A luta pela terra é um processo inegável na historia do Brasil. Desde o saque gerado pelos portugueses às terras indígenas, e em sua trajetória também, a um sem número de camponeses, sempre foi marcada pela extrema violência e pelas forças díspares empregadas. Procurando entender os determinantes de um episódio ocorrido em 2009, conhecido como Caso Cutrale, quando integrantes do MST ocuparam uma unidade desta empresa, localizada entre os municípios de Iaras e Borebi, demonstrando o litigio sobre as terras legitimadas pelos movimentos sociais como passiveis de reforma agrária, uma vez que há evidências que se tratam de terras públicas, ficou clara a necessidade de investigar os condicionantes de tal manifestação, que repercutiu perante a sociedade através de um posicionamento parcial da mídia nacional, e com atuação questionável do judiciário. A terra é sinônimo de poder às elites brasileiras, e assim, é importante desdobra-se sobre o papel da terra na configuração das relações de poder e lutas de classes, principalmente após a sua transformação em mercadoria após 1850. Para tal, investigar os processos de ocupação da localidade, desde os levantamentos sobre a existência de terras devolutas, bem como a aquisição de terras através de dividas pelo Governo Federal no inicio do século XX, que lhe dá o caráter de terra publica é a chave inicial de reflexão. E como uma praxe nefasta presenciada em todo Brasil, essas terras não ficaram alheias às ações de grilagens. Logo, entender os processos que transformaram essas terras em palco de lutas e disputas, bem como a esperança de muitas famílias em ter seu pedaço de chão para plantar é que determinam as diretrizes dessa pesquisa, procurando entender as discrepâncias encontradas entre os que lutam pela terra armados pela força de vontade contra aqueles que se armam de ações judiciais, da mídia e do capital. Assim, chegaremos às conclusões sobre os desdobramentos dessas disputas, em que a luta camponesa é obrigada a se deparar, em um típico processo de tentativas de destruição do campesinato. / The struggle for land is an undeniable process in the history of Brazil. Since the loot generated by the Portuguese indigenous lands, and also in its trajectory, the countless peasants, has been marked by extreme violence and the disparate forces employed. Trying to understand the determinants of an episode occurred in 2009, known as \"Cutrale Case\" when members of the MST occupied a unit of this company, located between the towns of Iaras and Boreham, demonstrating the dispute over land legitimized by social movements as liable to agrarian reform, since there is evidence that these are public lands, there was a clear need to investigate the determinants of such expressions, that resonated in society by positioning part of the national media, and questionable actions of the judiciary. The land is synonymous with power to the Brazilian elites, and so it is important unfolds on the role of land in the configuration of power relations and class struggles, especially after its transformation into goods after 1850. To reach this aim, to investigate the processes of occupation of the town, from the surveys of the existence of vacant land as well as land acquisition through debt by the Federal Government in the early twentieth century, which gives the character of public land is the key initial reflection. And as a nefarious practice witnessed throughout Brazil, these lands were not the actions of others grilagens. Therefore, to understand the processes that transformed this land into a stage for fights and disputes, as well as the hope of many families to have their piece of land to plant that determine the guidelines of this research, trying to understand the discrepancies found between those who struggle for land by armed force of will against those who arm themselves from lawsuits, media and capital. Thus, we will conclude what are the consequences of these disputes, in which the peasant struggle is bound to come across in a typical process attempts to destroy the peasantry.

