La présence du système endocannabinoïde (eCB), en particulier le récepteur CB1 (CB1R), dans la rétine, le corps genouillé latéral, et l’aire visuelle primaire (V1) du singe a récemment été mise en évidence. Cependant, aucune étude n’a démontré la présence de ce système dans l’aire visuelle secondaire V2, une région qui reçoit la plupart des efférences de V1. Comme V1 exprime ce récepteur, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’aire V2 l’exprime également. Le but de notre étude est donc de caractériser l’expression et la localisation cellulaire de ce système dans l’aire V2 du singe vervet. Des cerveaux de cinq singes vervets (Chlorocebus sabeus) adultes ont été utilisés. Les marqueurs cellulaires NeuN, SMI-32, et PV ont été employés pour caractériser et identifier les différentes couches de V2. En localisant ces derniers, nous déterminons la distribution de CB1R et des enzymes de synthèse (NAPE-PLD) et de dégradation (FAAH) du système eCB en utilisant des techniques d’immunofluorescence. De plus, l’organisation laminaire en six couches de V2 a été mise en évidence par nos marqueurs cellulaires. Nos résultats démontrent la présence de CB1R dans les fibres axonales aux extrémités de V2, c’est-à-dire dans les couches superficielles (1-3) et profondes (5-6). CB1R est peu ou pas exprimé dans la couche 4. CB1R entoure, mais n’est pas exprimé par les cellules positives- NeuN, SMI-32 et PV. Cependant, les enzymes NAPE-PLD et FAAH sont présentes dans les cellules pyramidales SMI-32 et les cellules interneurones PV -positives. Ces données indiquent que CB1R, NAPE-PLD et FAAH sont présentes dans V2 et pourraient moduler l’information visuelle provenant de V1 et se dirigeant vers les aires V4 et V5, et probablement, influencer la perception visuelle. / The presence of the endocannabinoid system in the retina, the lateral geniculate body, and the primary visual area (V1) of the monkey has recently been established. However, no study has demonstrated the presence of this system in area V2, a region that receives most of the afferents from V1. As V1 expresses this system, we assume that the area V2 also expresses it. The aim of our study is to characterize the expression and cellular localization of this system in the visual cortex V2 of the vervet monkey. The brains of 5 adult monkeys were used in this project. Cellular markers NeuN, SMI-32, and PV were used to characterize and identify the layers of V2. Using immunofluorescence, these markers were also localized in order to study the distribution of CB1R, the enzyme of synthesis (NAPE-PLD) and of degradation (FAAH) of eCB ligands. The six-layer organization of V2 was also identified by our cellular markers. Our results show the presence of the eCB system in area V2. Furthermore, we found that CB1R immunoreactivity is present in the axonal fibers at the ends of V2; in the superficial (L1-3) and deep (L5-6) layers. CB1R expression was low to non-existence in layer 4. CB1R surrounds but does not co-localize with NeuN-, SMI-32-, and PV- positive cells. On the other hand, NAPE-PLD and FAAH enzymes were co-localized with SMI-32-positive pyramidal cells and PV-positive interneuron cells. These data, therefore, indicate that CB1R, NAPE-PLD and FAAH are present in V2 and their presence can modulate visual information coming from V1 and going to V4 and V5, and probably, influence visual perception.

