Energieffektivisering börjar bli ett eftersträvande mål runtom i världen. Detta grundar sig i att energiförbrukningen för byggnader uppgår till ca 40 % globalt, en siffra som man vill få ner. Men att uppnå en energieffektiv byggnad är inte lätt. Detta kan göras på många och olika sätt. Ett av dem är att energieffektivisera fönstren, som är en byggnads svagaste punkt pga dess höga U-värde. Val av fönster är inte lätt, och det finns ett flertal alternativ att välja bland. I kalla klimat som Sverige söker man fönster med lågt U-värde och högt g-värde, samt en hög avskärmningsfaktor. I varmare länder vill man också ha ett lågt U-värde hos fönster men fokusen ligger främst på en låg avskärmningsfaktor. Syftet med uppsatsen var att hitta de mest energieffektiva fönstren, oavsett kostnad, för byggnader som befinner sig i länder med kallare klimat. Det var också av vikt att få veta lönsamheten för fönstren i fråga, därför har även kostnadsfrågor belysts. Metodvalen var informationssökning i olika databaser och litteratur samt att olika företag inom fönsterbranschen kontaktades, vilket ledde till att relevant och önskvärd information erhölls. Därefter fortskred arbetet genom kalkyleringar för energibalansen och lönsamheten. Vacuumfönster, aerogelfönster samt kromogena fönster hör till framtida fönster som kan tillföra positiva inverkan på energibalansen för byggnader. Men dessa fönster är i nuläget inte helt färdigutvecklade, fast har potential att bli världsledande. Vacuumfönster och kromogena fönster är i nuläget bättre lämpade för varmare klimat. Lyckas man komma längre med deras nutida utveckling är det inte omöjligt att anpassa de för kallare klimat. Aerogelfönster ger mest energibesparing vid byte av fönster, men pga vissa optiska egenskaper och komplicerad tillverkning av produkten är den i nuläget inte optimal vid ett fönsterbyte. De framtida fönstren är ej heller ekonomiskt försvarbara, det finns i dagsläget kommersiella energieffektiva fönster som är billigare att införskaffa och ger ett ansenligt bra resultat för en byggnads energibalans. / Energy optimization is starting to be a pursued worldwide main goal. This is based on the global energy consumption that occurs in buildings, which is about 40 percent. There is no doubt that this value needs to be lowered. But to achieve an energy efficient building is not easy. Although, this can be done in many and different ways. One of them is to optimize the windows, which is a buildings weakest point due to its high U-value.The choice of windows can be a harsh decision, there’s plenty of windows to choose among. In heating dominated climates, as the one in Sweden, it is necessary to choose windows with low U-values and high g-values, also a high solar heat gain coefficient/shading coefficient is required. A window with a low U-value is also important in cooling dominated climates but the main focus is instead on a low shading coefficient, which is not the case in this thesis. The purpose is to find the most energy efficient window that lowers the need for active heating in buildings, and also reveal and discuss the cost issues for the chosen windows.By searching in scientific databases and contacting companies active in the window industry the desired information was obtained. Calculations including the energy balance and present value were made, which gave an indication of the profitability for the different windows. Vacuum, aerogel and chromogenic window are examples of future windows which can have a positive impact on the energy balance in buildings. Yet these windows are currently not fully developed, but have potential to be highly valuable types of windows. Vacuum and chromogenic windows are better suited for cooling dominated climates. However if the development succeed where a big progress will be made it will not be impossible to suit them for heating dominated climates too. Aerogel windows have the best impact on the energy savings when replacing windows, but due to some optical attributes and a complicated manufacturing of the product aerogel windows are currently not an optimal choice for window replacement. The future windows isn’t either economically viable. For now, there are other commercially energy efficient windows that are cheaper to purchase. They also show an acceptable good result on the energy balance for a building.

L’émission électronique par effet de champ est un domaine qui concerne de nombreuses applications techniques. Dans ce travail, nous avons réalisé une étude essentiellement expérimentale des différents paramètres susceptibles d’avoir une influence sur l’émission électronique. En première partie, nous exposons les résultats obtenus pour un champ électrique homogène correspondant aux faibles intensités de courant. Le rôle de la distance inter-électrodes à champ constant et l’influence de la rugosité de surface sur l’émission électronique ont été étudiés. Nous discutons la méthode classique de Fowler-Nordheim utilisée pour le dépouillement des mesures en y portant un regard critique. Un modèle simple visant à prendre en compte l’échauffement des sites émetteurs est proposé. La seconde partie concerne l’effet de l’injection de gaz sur l’émission électronique, effet qui se traduit par une diminution du courant émis quand on augmente la pression de 10⁻⁶ Pa à 10⁻² Pa à champ macroscopique constant. Nous exposons des résultats montrant un effet de seuil concernant l’apparition de l’effet du gaz sur l’émission électronique. Nous présentons également des résultats pour différents matériaux de cathode et pour différents gaz (He, H₂, N₂, Ar). Une réversibilité de cet effet est montrée après le pompage pour redescendre à 10⁻⁵ Pa. La décroissance de courant par effet de gaz est interprétée par la diminution de la valeur du facteur d’accroissement local du champ électrique (β) au niveau des émetteurs à cause du bombardement de ces sites par les ions créés à leur proximité. Un calcul du flux d’ions bombardant un site émissif a permis d’estimer le temps nécessaire pour modifier un émetteur de façon cohérente avec les observations expérimentales. La théorie de la migration des atomes en surface de l’électrode en présence d’un champ électrique est proposée pour expliquer la réversibilité de l’effet de gaz observée qui est, selon cette théorie, liée à l’augmentation de la valeur de β au niveau des émetteurs. / Field electronic emission is a domain which concerns numerous different technical applications. In this work, we have taken an essentially experimental approach to study various parameters having influence on field emission. In the first part of the thesis, we have described the results obtained with a homogeneous electric field with relatively weak field emission. The role of the inter-electrode distance at constants field as well as that of the cathode surface roughness on field emission are studied. The classical method of Fowler-Norheim was then used for the analysis of the measurements. A simple model aiming to take into account the effect of the heating of the emission sites is then proposed. The second part of the theses concerns the effect of the injection of gas on the field emission; this effect being to significantly reduce emission intensity when the gas pressure is raised from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻² Pa at constant field. A threshold value of emission intensity is shown to be necessary for the observation of this gas effect. The effect of different gas types (He, H₂, N₂, Ar) and cathode materials are also described. The gas effect is shown to be reversible upon lowering of the gas pressure to 10⁻⁵ Pa. The reduction in current is interpreted by a lowering of the field enhancement factor (β) of emission sites by ionic bombardment by ions created locally (within distances on the order of microns) near the cathode surface. A calculation of the flux of bombarding ions is used to estimate the time necessary to modify an emission site in a way corresponding to the observations. The phenomenon of surface migration in the presence of intense electric field is then proposed to explain the reversibility of the gas effect, increasing the local field enhancement factor.