This thesis provides a theoretical framework for evaluating the causes of vacant land in shrinking cities. The focus of this thesis was New Orleans and St. Louis; these two cities were selected as the case studies because they are roughly of similar age, possess a common cultural and economic heritage, and have a geographic footprint which encompasses different environmental conditions. This thesis evaluated factors that contribute to patterns of land vacancy within these two cities. Factors included in this evaluation include employment and other economic and cultural opportunities, environmental and ecological conditions, social dynamics and conditions, governmental management decisions, and 'quality of life' stressors, such as proximity to major infrastructure and industrial development. The theoretical framework described in this thesis is intended to apply to other shrinking cities beyond the case studies. A geographic information system database using historical maps and population census data were created for each city and utilized to examine temporal patterns in the relationship between land vacancy and a variety of environmental, economic, and social factors. Maps from the time of the founding of each city were geo-referenced to create a depiction of the ecological conditions prior to European settlement at the sites of New Orleans in 1718 and St. Louis in 1764, respectively. Time-series data gathered from the United States population censuses were utilized to document spatial change of the two cities as they evolved. Homo sapiens like other species compete for habitat. Access to high quality habitat within the urban ecosystem is determined by contestation between individuals and social groups, through market mechanisms and through management decisions, both utilitarian and ideological. Corruption and violence may also be factors. Individual agency is a factor in this contestation but social and cultural structures can also work to limit individual choices, particularly for minorities and low income residents, and relegate many residents to suboptimum or marginal habitat. A data analysis of both New Orleans and St. Louis showed that the quantity and location of vacant land is primarily influenced by proximity to opportunities and by proximity to major risks which impact the quality of Homo sapiens habitat. The first of these is proximity to opportunities such as employment, education, and cultural resources. The second is the presence of natural hazards, such as flooding and geological hazards, as revealed by the analysis of the historical ecology of the city. The third is the impact of local government management decisions and social planning which has spatial implications, including racially-based zoning, racial covenants, redlining, and isolation from public services and facilities such as the segregation of public schools. These decisions are often the reflection of ideology and power relationships. A fourth driver of land vacancy is proximity to risks, notably industrial lands, but also the intrusion of major infrastructure projects such as the development of the railyards and rail corridor of St. Louis, the construction of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, and the construction of Interstate highways through both cities. In some circumstances, such drivers that include the unintended consequences of utilitarian decisions. The fifth driver include socio-economic factors and the neighborhood effects of crime, and poor education. These five drivers act in different proportions in each city to influence land values which, in turn, drive levels of vacancy. This comparative investigation revealed that the impact of geophysical factors on land vacancy varies greatly between New Orleans and St. Louis. While much of New Orleans lies below sea level and is often subject to flooding and hurricanes, little of the vacant lands of St. Louis are impacted by geophysical factors. In contrast, management decisions and social planning have contributed significantly to the concentration of poverty and, in turn, land vacancy in both cities. While some of these management decisions are utilitarian in nature and intended to provide the greatest benefits for the most number of people, others are ideologically driven or reflect power relationships and in the case of both New Orleans and St. Louis, racism. Proximity to risks, such as active railroad tracks, major highways, and industrial development, also has a strong relationship to land vacancy in both cities. Land vacancy also has a strong spatial relationship with areas of low income, poor education, and crime and neighborhood effects. While an understanding of environmental history can provide a useful guide to vacant land policy, efforts to address the challenge of vacant lands must consider not only the symptoms but the underlying causes of vacancy, particularly economic and social factors. This thesis is addressed to planners, architects, urban designers, landscape architects, and elected and appointed government officials who work to address the challenges of shrinking cities. Though this thesis examined the causes of vacant land in two shrinking cities, future research should examine the application of the theoretical framework presented here to cities experiencing growth as well.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-25T14:57:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Eckert Zignani_pdf.pdf: 34154657 bytes, checksum: aad33bb169c92e697148f4ea44ff6ba7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T14:57:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clarice Eckert Zignani_pdf.pdf: 34154657 bytes, checksum: aad33bb169c92e697148f4ea44ff6ba7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-12 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / No contexto urbano da cidade de Novo Hamburgo, surgiram, a partir da obra para implementação da linha férrea em 2014, diversos vazios urbanos ao longo do percurso do trem. Possivelmente devido ao contexto de construção em malha urbana consolidada, espaços que outrora foram funcionais passaram a não ter uso. A população não criou vínculos nem ocupou a área residual formada embaixo dos trilhos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de buscar alternativas para reincorporar estas áreas na cidade e no cotidiano de seus habitantes. O trabalho iniciou com o referencial teórico acerca de conceitos necessários para a compreensão do tema de trabalho, sendo eles: vazios urbanos, cidades criativas, espaço público, mobilidade