In recent years, airports have experienced increasing airport congestion, partially due to the hub-and-spoke model on which airline operations are based. Current airline operations utilize large airports, focusing traffic to a small number of airports. One way to relieve such congestion is to transition to a more accessible and efficient point-to-point operation, which utilizes a large web of smaller airports. This expansion to regional airports propagates the need for next-generation low-noise aircraft with short take-off and landing capabilities. NASA has attacked this problem with a high-lift, low-noise concept dubbed the Cruise Efficient Short Take-Off and Landing (CESTOL) aircraft. The goal of the CESTOL project is to produce aircraft designs that can further expand the air travel industry to currently untapped regional airports. One method of obtaining a large lifting capability with low noise production is to utilize circulation control (CC) technology. CC is an active flow control approach that makes use of the Coanda effect. A high speed jet of air is blown over a wing flap and/or the leading edge of the wing, which entrains the freestream flow and effectively increases circulation around the wing. A promising tool for predicting CESTOL aircraft performance is computational fluid dynamics (CFD,) due to the relatively low cost and easy implementation in the design process. However, the unique flows that CC introduces are not well understood, and traditional turbulence modeling does not correctly resolve these complex flows (including high speed jet flow, complex shear flows and mixing phenomena, streamline curvature, and other challenging flow phenomena). The recent derivation of the v2-f turbulence model shows theoretical promise in increasing the accuracy of CFD predictions for CC flows, but this has not yet been assessed in great detail. This paper presents a methodical verification of several variations on the v2-f turbulence model. These models are verified using simple, well-understood flows. Results for CC flows are compared to those obtained with more traditional turbulence modeling techniques (including the Spalart-Allmaras, k-ε, and k-ω turbulence models). Wherever possible, computed results are compared to experimental data and more accurate numerical methods. Results indicate that the v2-f turbulence models predict some aspects of circulation control flow fields quite well, in particular the lift coefficient. The linear v2-f, nonlinear v2-f, and nonlinear v2-f-cc turbulence models have generated lift coefficients within 19%, 14%, and -26%, respectively of experimental values, whereas the Spalart-Allmaras, k-ε, and k-ω turbulence models produce errors as high as 85%, 36%, and 39%, respectively. The predicted stagnation points and pressure coefficient distributions match experimental data roughly as well as standard turbulence models do, though the modeling of these aspects of the flow do show some room for improvement. The nonlinear v2-f-cc turbulence model shows very non-physical skin friction coefficient profiles, pressure coefficient profiles, and stagnation points, indicating that the streamline curvature correction terms need attention. Regardless of the source of the discrepancies, the v2-f turbulence models show promise in the modeling of circulation control flow fields, but are not quite ready for application in the design of circulation control aircraft.

Various types of current mode control are being used in different applications. Model for current mode control is indispensable for proper system design. Since 1980s, modeling of current mode control has been a hot topic in power electronics field. In current mode control, sub-harmonic oscillation is a common issue, especially for constant frequency current mode control: like peak current mode control, valley current mode control, or average current mode control. Recently V2 control is becoming more and more popular due to its simple implementation ad super fast transient response. V2 control can also run into sub-harmonic oscillation just as current mode control. Efforts have been devoted to modeling of V2 control. A common property of different types of current mode control and V2 control is that they are all multi-loop structures and the inner loops are all highly nonlinear. Due to the nonlinearity of the inner loops, modeling of these structures is extremely difficult. Up to now, there are two main problems which haven't been solved: 1. modeling of average current mode control; 2. modeling of V2 control with composite capacitors. This thesis tries to solve these two problems and starts with V2 control. For V2 control with single type of bulk capacitors, an