Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Restricted until May 2003. Bibliography: leaves 152-162.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversit, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

El documento digital no refiere un asesor / Determina mediante el uso de redes neuronales - Red kohonen la eficiencia que produce las diferentes aplicaciones de fosfitos a nivel foliar y radicular contra la enfermedad Phytopthora Cinnamoni en plantas de arándanos (Vaccinium Corymbosum) - Biloxi. Para lo cual se: se elabora dos cuadros de datos, para analizar el comportamiento del tamaño y el diámetro de las plántulas en las diferentes toma de tiempos, se elabora un cuadro para la toma de datos del tamaño de la raíz, se elabora un cuadro para la toma de datos del peso fresco y seco del follaje, se elabora un cuadro para la toma de datos para el peso seco y fresco de la raíz, se crea un programa en Matlab con uso de redes neuronales - Red kohonen, se crea varias redes con distintas cantidades de clusters, por ejemplo: tamaño de la planta vs diámetro de la planta, tamaño de la planta vs raíz, etc., en cada una de estas se crea la red de kohonen al inicio y al final con 2, 3, 4, y 7 clusters, observando en cada una de ellas la eficiencia de los fosfitos ante los fungicidas. Los resultados de estos grupos son comparados con diferentes grupos de clusters, teniendo así el resultado de la eficiencia del uso de los fosfitos y los fungicidas en las plántulas para este experimento. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

In this thesis has been mapped the current condition and expansion of the vegetation with a focus on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) between 2000 and 2012 in large-scale protected area Praděd by using the methods of remote sensing. For the mapping of the total surface area of 144 hectares was used supervised and unsupervised classification of image data. From the results arised that a species of Vaccinium myrtillus has spread out to vegetation above tree line.

O mirtilo (Vaccinium spp.) é um fruto ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil, porém com grande potencial produtivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Estudos relatam propriedades benéficas à saúde e elevada capacidade antioxidante deste fruto, associadas à presença de compostos bioativos, especialmente os antociânicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar o mirtilo orgânico Rabbiteye, cultivado no RS, e seus produtos derivados, bem como avaliar a estabilidade das antocianinas e da capacidade antioxidante no armazenado sob refrigeração (4 ºC) de suco integral de mirtilo por dez dias, no congelamento dos frutos (-18 ºC) durante seis meses e na desidratação do mirtilo (a 70, 80 e 90 ºC). Para isso, realizaram-se análises físico-químicas, mediu-se a atividade antioxidante, através dos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e determinou-se o conteúdo de antocianinas por cromatografia líquida e espectroscopia. O mirtilo cultivado no RS apresentou capacidade antioxidante superior a de outros frutos e sucos. Quanto às antocianinas, os frutos obtiveram média superior ou inferior à de mirtilos de outras espécies e origens, porém sendo encontradas similaridades no perfil. Tanto as passas quanto o bagaço e a farinha produzida pela secagem deste resíduo sofreram perdas no processamento, mas retendo ainda grande quantidade de compostos antociânicos e atividade antioxidante. Durante o congelamento, os frutos apresentaram aumento significativo (p<0,05) na atividade antioxidante no terceiro mês, sofrendo queda ao final de seis meses, porém mantendo ainda valor superior ao “in natura”. O suco foi analisado a cada dois dias e teve a atividade antioxidante afetada a partir do oitavo dia de armazenamento, permanecendo constante até o décimo dia. As antocianinas sofreram perdas significativas tanto no congelamento dos frutos (59 %) quanto na refrigeração do suco (83 %), porém algumas degradando mais do que outras, provavelmente por diferenças na estrutura química. A capacidade antioxidante do mirtilo aumentou durante a primeira metade do tratamento térmico a 80 ºC e, após 3 h, sofreu redução significativa (p<0,05) até o final do processo. As antocianinas apresentaram tempo de meia-vida médio de 7,7 h e 6,8 h para as secagens a 70 e 80 ºC, respectivamente. A estabilidade dos compostos bioativos está relacionada tanto com a magnitude quanto com a duração do tratamento térmico. Mais estudos são necessários a fim de otimizar o tempo e a temperatura de estocagem e processamento de tais produtos. / Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a little-known fruit in Brazil, but with great productive potential in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Studies have reported properties beneficial to the health and high antioxidant capacity of this fruit, associated with the presence of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins. This study aimed to characterize the organic Rabbiteye blueberry grown in RS, and their products, as well as evaluating the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of whole blueberry juice stored under