urbana, direito à cidade e lugar e não lugar. Na sequência, buscaram-se referências de transformações urbanas ocorridas, que pudessem ilustrar as possibilidades de mudança para o município hamburguense. Na continuidade, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, através da aplicação de um questionário com o intuito de identificar a percepção da população sobre o uso do espaço. A compilação de todas essas informações resultou em um projeto urbano para a área central da cidade, mais precisamente no entorno da Estação Novo Hamburgo. O princípio norteador deste projeto foi regido pela temática das cidades criativas, por entender-se que esse contexto é adequado à transformação urbana almejada. O resultado deste trabalho é, portanto, uma proposta projetual, passível de mudanças futuras e de continuidade ao longo de toda a extensão da linha férrea. / In the urban context of the city of Novo Hamburgo, Brazil, several vacant spaces emerged as a result of the implementation of an elevated railway track in 2014. Possibly due to its construction in a densely built-up area, spaces that were once functional to the city became useless. The residents did not create ties to this area, nor did they effectively occupy the area under the tracks. Our aim in this thesis is thus to seek alternatives to reintegrate such areas to the city and to the everyday life of its residents. Our thesis begins with a review of the concepts employed to grasp our object of study, including vacant spaces, creative cities, public space, urban mobility, right to the city, place/non place. After that, we reviewed urban interventions in other cities that could inspire an intervention in Novo Hamburgo. Following that, we carried out fieldwork that consisted in a questionnaire with the aim of identifying the residents’ perceptions on the use of space. After compiling all this information, we propose a project for the central area of the city, more precisely the area surrounding the city’s main train station. The guiding principle of this project is the idea of creative cities, which we believe frame the context of the urban transformations we are seeking. The result of our work is thus a proposal for intervention, open to future adjustments and to an extension to the rest of the rail track.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T11:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudio Grande Junior - 2012.pdf: 2431076 bytes, checksum: c7bcb278585085662ea0c8771d69ceea (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T12:09:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudio Grande Junior - 2012.pdf: 2431076 bytes, checksum: c7bcb278585085662ea0c8771d69ceea (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T12:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Claudio Grande Junior - 2012.pdf: 2431076 bytes, checksum: c7bcb278585085662ea0c8771d69ceea (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / This dissertation analyzes the old quarantiner prescription on state lands, if indeed that legal institution was valid in Brazil, how and when it ceased to be accepted by the legal system, because even today it is eventually sought the recognition of such prescription, consummated before the outset of the legality of the Civil Code of 1916, and how all that affects the agrarian issue. This dissertation aims to scrutinize the original legal foundations of that old original prescription of forty years, on state assets, especially on vacant lands, without losing sight of some of its possible consequences for the agrarian issue. The hypothetical-deductive method is used for research and understanding of legal rules, alongside the historical investigation of events, processes, institutions and judgeship of the past, followed by the dialectical method to overcome points of divergence found in the bibliography search. Thus it is demonstrated how, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a legal discourse on prescriptibility of certain state assets was built, including the vacant lands. It can also explains how the legal discourse was dismantled to build the current one, which preconizes the imprescriptibility of all public property, including of the vacant lands. The results make evident how exactly the understanding set out in Summula 340 of STF was built, and its limitations, which says little about the prescription of state assets before the Civil Code of 1916. Another result is the demonstration of the impossibility of state property being usucapted in Brazil before the Land Law of 1850, which made clear that only after that the conditions for both were signed, albeit with additional difficulties for vacant lands. / Esta dissertação analisa a antiga usucapião quarentenária sobre terras do Estado, se realmente houve tal possibilidade jurídica no Brasil, como e quando deixou de ser aceita pelo sistema jurídico, porque eventualmente, ainda hoje, se busca o reconhecimento desse tipo de usucapião, consumada antes do início da vigência do Código Civil de 1916, e como tudo isso repercute para a questão agrária brasileira. A dissertação tem por objetivo perquirir os fundamentos jurídicos originais dessa antiga usucapião, de quarenta anos, sobre bens do Estado, especialmente sobre terras devolutas, sem perder de vista algumas de suas possíveis implicações para a questão agrária. O método hipotético-dedutivo é utilizado para pesquisa e compreensão das normas jurídicas, ao lado da investigação histórica de acontecimentos, processos, instituições e julgados do passado, acompanhada do método dialético, para a superação dos pontos de divergência encontrados no material bibliográfico pesquisado. Consegue-se, assim, demonstrar como, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, se construiu um discurso jurídico sobre a prescritibilidade de certos bens do Estado, inclusive as terras devolutas. Consegue-se explicar também como esse discurso jurídico foi desmontado para se construir o atual, que preconiza a imprescritibilidade de todos os bens públicos, inclusive das terras devolutas. Os resultados evidenciam como exatamente se erigiu o entendimento exposto na Súmula 340 do STF e as limitações desta, que pouco diz sobre a usucapião de bens do Estado antes do Código Civil de 1916. Outro resultado é a demonstração da impossibilidade de se usucapir imóveis do Estado, no Brasil, antes da Lei de Terras de 1850, esclarecendo-se que somente depois dela se firmaram os pressupostos necessários para tanto, ainda que com dificuldades adicionais para as terras devolutas.