accurate model has been proposed previously. In this thesis, an equivalent circuit model is proposed to get better physical understanding. This method makes use of previous current mode control modeling result and relates V2 control with current mode control. To model V2 control with composite capacitors, capacitor currents and output voltage time domain waveforms are analyzed. Based on describing function method, transfer function from control to output is derived. The modeling result shows that with more parallel ceramic capacitors, system has smaller stability margin. For average current mode control, the structure is compared with V2 control. Similarity between the structures of current compensator in average current mode and output capacitor network in V2 control is identified. V2 model is utilized for average current mode control. The modeling derivation process is simplified. For the current compensator in average current mode control, it is not desired to have a high frequency pole from stability point of view. As a conclusion, a circuit model for V2 control with bulk capacitors is proposed and another two problems are examined: modeling of V2 control with composite capacitors and modeling of average current mode control. It has been demonstrated that there is similarity between these two structures. The modeling results are verified through simulation and experiments. / Master of Science

Recently, constant-on-time V2 control is more and more popular in industry products due to features of high light load efficiency, simple implementation and fast transient response. In many applications such as cell phone, camera, and other portable devices, low-ESR capacitors such as ceramic caps are preferred due to small size and small output voltage ripple requirement. However, for the converters with ceramic caps, the conventional V2 control suffers from the sub-harmonic oscillation due to the lagging phase of the capacitor voltage ripple relative to the inductor current ripple. Two solutions to eliminate sub-harmonic oscillations are discussed in [39] and the small-signal models are also derived based on time-domain describing function. However, the characteristic of constant-on-time V2 with external ramp is not fully understood and no explicit design guideline for the external ramp is provided. For digital constant on-time V2 control, the high resolution PWM can be eliminated due to constant on-time modulation scheme and direct output voltage feedback [43]. However, the external ramp design is not only related to the amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillation, but also very important to the stability of the system. The previous analysis is not thorough since numerical solution is used. The primary objective of this work is to gain better understanding of the small-signal characteristic for analog and digital constant-on-time V2 with ramp compensations, and provide the design guideline based on the factorized small-signal model. First, constant on-time current-mode control and constant on-time V2 control are reviewed. Generally speaking, constant-on-time current mode control does not have stability issues. However, for constant-on-time V2 control with ceramic caps, sub-harmonic oscillation occurs due to the lagging phase of the capacitor voltage ripple. External ramp compensation and current ramp compensation are two solutions to solve the problem. Previous equivalent circuit model extended by Ray Ridley's sample-and-hold concept is not applicable since it fails to consider the influence of the capacitor voltage ripple. The model proposed in [39] successfully considers the influence from the capacitor voltage ripple by using time-domain describing function method. However, the characteristic of constant-on-time V2 with external ramp is not fully understood. Therefore, more research focusing on the analysis is needed to gain better understanding of the characteristic and provide the design guideline for the ramp compensations. After that, the small-signal model and design of analog constant on-time V2 control is investigated and discussed. The small-signal models are factorized and pole-zero movements are identified. It is found that with increasing the external ramp, two pairs of double poles first move toward each other at half of switching frequency, after meeting at the key point, the two double poles separate, one pair moves to a lower frequency and the other moves to a higher frequency while keeping the quality factor equal to each other. For output impedance, with increasing the external ramp, the low frequency magnitude also increases. The recommended external ramp is around two times the magnitude at the key point