refrigeration (4 °C) for ten days, of fruits stored frozen (-18 °C) for six months and of the dehydration of blueberries (at 70, 80 and 90 °C). For this, physicochemical analyses were carried out, the antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH and ABTS methods, and the content of anthocyanins was determined by liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. Blueberries grown in RS showed higher antioxidant capacity than other fruits and juices. For anthocyanins, the fruits had higher or lower average than other species of blueberries and origins, but similarities had been found in the profile. Both dried fruit and pomace, as well as the flour produced by drying of this residue, they all suffered losses in their process, but still retaining large amounts of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. During freezing, the fruits showed a significant increase (p<0,05) in antioxidant activity in the third month, decreasing in the end of six months, although still maintaining a value higher than that of the “in natura” fruit. The juice was analyzed every two days and the antioxidant activity was affected in the eighth day of storage, remaining stable up to the tenth day. Anthocyanins have suffered significant losses in both frozen fruits (59 %) and refrigerated juice (83 %), but some degrading more than others, probably due to differences in their chemical structure. The antioxidant capacity of blueberry increased during the first half of the heat treatment at 80 °C, and after 3 h was significantly decreased (p<0,05) til the end of the process. Anthocyanins showed half-life average about 7,7 h and 6,8 h for drying at 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The stability of bioactive compounds is related to both the magnitude and duration of heat treatment. Further studies are needed to optimize the time and temperature of storage and processing of such products.

O mirtilo (Vaccinium spp.) é um fruto ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil, porém com grande potencial produtivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Estudos relatam propriedades benéficas à saúde e elevada capacidade antioxidante deste fruto, associadas à presença de compostos bioativos, especialmente os antociânicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar o mirtilo orgânico Rabbiteye, cultivado no RS, e seus produtos derivados, bem como avaliar a estabilidade das antocianinas e da capacidade antioxidante no armazenado sob refrigeração (4 ºC) de suco integral de mirtilo por dez dias, no congelamento dos frutos (-18 ºC) durante seis meses e na desidratação do mirtilo (a 70, 80 e 90 ºC). Para isso, realizaram-se análises físico-químicas, mediu-se a atividade antioxidante, através dos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e determinou-se o conteúdo de antocianinas por cromatografia líquida e espectroscopia. O mirtilo cultivado no RS apresentou capacidade antioxidante superior a de outros frutos e sucos. Quanto às antocianinas, os frutos obtiveram média superior ou inferior à de mirtilos de outras espécies e origens, porém sendo encontradas similaridades no perfil. Tanto as passas quanto o bagaço e a farinha produzida pela secagem deste resíduo sofreram perdas no processamento, mas retendo ainda grande quantidade de compostos antociânicos e atividade antioxidante. Durante o congelamento, os frutos apresentaram aumento significativo (p<0,05) na atividade antioxidante no terceiro mês, sofrendo queda ao final de seis meses, porém mantendo ainda valor superior ao “in natura”. O suco foi analisado a cada dois dias e teve a atividade antioxidante afetada a partir do oitavo dia de armazenamento, permanecendo constante até o décimo dia. As antocianinas sofreram perdas significativas tanto no congelamento dos frutos (59 %) quanto na refrigeração do suco (83 %), porém algumas degradando mais do que outras, provavelmente por diferenças na estrutura química. A capacidade antioxidante do mirtilo aumentou durante a primeira metade do tratamento térmico a 80 ºC e, após 3 h, sofreu redução significativa (p<0,05) até o final do processo. As antocianinas apresentaram tempo de meia-vida médio de 7,7 h e 6,8 h para as secagens a 70 e 80 ºC, respectivamente. A estabilidade dos compostos bioativos está relacionada tanto com a magnitude quanto com a duração do tratamento térmico. Mais estudos são necessários a fim de otimizar o tempo e a temperatura de estocagem e processamento de tais produtos. / Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a little-known fruit in Brazil, but with great productive potential in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Studies have reported properties beneficial to the health and high antioxidant capacity of this fruit, associated with the presence of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins. This study aimed to characterize the organic Rabbiteye blueberry grown in RS, and their products, as well as evaluating the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of whole blueberry juice stored under refrigeration (4 °C) for ten days, of fruits stored frozen (-18 °C) for six months and of the dehydration of blueberries (at 