A luta pela terra é um processo inegável na historia do Brasil. Desde o saque gerado pelos portugueses às terras indígenas, e em sua trajetória também, a um sem número de camponeses, sempre foi marcada pela extrema violência e pelas forças díspares empregadas. Procurando entender os determinantes de um episódio ocorrido em 2009, conhecido como Caso Cutrale, quando integrantes do MST ocuparam uma unidade desta empresa, localizada entre os municípios de Iaras e Borebi, demonstrando o litigio sobre as terras legitimadas pelos movimentos sociais como passiveis de reforma agrária, uma vez que há evidências que se tratam de terras públicas, ficou clara a necessidade de investigar os condicionantes de tal manifestação, que repercutiu perante a sociedade através de um posicionamento parcial da mídia nacional, e com atuação questionável do judiciário. A terra é sinônimo de poder às elites brasileiras, e assim, é importante desdobra-se sobre o papel da terra na configuração das relações de poder e lutas de classes, principalmente após a sua transformação em mercadoria após 1850. Para tal, investigar os processos de ocupação da localidade, desde os levantamentos sobre a existência de terras devolutas, bem como a aquisição de terras através de dividas pelo Governo Federal no inicio do século XX, que lhe dá o caráter de terra publica é a chave inicial de reflexão. E como uma praxe nefasta presenciada em todo Brasil, essas terras não ficaram alheias às ações de grilagens. Logo, entender os processos que transformaram essas terras em palco de lutas e disputas, bem como a esperança de muitas famílias em ter seu pedaço de chão para plantar é que determinam as diretrizes dessa pesquisa, procurando entender as discrepâncias encontradas entre os que lutam pela terra armados pela força de vontade contra aqueles que se armam de ações judiciais, da mídia e do capital. Assim, chegaremos às conclusões sobre os desdobramentos dessas disputas, em que a luta camponesa é obrigada a se deparar, em um típico processo de tentativas de destruição do campesinato. / The struggle for land is an undeniable process in the history of Brazil. Since the loot generated by the Portuguese indigenous lands, and also in its trajectory, the countless peasants, has been marked by extreme violence and the disparate forces employed. Trying to understand the determinants of an episode occurred in 2009, known as \"Cutrale Case\" when members of the MST occupied a unit of this company, located between the towns of Iaras and Boreham, demonstrating the dispute over land legitimized by social movements as liable to agrarian reform, since there is evidence that these are public lands, there was a clear need to investigate the determinants of such expressions, that resonated in society by positioning part of the national media, and questionable actions of the judiciary. The land is synonymous with power to the Brazilian elites, and so it is important unfolds on the role of land in the configuration of power relations and class struggles, especially after its transformation into goods after 1850. To reach this aim, to investigate the processes of occupation of the town, from the surveys of the existence of vacant land as well as land acquisition through debt by the Federal Government in the early twentieth century, which gives the character of public land is the key initial reflection. And as a nefarious practice witnessed throughout Brazil, these lands were not the actions of others grilagens. Therefore, to understand the processes that transformed this land into a stage for fights and disputes, as well as the hope of many families to have their piece of land to plant that determine the guidelines of this research, trying to understand the discrepancies found between those who struggle for land by armed force of will against those who arm themselves from lawsuits, media and capital. Thus, we will conclude what are the consequences of these disputes, in which the peasant struggle is bound to come across in a typical process attempts to destroy the peasantry.

With the exponential growth of vehicles on our streets, the need for finding an unoccupied parking spot today could most of the time be problematic, but even more in the coming future. Smart parking solutions have proved to be a helpful approach to facilitate the localization of unoccupied parking spots. In many smart parking solutions, sensors are used to determine the vacancy of a parking spot. The use of sensors can provide a highly accurate solution in terms of determining the status of parking lots. However, this is not ideal from a scalability point of view, since the need for installing and maintaining each of the sensors is not considered cost-effective. In the latest years vision based solutions have been considered more when building a smart parking solution, since cameras can easily be installed and used on a large parking area. Furthermore, the use of cameras can be developed to provide a more advanced solution for checking in at a parking spot and also for providing the information about whether a vehicle is placed unlawfully. In our thesis, we developed a dynamic vision-based smart parking prototype with the aim to detect vacant parking spots and illegally parked vehicles.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Many cities around the world struggle with the presence of vacant and underutilized land in the urban environment. There is growing momentum across many municipal jurisdictions in North America to reuse public and privately held vacant and underutilized urban land on a temporary to potentially permanent basis for community-based projects; however, there are limited community-based tools available to assess the suitability of vacant land for potential reuse.</p> <p>This thesis presents three papers (Chapters 2-4) that describe the development and application of a prototype community-based decision support tool (PDSS), developed in Microsoft ExcelÒ. The PDSS provides a methodology for evaluating up to fifteen community-based reuse strategies across three green infrastructure categories: parks, urban food production, and stormwater/ecosystems management. The PDSS aids in deriving community-focused goals, objectives and solutions for the efficient reuse of vacant and underutilized land.