K. When Duty cycle is larger, the damping performance is not good with only external ramp compensation, unless very high switching frequency is used. With current ramp compensation, it is recommended to design the current ramp so that the quality factor of the double pole is around 1. With current ramp compensation, the damping can be well controlled regardless of the circuit parameters. Next, the small-signal analysis and design strategy is also extended to digital constant on-time V2 control structure which is proposed in [43]. It is found that the scenario is very similar as analog constant on-time V2 control. The external ramp should be designed around the key point to improve the dynamic performance. The sampling effects of the output voltage require a larger external ramp to stabilize digital constant-on-time V2 control while suffers only a little bit of damping performance. One simple method for measuring control-to-output transfer functions in digital constant-on-time V2 control is presented. The experimental results verify the small-signal analysis except for the high frequency phase difference which reveals the delay effects in the circuit. Load transient experimental results prove the proposed design guideline for digital constant on-time V2 control. As a conclusion, the characteristics of analog and digital constant-on-time V2 control structures are examined and design guidelines are proposed for ramp compensations based on the factorized small-signal model. The analysis and design guideline are verified with simplis simulation and experimental results. / Master of Science

Cette thèse propose une modélisation numérique 2D des écoulements en zone de jet de rive avec un code Volume-Of-Fluid. Dans un premier temps, le détail de la structure interne de l’écoulement de jet de rive généré par l’effondrement d’un front d’onde turbulent sur une plage imperméable lisse est étudié. Le modèle numérique est ensuite étendu à la simulation des écoulements en milieu poreux internes à la plage. L’utilisation d’une unique équation de quantité de mouvement (VARANS) et de la méthode 1-fluide, permet de résoudre simultanément les écoulements de l’eau et de l’air à la surface et dans une plage perméable. Ce modèle a été confronté à une série de cas tests analytiques et à de récentes mesures expérimentales. Les résultats numériques montrent l’aptitude du modèle VOF-VARANS à reproduire les écoulements en zone de jet de rive sur une plage imperméable fixe. / A 2D numerical modeling of flows in the swash zone is proposed using a Volume-Of- Fluid code. The detailed flow structure of a bore-driven swash event over an impermeable beach is first studied. The numerical model is then developed to account for porous media flow within the beach. The unique VARANS momentum equation and 1-fluid method used allow to solve simultaneously both surface and subsurface flows of air and water phases in the swash zone. This model is validated against a series of analytical tests cases and confronted to recent experimental measurements. The numerical results highlight the ability of the VOF-VARANS model to reproduce swash flows over and within a permeable beach.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AuriceliaM.pdf: 273657 bytes, checksum: fb36a51df3f6b125ff330476ce2ea2fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Based on North American Functional Linguistic Theory, our proposal is to describe and analyze the use of verb CHEGAR in verbal periphrasis such as [CHEGAR (E) + V2], where CHEGAR does not demonstrate a significance linked to physical movement. In linguistic literature, such periphrasis has been attributed several functions, related to aspectualization, emphasis of negative segments, and construction of mental spaces, among others. This study considers that the function of verb CHEGAR in the periphrasis in question is to indicate a global aspect, emphasizing a range of semantic-pragmatic nuances such as the sudden, instantaneous, or even abrupt character of the events refered to by the principal verb of the construction (V2), and/or the taking of initiative (sudden) by the agent (in the syntactic role of periphrastic subject), and/or subjective evaluations which go from surprise to frustration. Our objectives are the following: i) to describe and analyze the semanticpragmatic, morphosyntactic and social relationships which characterize the use of CHEGAR in verbal periphrases like [CHEGAR (E) + V2] and in coordinated/juxtaposed speech in which CHEGAR is the principal verb of the first utterance and is an elocution verb and the principal verb of the second; ii) identify, based on this description and analysis, synchrony proof in the grammaticalization