70, 80 and 90 °C). For this, physicochemical analyses were carried out, the antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH and ABTS methods, and the content of anthocyanins was determined by liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. Blueberries grown in RS showed higher antioxidant capacity than other fruits and juices. For anthocyanins, the fruits had higher or lower average than other species of blueberries and origins, but similarities had been found in the profile. Both dried fruit and pomace, as well as the flour produced by drying of this residue, they all suffered losses in their process, but still retaining large amounts of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. During freezing, the fruits showed a significant increase (p<0,05) in antioxidant activity in the third month, decreasing in the end of six months, although still maintaining a value higher than that of the “in natura” fruit. The juice was analyzed every two days and the antioxidant activity was affected in the eighth day of storage, remaining stable up to the tenth day. Anthocyanins have suffered significant losses in both frozen fruits (59 %) and refrigerated juice (83 %), but some degrading more than others, probably due to differences in their chemical structure. The antioxidant capacity of blueberry increased during the first half of the heat treatment at 80 °C, and after 3 h was significantly decreased (p<0,05) til the end of the process. Anthocyanins showed half-life average about 7,7 h and 6,8 h for drying at 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The stability of bioactive compounds is related to both the magnitude and duration of heat treatment. Further studies are needed to optimize the time and temperature of storage and processing of such products.

O mirtilo (Vaccinium spp.) é um fruto ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil, porém com grande potencial produtivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Estudos relatam propriedades benéficas à saúde e elevada capacidade antioxidante deste fruto, associadas à presença de compostos bioativos, especialmente os antociânicos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos caracterizar o mirtilo orgânico Rabbiteye, cultivado no RS, e seus produtos derivados, bem como avaliar a estabilidade das antocianinas e da capacidade antioxidante no armazenado sob refrigeração (4 ºC) de suco integral de mirtilo por dez dias, no congelamento dos frutos (-18 ºC) durante seis meses e na desidratação do mirtilo (a 70, 80 e 90 ºC). Para isso, realizaram-se análises físico-químicas, mediu-se a atividade antioxidante, através dos métodos DPPH e ABTS, e determinou-se o conteúdo de antocianinas por cromatografia líquida e espectroscopia. O mirtilo cultivado no RS apresentou capacidade antioxidante superior a de outros frutos e sucos. Quanto às antocianinas, os frutos obtiveram média superior ou inferior à de mirtilos de outras espécies e origens, porém sendo encontradas similaridades no perfil. Tanto as passas quanto o bagaço e a farinha produzida pela secagem deste resíduo sofreram perdas no processamento, mas retendo ainda grande quantidade de compostos antociânicos e atividade antioxidante. Durante o congelamento, os frutos apresentaram aumento significativo (p<0,05) na atividade antioxidante no terceiro mês, sofrendo queda ao final de seis meses, porém mantendo ainda valor superior ao “in natura”. O suco foi analisado a cada dois dias e teve a atividade antioxidante afetada a partir do oitavo dia de armazenamento, permanecendo constante até o décimo dia. As antocianinas sofreram perdas significativas tanto no congelamento dos frutos (59 %) quanto na refrigeração do suco (83 %), porém algumas degradando mais do que outras, provavelmente por diferenças na estrutura química. A capacidade antioxidante do mirtilo aumentou durante a primeira metade do tratamento térmico a 80 ºC e, após 3 h, sofreu redução significativa (p<0,05) até o final do processo. As antocianinas apresentaram tempo de meia-vida médio de 7,7 h e 6,8 h para as secagens a 70 e 80 ºC, respectivamente. A estabilidade dos compostos bioativos está relacionada tanto com a magnitude quanto com a duração do tratamento térmico. Mais estudos são necessários a fim de otimizar o tempo e a temperatura de estocagem e processamento de tais produtos. / Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a little-known fruit in Brazil, but with great productive potential in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Studies have reported properties beneficial to the health and high antioxidant capacity of this fruit, associated with the presence of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins. This study aimed to characterize the organic Rabbiteye blueberry grown in RS, and their products, as well as evaluating the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of whole blueberry juice stored under refrigeration (4 °C) for ten days, of fruits stored frozen (-18 °C) for six months and of the dehydration of blueberries (at 70, 80 and 90 °C). For this, physicochemical analyses were carried out, the antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH and ABTS methods, and the content of anthocyanins was determined by liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. Blueberries grown in RS showed higher antioxidant capacity than other fruits and juices. For anthocyanins, the fruits had higher or lower average than other species of blueberries and origins, but similarities had been found in the profile. Both dried fruit and pomace, as well as the flour produced by drying of this residue, they all suffered losses in their process, but still retaining large amounts of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. During freezing, the fruits showed a significant increase (p<0,05) in antioxidant activity in the third month, decreasing in the end of six months, although still maintaining a value higher than that of the “in natura” fruit. The juice was analyzed every two days and the antioxidant activity was affected in the eighth day of storage, remaining stable up to the tenth day. Anthocyanins have suffered significant losses in both frozen fruits (59 %) and refrigerated juice (83 %), but some degrading more than others, probably due to differences in their chemical structure. The antioxidant capacity of blueberry increased during the first half of the heat treatment at 80 °C, and after 3 h was significantly decreased (p<0,05) til the end of the process. Anthocyanins showed half-life average about 7,7 h and 6,8 h for drying at 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The stability of bioactive compounds is related to both the magnitude and duration of heat treatment. Further studies are needed to optimize the time and temperature of storage and processing of such products.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Gisely_Correa_de_ Moura.pdf: 1456856 bytes, checksum: a3fd8db6d755c1cf10e22331700a2e0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-31 / The Blueberry is a temperate fruit tree traditionally grown in the North hemisphere, which has great economic importance. In Brazil the blueberry tree culture is still in development phase being necessary to develop an efficient and competitive production system that ensures the entrance on the world market. This work aimed to evaluate the growth, yield and fruits quality of blueberry trees using different types of mulching and nitrogen doses. The experiments were carried out at commercial orchard, located at Morro Redondo-RS from March 2007 at March 2009. Blueberry plants cultivars Climax and Bluegem were used for two experiments with mulching and Powderblue for that with nitrogen. In the beginning of the first year, the plants were 4 years old and with space of 1m among plants and 3m among rows. For those with mulching, the experimental design was a randomized blocks with 4 repetitions, three plants per plot and five treatments: T1: plot without mulching (control); T2: natural mulching (native and exotic species commonly found in areas of fruit cultivation); T3: eucalyptus sawdust; T4: pinus needle and T5: rice hull. For the experiment with nitrogen, the experimental design was that of randomized blocks with three repetitions and three plants per plot. Different nitrogen doses using ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 with 21% of N as source were adopted, applying 5, 10, 15 e 20 grams plant-1 (16,66; 33,33; 49,99 e 66,66kg ha-1), divided in monthly doses of 5g per plant and the control constituted that without nitrogen. The different treatments with mulching did not present difference on the fruit yield and growth of branches in the two years for the two experiments. The physico-chemical characteristics were not affected with the mulching used, however the fruit phenols content was higher in plants that did not receive mulching. The N different doses only presented crescent and linear growth of branches in the first year. The yield fruits were not influenced by N different doses in the two years, as well as, the physico-chemical characteristics and nutraceutical quality did not differ for N treatments. / Resumo: Frutífera de clima temperado, o mirtileiro é cultivado tradicionalmente no hemisfério norte, onde tem grande importância econômica. No Brasil a cultura ainda está em fase de desenvolvimento, sendo necessário criar um sistema de produção eficiente e competitivo, que garanta seu ingresso no mercado mundial. Esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos de plantas de mirtileiros, utilizando diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo e diferentes doses de nitrogênio. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um pomar comercial, localizado no município de Morro Redondo RS, entre março de 2007 e março de 2009. Foram utilizadas plantas de mirtileiro da cultivar Climax e Bluegem para os dois experimentos de cobertura do solo e Powderblue para o experimento com nitrogênio. No início do primeiro ano, em 2007 as plantas encontravam-se com 4 anos de idade, implantadas com espaçamento de 1m entre plantas por 3m entre filas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, com três plantas por parcela e cinco tratamentos, para os experimentos, com cobertura do solo: T1: capina (manutenção da parcela sem nenhuma cobertura); T2: cobertura natural (espécies vegetais nativas e exóticas comumente encontradas em áreas de cultivo de espécies frutíferas, na região); T3: serragem de eucalipto; T4: acícula de pínus e T5: casca de arroz. Para o experimento com nitrogênio, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, e três plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos foram diferentes doses de nitrogênio, utilizando como fonte o sulfato de amônio (NH4)2SO4 com 21% de N. Aplicou-se 5, 10, 15 e 20 gramas de nitrogênio planta-1 (16,66; 33,33; 49,99 e 66,66kg ha-1), parcelados em doses mensais de 5 gramas de nitrogênio por planta, sendo o tratamento testemunha sem nitrogênio. Os diferentes tratamentos com cobertura do solo não apresentam diferença no rendimento de frutos e no crescimento de ramos de mirtileiro nos dois anos, para os dois experimentos avaliados. As características físico-químicas dos frutos não foram alteradas com os diferentes tipos de cobertura utilizados, porém, o teor de fenóis dos frutos foi superior em plantas que não receberam cobertura vegetal. As diferentes doses de N apresentaram crescimento dos ramos crescente e linear apenas no primeiro ano de avaliação, não ocorrendo diferença no segundo ano de avaliação. O rendimento de frutos não foi influenciado pelas diferentes doses de nitrogênio nos dois anos de avaliação do experimento, da mesma forma, as características físico-químicas e a qualidade nutracêutica não diferiram, para os diferentes tratamentos com nitrogênio.

Abstract Plant reproductive success is affected by a number of factors, such as climatic conditions and plant resource status during flowering and fruiting, and pollen origin in fertilization. In the present thesis project, different aspects of plant reproductive ecology were investigated in order to identify constraints on sexual reproduction and seed set in two clonal dwarf shrubs (Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea) and one long-lived perennial herb (Campanula rotundifolia). The work comprised phenological observations and experiments with the clonal shrubs at natural boreal forest sites in the Oulanka National Park in northern Finland. The impact of mycorrhiza on C. rotundifolia fitness traits was tested in hand pollinations in a greenhouse experiment. Pollen origin had some effect on fruit set, and had strong effects on the number of matured seeds in all three species. Seed yield reductions upon hand self-pollination as compared with hand cross-pollination were attributed to inbreeding depression in V. myrtillus, and presumably to partial self-incompatibility in C. rotundifolia. V. myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea showed a population structure where the number of matured seeds per fruit increased with increasing distance between pollen donor and pollen recipient. Clonal growth in concert with the foraging behaviour of bumblebee pollinators is thought to cause the possibility of either uniparental or biparental inbreeding, with a strong effect on the number of matured seeds per berry. In a flower-removal experiment lasting three years, costs of fruiting to future fecundity and vegetative traits were observed, but not to future survival in V. vitis-idaea and V. myrtillus. The response was more pronounced in the evergreen than in the deciduous species. In Campanula rotundifolia, mycorrhiza was associated with a cost to the plants' reproductive effort, as plant biomass and the number of flowers produced per plant were decreased in mycorrhizal plants in comparison with non-mycorrhizal plants. There was no difference in seed number, seed weight or germination between the seeds of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. However, the offspring of mycorrhizal plants had a higher relative growth rate, while also having a higher seed phosphorus concentration. In summary, sexual reproduction was variably constrained by previous reproduction in Vaccinium, and contrary to expectations, by mycorrhiza in Campanula. However, mycorrhiza had positive effects on some measures of offspring fitness. In all three species, self-pollination limited seed production.

Perturbations to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell migration and invasion are associated with the development of placenta-mediated diseases. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to influence cell migration and invasion in models of tumorigenesis and non-cancerous, healthy cells; however, never shown in EVT cells. We hypothesize that polyphenols present in V. angustifolium leaves will promote trophoblast migration and invasion through ERK and AKT activation. Using the HTR-8/SVneo cell line as a model for EVT cells, the leaf extract increased trophoblast migration and invasion, in an ERK- and AKT-independent manner, and had no effect on cell proliferation or viability. One major polyphenol of the leaf extract was identified and may be an active compound. We have demonstrated for the first time that V. angustifolium leaf extract increases EVT migration and invasion in vitro, thus further investigations examining potential therapeutic applications of this extract in the context of placenta-mediated diseases are warranted.