</p> <p>The PDSS includes a vacant and underutilized land inventory for identifying and inventorying the physical and spatial attributes (i.e. location and condition) of vacant and underutilized land across the urban environment (VULI); a methodology for quantifying the suitability of vacant land for a suite of reuse strategies (SSI); a multi-objective, binary-integer programming formulation for the allocation of reuse strategies across the urban environment (LOCAL), and a tool for municipal green infrastructure investment decision-making (DECO).</p> <p>The information derived from VULI and SSI can be used by community groups to help articulate the inherent potential of these spaces for future reuse. If this methodology was adopted at the municipal level, the prototype tool has the potential to expedite applications to reuse city-owned lands on a temporary basis. LOCAL provides a methodology to facilitate the allocation of multiple reuse strategies to a single parcel, to achieve a mix of green infrastructure uses at each site, and provides users with the ability to readily generate “what-if” scenarios based on user-specified allocation constraints. DECO can be utilized to design and investigate material alternatives, maintenance schedules, and different cost regimes, which can be useful for construction and long-term preventative maintenance decision-making. Finally, the results of a tree growth-stormwater attenuation modeling exercise are presented (Chapter 5). The methodology and results presented aid in articulating the stormwater attenuating benefits of trees that are planted on a temporary basis on vacant land.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This research attempts to evaluate temporary urban regeneration potential by integrating two systems that make up an interim intervention which addresses an observed problem. The research proposes a systematic approach for a multi-system life cycle assessment model which lays out the process of working with two separate systems to provide a pathway for temporary urban development strategies. To achieve this, the research starts with identifying parameters of temporary urban regeneration through a systematic review of the literature. Key parameters are categorized based on objectives, indicators, as well as, physical characteristics of the literature explored case studies. Then, the findings are utilized to guide the proposed model of connecting two given systems to assess their joint impacts on a temporary urban regeneration system. The proposed MSLCA framework utilizes a holistic modeling structure with a process to integrate and analyze separate systems and quantify results for overall sustainability performance. Finally, the model is used to evaluate a case study involving two systems that address observed problems and provide urban services. The results explore the environmental impacts of the proposed intervention and highlight the effects of individual components on both systems. Through the implementation of the model, decisions on temporary urban intervention are guided by hotspots in the results. The findings reveal an opportunity for future research to expand the model's application to other processes and further its scope beyond environmental indicators. Subsequent studies can investigate opportunities for a holistic approach that includes economic and social aspects. / Doctor of Philosophy / The way we live in cities is heavily influenced by how they are planned. Improvident city planning could deny residents opportunities to enjoy some basic urban amenities. These problems could be self-induced as they are often a result of planning, policies, or personal habits and choice. Planners, urban designers, and regulators are constantly experimenting with different tools of urban regeneration to rediscover genuine urban experiences. This research sets out to investigate opportunities for temporary urban interventions on vacant lands in the city of Riyadh through repurposing idle shipping containers as a tool. This is to address the issues of a lack of urban services within residential subdivisions in the city, the high prevalence of vacant lands, and a wide availability of decommissioned shipping containers. The use of shipping containers for non-cargo purposes has seen an increased interest among architects and designers for their versatility and accessibility. Empty container accumulation is often a result of an unbalanced trading system which is mainly an issue of import-based countries. Therefore, the upcycling potential of intermodal containers can extend their life cycles and take advantage of their structure. It also maximizes the environmental returns of their raw materials. Through such processes of circular economy, potential waste objects can be repurposed as resources into usable structures and thus avoids the use and extraction of new raw materials. It is generally thought that the repurposing of shipping containers into building structures introduces environmental advantages when compared to traditional construction. Similarly, vacant lands are a valuable and well-established resource that can provide the setting for temporary urban interventions. Finding a joint productive use of these systems is at the center of this research as it attempts to assess the urban regeneration value of their merged utility during their idle stage. This helps address a key challenge that most urban area suffers from which is the lack of easily accessible and timely deployable temporary urban intervention to serve a particular use. This research aims to create a model that evaluates the lifecycles of temporary uses based on the joint intersection of contributing systems. The proposed Multi-System Life Cycle Assessment (MSLCA) model is to be applied to assess temporary urban regeneration interventions and help make decisions regarding appropriate approaches. The goal of the model is to propose a value-based approach based on characteristics from two systems. The resulting MSLCA model answers questions on how to apply LCA processes to a transitional intervention with new processes. In doing so, it highlights parameters for systems integration and processes for planning appropriate scenarios for urban interventions. It also highlights the need for unique system boundaries and specifies approaches for system assessment and interpretation. Finally, it provides broader impact categories beyond environmental impacts to consider specific economic and social indicators.