of CHEGAR as an auxiliary verb in the periphrasis refered to. There was observed to be a strong similarity between coordinate/juxtaposed and periphrastic constructions. Such similarities strengthen the hypothesis that the use of CHEGAR as a lexical verb in coordinate/juxtaposed structures is the origin of the use of CHEGAR in the periphrastic structure, since the many properties encountered with higher frequency in lexical use are also just as frequently used as auxiliaries. Nevertheless, between the two constructions being studied, sufficient difference can be observed to see that CHEGAR, in the periphrasis [CHEGAR (E) V2], is behaving like an auxiliary verb, and shows typical properties of these types of verbs: i) in 100% of occurrences, it does not have a complement;ii) it has a co-referential subject in 100% of cases; iii) it does not appear with intervening material between it and V2. Besides this, CHEGAR, in periphrases, is predominant in nonneutral evaluation contexts, denoted by V2. Inspired by the results obtained, we propose strategies for the discussion of the [CHEGAR (E) V2] periphrases in both elementary and high schools. / Com base no referencial te?rico do Funcionalismo Ling??stico norte-americano, nossa proposta ? descrever e analisar o uso do verbo CHEGAR em per?frases verbais do tipo [CHEGAR (E) + V2], em que CHEGAR n?o manifesta significado ligado a movimento f?sico. Na literatura ling??stica, a tais per?frases t?m sido atribu?das fun??es variadas, relacionadas ? aspectualiza??o, ? ?nfase de trechos narrativos e ? constru??o de espa?os mentais, entre outras. Neste estudo, consideramos que a fun??o do verbo CHEGAR nas per?frases em quest?o ? indicar aspecto global, ressaltando um leque de nuan?as sem?ntico-pragm?ticas como o car?ter repentino, instant?neo ou at? brusco do evento referido pelo verbo principal da constru??o (V2), e/ou a tomada de iniciativa (s?bita) do agente (no papel sint?tico de sujeito da per?frase), e/ou avalia??es subjetivas que v?o da surpresa ? frustra??o. Nossos objetivos s?o: (i) descrever e analisar as rela??es sem?nticopragm?ticas, morfossint?ticas e sociais que caracterizam o uso de CHEGAR em per?frases verbais do tipo [CHEGAR (E) + V2] e em ora??es coordenadas/justapostas em que CHEGAR ? o verbo principal da primeira ora??o e um verbo de elocu??o ? o verbo principal da segunda ora??o; (i) identificar, com base nessa descri??o e an?lise, ind?cios sincr?nicos da gramaticaliza??o de CHEGAR como verbo auxiliar nas referidas per?frases. Observamos haver forte similaridade entre as constru??es coordenadas/justapostas e perifr?sticas. Tais similaridades fortalecem a hip?tese de que o uso de CHEGAR como verbo lexical na estrutura coordenada/justaposta ? a fonte dos usos de CHEGAR na estrutura perifr?stica, uma vez que v?rias das propriedades que encontramos com grande freq??ncia no uso lexical est?o tamb?m presentes com grande freq??ncia no uso auxiliar. Todavia, entre as duas constru??es sob enfoque observam-se diferen?as suficientes para se considerar que CHEGAR, na per?frase [CHEGAR (E) V2], comporta-se como verbo auxiliar, pois manifesta propriedades t?picas desse tipo de verbos: (i) n?o seleciona complemento em 100% das ocorr?ncias; (ii) possui sujeito correferencial ao de V2 em 100% das ocorr?ncias; (iii) n?o aparece com material interveniente entre si e V2. Com inspira??o nos resultados obtidos, propusemos estrat?gias para a abordagem da per?frase [CHEGAR (E) V2] nas escolas de n?vel fundamental e m?dio.

Objectifs: La pathophysiologie de la maladie de Ménière (MM) demeure mal comprise. Nous avons identifié dans la littérature un groupe de protéines exprimées sur le sac endolymphatique (SEL) et impliquées dans la régulation du volume endolymphatique : l’Aquaporine-2 (AQP2), le récepteur V2R de vasopressine (AVP), le Co-transporteur de Sodium Potassium et Chlorure type 2 (NKCC2) et le canal TRP type V4 (TRPV4). Notre objectif est de déterminer si leur expression sur le SEL est altérée dans la MM, pour améliorer notre compréhension de la physiologie de l’hydrops endolymphatique. Méthodes: Recrutement des cas de MM et schwannomes vestibulaires (SV) comme contrôles, le jour de leurs chirurgies respectives. Prélèvement de biopsies de SEL et sang pour AVP. L’immunohistochimie pour AQP2, V2R, NKCC2 et TRPV4 fut effectuée, et les lames scannées pour analyse digitale de densité d’expression par un logiciel spécialisé (VIS par Visiopharm®). Résultats: Total de 27 cas MM et 23 contrôles. Les scores générés par le logiciel représentent la densité d’expression totale et relative des protéines, exclusivement sur l’épithélium du SEL. Les scores d’AQP2 sont élevés de façon significative dans la MM comparée aux