk is one of the world leaders in the production of electrodes and equipment for the electrochemical process industry and water treatment. One product that Permascand produces is hydrogen-developing cathodes, which is a nickel substrate coated with a metal chloride-based solution. In order for these cathodes to have long a service life and as uniform a quality as possible on the finished metal oxide coating, the coating solution must wet the substrate sufficiently. The purpose of the study is to investigate how different pre-treatments of the substrate affect the wetting of the surface. The wetting is measured with contact angle measurements and the various pre-treatments are pickling with HCl, blasting and pre-oxidation in the oven. These pre-treatments are varied and combined to see how they affects wetting.   The results show that with pickling alone, the temperature of the pickling bath has the greatest effect on the contact angle compared to the concentration and time. Combining pickling and blasting gives a contact angle of over 120 ° which is not desirable for coating work. Pre-oxidizing a sample in 30 or 60 was found to be able to lower the contact angle from 120 ° for a sample that was both blasted and worked to a contact angle of 82 ° and 73 °, respectively.   Pre-treated samples are also affected by a time aspect from the time the sample is processed until it is coated. The result of a completed time study shows that the contact angle of a sample deteriorates at most for the first eight hours. / Produktionen av vätgas kan vara en del av dagens omställning från fossila bränslen till förnyelsebara bränslen. Vätgas kan användas som bränsle, el eller värme med hjälp av en energiomvandlare, bränslecell. Vid tillverkningen av vätgas används vanligen elektrolys, vilket innebär att vatten spjälkas till vätgas och syrgas. Permascand AB i Ljungaverk är ett av de världsledande företag som tillverkar elektroder och utrustning till elektrokemisk processindustri och vattenrening. En av produkterna Permascand idag producerar är vätgasutvecklande katoder vilket är ett nickelsubstrat belagt med en metallkloridbaserad lösning. För att dessa katoder ska få en så lång livslängd samt en så jämn kvalitet som möjligt på den färdiga metalloxidbeläggningen krävs bland annat beläggningslösningen väter substratet tillräckligt. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur olika förbehandlingar av substratet påverkar vätningen av ytan. Vätningen mäts med kontaktvinkelmätningar och de olika förbehandlingarna är betning med HCl, blästring samt föroxidering i ugn. Dessa förbehandlingar varieras och kombineras för att se hur det påverkar vätningen.   Resultaten visar att vid enbart betning har betbadets temperatur störst inverkan på kontaktvinkeln jämfört med koncentrationen och tiden. Att kombinera betning och blästring ger en kontaktvinkel på över 120° vilket inte är önskvärt vid beläggningsarbeten. Att föroxidera ett prov i 30 eller 60 visade sig kunna sänka kontaktvinkeln från 120° för ett prov som både var blästrad och betad till en kontaktvinkel på 82° respektive 73°.   Förbehandlade prover påverkas även av en tidsaspekt från det att provet behandlats till dess den beläggs. Resultatet av en genomförd tidsstudie visar att ett provs kontaktvinkel försämras som mest de först åtta timmarna.

In a future situation with a large implementation of photo voltaic (PV) in the local distribution grid one expects voltage and current related problems to occur due to the large portion of excess electricity from the PV fed into the grid. In this study it was concluded, based on experiences from Germany and Italy, that energy storages are assumed to be beneficial in order to address these problems. The location of storages needs to be distributed among the low voltage grid (400 V) to be able to reduce excess produced electricity from PV as well as deliver peak reducing power (“peak shaving”). This suggests that large scale techniques are not suitable for this purpose since they will be dependent on transmission bottle necks. The energy storages would be most efficient if set up as a combination of a local storage, at the end consumer, and an aggregated storage distributed within the low voltage grid. Techniques suggested are advanced gel-based lead silicon batteries for rapid power response and fuel cell systems with separate electrolysis unit for bulk storage. Thus the systems can divide the needed amount of energy to store in a more efficient way. This suggests that a business model could be a leasing or rental based system where the end consumer subscribes for the technique and services. The major benefits from the energy storage was found to be reduced power flows in the grid (both load- and production wise) as well as reduced volatility in the system. Furthermore, the energy storage would be able to serve as back-up or black start source (also referred to as “cold start” in case of power outages), as well as offering filtering services for reduction of noise and harmonics. Since the major benefits are of systemic nature the most likely actor to gain from energy storages would be distribution system operators (DSO). Therefore the Swedish regulations needs to be adjusted so DSO’s are allowed to, firstly, include the costs for energy storages and, secondly, deliver energy from energy storages without being considered as producers.