contrôles (p = 0.018). Nous ne rapportons aucune variation significative pour AVP, V2R, NKCC2 et TRPV4. Conclusion: Cette étude originale évalue l’expression simultanée de AQP2, V2R, NKCC2 et TRPV4 sur le SEL dans la MM, avec un groupe contrôle (SV). Nos résultats démontrent une augmentation isolée de l’AQP2 dans la MM. Nous proposons une surexpression constitutive de cette dernière, indépendante de son axe de régulation (AVP-V2R). Une mutation somatique au niveau des séquences régulatrices pourrait justifier nos observations. / Objectives: Endolymphatic sac (ELS) pathophysiology in Ménière’s Disease (MD) remains poorly understood. We identified from the literature a group of proteins expressed on the ELS and involved in endolymph volume regulation: Aquaporin-2 (AQP2), vasopressin receptor V2R, Sodium Potassium Chloride Cotransporter type 2 (NKCC2) and TRP channel type V4 (TRPV4). Our objective was to determine whether their ELS expression was altered in MD, to better understand the pathophysiology of endolymphatic hydrops. Methods: Patients with definite MD undergoing endolymphatic duct blockage surgery were recruited, as well as controls undergoing surgery for vestibular schwannomas (VS). ELS biopsies and blood samples for plasma Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) were obtained. Immunohistochemistry for AQP2, V2R, NKCC2 and TRPV4 was performed. Slides were scanned digitally for highly sensitive pixel density analysis by specialized software (VIS by Visiopharm®). Results: 27 definite MD patients and 23 VS controls were included. Global scores generated by the software represent total and relative protein expression density of 3 staining intensity levels, exclusively on ELS epithelium. AQP2 expression density was significantly elevated in MD compared to VS (p = 0.018). There was no significant difference in plasma AVP, V2R, NKCC2 and TRPV4 expression. Conclusion: This original study evaluates simultaneous in-situ expression of AQP2, V2R, NKCC2 and TRPV4 on the human ELS in MD, with a VS control group. Our results show only AQP2 up regulation on the ELS of MD patients. We suggest a constitutively increased expression of AQP2 in MD, independent of its regulatory axis (AVP-V2R). Acquired regulator sequence mutations could support this model.

Master's Thesis is about the techniques of creating a small executable program with size limited to 64kB. Describes one of the possible ways to use OpenGL for such purposes. With more detail describe the rigid body simulation, creating shaders, dynamic generating of texture and make music in intro scene applications. Presents using of WinApi to create windows, V2 synthetizer for sound and GLSL language for creating shaders. Everything is demonstratively created under Windows.

Background:  In recent years the interest in self-care has expanded, with sleep playing a big part. Concurrently, the development of self-monitoring wristwatches has enabled individuals to track their sleep. Commonly these are called sleep trackers. Since many sleep trackers are not developed for clinical use, their credibility is questionable, and it is unclear how they compare to clinical sleep trackers.  Aim: This study aims to obtain a clear understanding of which of the sleep trackers ActiGraph GT9X Link and Polar Vantage V2 is most reliable when measuring sleep. ActiGraph GT9X Link is developed for clinical purposes, and Polar Vantage V2 is developed for commercial use. To quantify the comparison, the differences in measuring multiple sleep parameters will be observed.  Method:  An empirical study was conducted with 16 participants included. Each participant wore both watches for one night’s sleep and journaled their sleep in a sleep diary. The data was then collected and analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.  Results:  The result highlighted that ActiGraph GT9X Link had a wider distribution of the sleep parameters in comparison to Polar Vantage V2, with three out of five sleep parameters showing a significant difference. Polar Vantage V2 also conformed better to the sleep diary for almost all 16 participants.  Conclusion:  Polar Vantage V2 has a significantly higher accuracy in tracking many sleep parameters than ActiGraph GT9X Link. What the future holds for ActiGraph GT9X Link is unclear since it was outperformed by a commercially used wristwatch which does not meet the EU requirements of a medical device by MDR (regulations for medical devices, EU 2017/745). / Under senare år har intresset för allmänhälsan ökat, och i ett mer tekniskt samhälle är information mer lättillgängligt än någonsin. Ett av de främsta bidragen till förbättrad hälsa är att individen får högkvalitativ sömn. Detta görs enklast genom att man sover tillräckligt länge, men det handlar även om att spendera tillräcklig med tid oavbrutet i de olika sömnstadierna som sker under sömnen. Dessa sömnstadier heter REM (Rapid eye movement) och NREM (Non rapid eye movement) sömn. REM är det stadiet då individen drömmer. I denna fas återhämtas kroppens kognitiva förmåga. NREM är en gruppering av alla övriga sömnstadier, vanligen kallat för lättsömn och djupsömn. Att få tillräckligt med tid inom dessa sömnstadier är väsentligt för kroppens fysiska återhämtning. Polysomnografi (PSG) är en metod som används inom klinisk neurofysiologi för att undersöka individens sömn och dess relaterade parametrar. Generellt anses det som den gyllene standarden för sömnmätning, då den mäter alla relevanta parametrar som har koppling till sömnen. Metoden är dessvärre dyr samt omständlig för patienten då den kräver elektrodkopplingar över hela kroppen, och måste göras i en kontrollerad miljö. Kliniken har därför infört aktivitetsmätare med sömnmätningsfunktioner, även kallat sömnmätare. Beroende på dess utformning och inställningar så kan sömnmätare bäras på bland annat handleden, höften eller fotleden. Sömnmätare utgår huvudsakligen ifrån rörelser för att bedöma sömn. För detta används en inbyggd accelerometer, vilket är en sensor som mäter rörelser och omvandlar det till en signal. Signalen tolkas med inbyggda sömnalgoritmer, för att bedöma minutvis om individen sover eller ej. I moderna sömnmätare finns det vanligtvis även flera inbyggda sensorer. Dessa bevakar vissa fysiologiska parametrar och användarens omgivning för att assistera vid sömnbedömningen. Ofta förekommer en fotopletysmograf i moderna sömnmätare, vilket är en sensor som mäter bland annat pulsen. I dessa sömnmätare så används specialiserade sömnalgoritmer, där både användarens rörelser och puls tas hänsyn till för sömnbedömning.  En välstuderad sömnmätare är ActiGraph GT9X Link, som används på det Energimetaboliska Laboratoriet (EML) på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala, denna är endast utrustad med en accelerometer. ActiGraph GT9X Link är utvecklad för kliniska bedömningar, och har validerats av mycket forskning. Samtidigt har många kommersiella sömnmätare börjat utvecklas. En av dessa är Polar Vantage V2, som är utrustad med både accelerometer och fotopletysmograf. Dock har det inte gjorts någon tidigare jämförande forskning kring Polar Vantage V2:s sömnmätning.  I detta projekt utfördes en jämförande studie mellan ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2. Den empiriska studien innehöll 16 deltagare, där varje deltagare fick under en natt bära båda sömnmätarna samtidigt och sova hemma. Syftet av studien var att jämföra sömnmätarna för att se vilken som har pålitligast sömnregistrering. Eftersom studien inte innefattade PSG fanns det inget referensvärde att förhålla sig till, istället användes en kompletterande sömndagbok som deltagarna själva fyllde i. Där fick deltagarna ange när de la sig till sängs, när de vaknade samt tider för eventuella avbrott under natten.  För att bedöma vilken sömnmätare som ansågs pålitligast så observerades skillnader mellan båda sömnmätarna och med sömndagboken. Ifall en sömnmätare skulle skilja sig avsevärt iv mycket i sin sömnmätning skulle det tyda på att den var mindre pålitlig. Frågeställningen som användes var: “hur skiljer sig de två sömnmätarna ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2 vid insamling av sömnlängd, sömneffektivitet och avbrott med hänsyn till en sömndagbok?”. Datainsamling skedde med respektive sömnmätares mjukvara och sömndagbok, och sammanställdes sedan i Excel. All data visualiserades i Excel med punktoch låddiagram, samt analyserades skillnaderna mellan sömnmätarna i Rstudio med hypotestester.  Utifrån syftet av studien tyder resultaten på att ActiGraph GT9X Link är mindre pålitlig än Polar Vantage V2 vid sömnregistrering. I resultaten hade GT9X Link en större spridning av samtliga sömnparametrar i jämförelse med Polar Vantage V2. Dessutom avvek GT9X Link mer från sömndagboken för nästan alla testpersoner. Från hypotestesterna kunde Vantage V2 bevisa en signifikant högre precision i att mäta flera sömnparametrar än GT9X Link.  Hur framtiden ser ut för GT9X Link är oklart, då en kommersiell sömnmätare tydligt överträffar dess kapabilitet gällande sömnregistrering. Samtidigt saknar den kommersiella sömnmätaren från Polar klassificering som en medicinteknisk produkt. Den strider därmed mot EU-förordningen av medicintekniska produkter (MDR) för klinisk användning. På grund av detta går det endast att rekommendera Vantage V2 över GT9X Link i sammanhang som ej berör patienter, exempelvis vidare forskningsarbete kring sömn.