No description available.

There is a well-established market for hydrogen, mainly for refining purposes, producing chemicals, and producing fertilizers. Today, almost all hydrogen is sourced from fossil fuels, with less than 1% of hydrogen sourced from renewable sources. Alternative solutions for fossil-free hydrogen are necessary to ensure that the demand for hydrogen can be met in a sustainable fashion. The objective of this study is to analyse the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of combining hydrogen production through electrolysis with electricity production from an array of wave energy converters to supply the hydrogen market with fossil-free hydrogen. A techno-economic analysis is performed for 16 cases of offshore hydrogen production and storage in eastern Japan, using three storage mediums; Compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and ammonia. Technical and economical specifications of all components required for the production systems are modelled for each case to find the most beneficial system through the Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen (LCOH), which is compared to other available renewable and fossil hydrogen sources today. The production systems evaluated in this study reach an LCOH of $5.5-7.1 /kgH2 depending on the hydrogen storage medium, where compressed hydrogen is the cheapest. This can be considered competitive with other renewable hydrogen sources, but not with fossil counterparts. / Det finns en väletablerad marknad för vätgas, främst för raffinering och framställning av kemikalier samt gödningsmedel. Idag produceras nästan all vätgas av fossila bränslen, med mindre än 1% från förnybara källor. Alternativa lösningar för förnybar vätgas är nödvändiga för att möta efterfrågan på ett hållbart sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera om det är ekonomiskt försvarbart att producera vätgas offshore genom elektrolys av el från vågkraftverk för att förse vätgasmarknaden med fossilfri vätgas. Detta utförs genom en tekno-ekonomisk analys av 16 fall av havsbaserad vätgasproduktion och lagring i östra Japan. Fallen behandlar tre lagringsmedium; komprimerad vätgas, flytande vätgas och ammoniak. Tekniska och ekonomiska specifikationer för alla komponenter som krävs för produktionssystemet modelleras för varje fall. Det mest fördelaktiga systemet beräknas genom Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), som jämförs med andra tillgängliga förnybara och fossila produktionssystem för att avgöra systemets konkurrenskraft på marknaden. Produktionssystemen som utvärderas i denna studie har en LCOH från $5.5-7.1 /kgH2 beroende på lagringsmedium, där komprimerad vätgas är det billigaste. Detta resultat kan betraktas som konkurrenskraftigt med andra förnybara vätgaskällor, men inte med fossila motsvarigheter.

En omställning till ett mer hållbart samhälle pågår både nationellt och internationellt. Arbete läggs på att öka andelen förnyelsebara energikällor där solceller är en populär produkt. När effekttopparna och de förnyelsebara energikällorna ökar i det svenska stamnätet så skapas ett behov av att lagra stora mängder energi. Att lagra den mängden energi i batterier skulle bli kostsamt. Resultatet från utredningen tyder på att vätgas är ett lämpligt alternativ då omvandlingsprocesserna genererar både elektrisk och termisk energi. Komponenterna som används är ursprungligen från industrin vilket gör dom överdimensionerade för vanliga hushåll. Optimalt används vätgassystem i flerfarmilsbostäder där både den termiska energin och elektriska energin kan nyttjas.

Detta examensarbete har utförts på Stena Aluminium (SA) i Älmhult. Undersökningen handlar om att mäta vätgashalten genom densitetsindexprover på smält aluminium, för att kartlägga hur vätgashalten påverkas av processtegen vid återvinning av aluminium i SAs produktions-anläggning. I arbetet ingick att undersöka vätgashalten för två olika legeringstyper (EN-AB 43400 och 46000), utvärdera avgasningseffektivitet för de utvalda legeringstyperna och att utvärdera den befintliga utgjutningssystemet. Mätningar för undersökningen är utförda i SAs smältverk, vid processtegen raffinering och utgjutning.