Für das Deutsche wird gemeinhin eine strikte V2-Beschränkung angenommen, die für deklarative Hauptsätze besagt, dass sich vor dem finiten Verb genau eine Konstituente befinden muss. In der Literatur werden häufig Beispiele angeführt, in denen sich zwei Konstituenten vor dem finiten Verb befinden und die somit gegen die V2-Beschränkung verstoßen. Diese syntaktische Konfiguration, so das Argument, führt zu Ungrammatikalität: (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) Die Bewertung in (1) fußt jedoch nicht auf empirischer Evidenz, sondern spiegelt ein introspektives Urteil der Autor*innen wider. Daten zum tatsächlichen Sprachgebrauch zeigen, dass Sätze wie in (2) im Deutschen durchaus verwendet werden: (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Status dieser V3-Deklarativsätze im Deutschen. Der Status wird aus drei einander ergänzenden Perspektiven auf Sprache untersucht: Sprachverwendung, Akzeptabilität und Verarbeitung. Hierzu werden Daten, die in einer Korpus-, einer Akzeptabilitäts- und einer Lesezeitstudie erhoben wurden, ausgewertet. Basierend auf den empirischen Befunden diskutiere ich V3-Modellierungen aus generativer Sicht und entwickle einen Modellierungsvorschlag aus konstruktionsgrammatischer Sicht. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Einbeziehung von nicht-standardsprachlichen Mustern wichtige Einblicke in die sprachliche Architektur gibt. Insbesondere psycholinguistisch gewonnene Daten als empirische Basis sind essenziell, um mentale sprachliche Prozesse zu verstehen und abbilden zu können. Die Analyse von V3 zeigt, dass solche Ansätze möglich und nötig sind, um Grammatikmodelle zu prüfen und weiterzuentwickeln. Untersuchungen dieser Art stellen Grammatikmodelle in Frage, die oft einer standardsprachlichen Tradition heraus erwachsen sind und nur einen Ausschnitt der sprachlichen Realität erfassen. V3-Sätze entpuppen sich nach dieser Analyse als Strukturen, die fester Bestandteil der Grammatik sind. / German is usually considered to follow a strict V2-constraint. This means that exactly one constituent must precede the finite verb in declarative main clauses. There are many examples for sentences that exhibit two preverbal constituents in the literature, illustrating a violation of the V2-constraint. According to the literature, these configurations lead to ungrammatical structures. (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) However, the evaluation in (1) is not based on empirical evidence but is introspective and thus might not reflect the linguistic reality. Empirical data from actual language use show that German speakers indeed use these kinds of sentences. (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] The dissertation explores the status of these V3 declaratives in German, with ‘status’ comprising three complementary perspectives on language: language use, acceptability, and processing. To this end, I analyze data from three studies: a corpus study, an acceptability judgment study, and a reading time study. Based on the empirical evidence, I discuss existing analyses of V3 and V3-modeling from the generative perspective and develop an analysis taking a construction-based approach. The dissertation shows that including patterns from non-standard language allows for valuable insights into the architecture of language. In particular, psycholinguistic data as an empirical basis are essential to understand and model mental linguistic processes. The analyses presented in the dissertation show that it is possible to follow such an approach in the field of syntactic variation, and it is indeed necessary in order to challenge and further develop existing grammatical theories and our understanding of grammar. Most grammatical models strongly rely on standard language, which is why they only capture a snippet of the linguistic reality. Taking empirical evidence into account, however, V3 sentences turn out to form an integral part of the German grammar.