Cette thèse fait l’objet du développement d’un modèle numérique de la phase d’imprégnation d’une préforme lors du procédé de fabrication d’un matériau composite par infusion sous vide de type VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion). La caractérisation in situ du comportement mécanique dans l’épaisseur d’une préforme (essais d’infusion réels) est confrontée à sa caractérisation ex situ par une machine de traction/compression. L’effet de différents paramètres est mis en valeur sur le comportement de la préforme (type de chargement appliqué, état de saturation, influence de la viscosité du fluide et de la vitesse de déformation). Les essais ont révélé le caractère viscoélastique d’un renfort de type tissé lors de sa décompression à l’état imprégné et ont permis la définition d’une loi de comportement viscoélastique non-linéaire du renfort lors de cette phase. En vue d’étendre l’usage de cette loi de comportement mécanique à une large gamme de renforts, la même démarche expérimentale est appliquée au cas d’un renfort de type mat, au comportement élastique non-linéaire. La forme générale de la loi de comportement proposée se veut être adaptée à la description des deux types de renforts testés, où les éventuels effets viscoélastiques sont pris en compte selon le renfort étudié. Suite à l’implantation de la nouvelle loi de comportement dans un code numérique dédié à la simulation de la phase de remplissage d’un moule, la comparaison entre les résultats numériques et ceux des essais d’infusion sous vide prouve la fiabilité de ce nouveau modèle pour ces deux renforts à l’architecture bien distincte. / This thesis focuses on the development of a numerical model for the preform impregnation during the VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion) process for the manufacturing of a composite material. The in situ characterization of the mechanical behavior in the thickness direction of a preform (real infusion tests) was compared with an ex situ characterization by a universal testing machine. The preform behavior was characterized for different parameters such as loading type, saturation state, influence of fluid viscosity and strain rate. All the tests revealed the viscoelastic behavior of a woven fabric during its decompression in the impregnated state, leading to the definition of a non-linear viscoelastic constitutive law of the woven fabric during this phase. To extend the use of this mechanical constitutive law to a wide range of fabrics, the same experimental approach was applied to the case of a random mat fabric with non-linear elastic behavior. The generalized form of the constitutive law is adapted to the description of the two types of fabrics while the potential viscoelastic effects are taken into account according to the fabric type. After the implementation of the new constitutive law in a numerical code for the simulation of a mold filling process, the comparison between numerical and experimental results has proved the reliability of the new numerical model for these two reinforcements with distinct architectures.

This thesis presents the development of wafer level vacuum packaging processes using Au-Si eutectic and glass frit bonding contributing to the improvement of packaging concepts for a variety of MEMS devices. In the first phase of this research, micromachined resonators and pirani vacuum gauges are designed for the evaluation of the vacuum package performance. These designs are verified using MATLAB and Coventorware finite element modeling tool. Designed resonators and pirani vacuum gauges and previously developed gyroscopes with lateral feedthroughs are fabricated with a newly developed Silicon-On-Glass (SOG) process. In addition to these, a process for the fabrication of similar devices with vertical feedthroughs is initiated for achieving simplified packaging process and lower parasitic capacitances. Cap wafers for both types of devices with lateral and vertical feedthroughs are designed and fabricated. The optimization of Au-Si eutectic bonding is carried out on both planar and non-planar surfaces. The bonding quality is evaluated using the deflection test, which is based on the deflection of a thinned diaphragm due to the pressure difference between inside and outside the package. A 100% yield bonding on planar surfaces is achieved at 390&ordm / C with a v holding time and bond force of 60 min and 1500 N, respectively. On the other hand, bonding on surfaces where 0.15&mu / m feedthrough lines exist can be done at 420&ordm / C with a 100% yield using same holding time and bond force. Furthermore, glass frit bonding on glass wafers with lateral feedthroughs is performed at temperatures between 435-450&ordm / C using different holding periods and bond forces. The yield is varied from %33 to %99.4 depending on the process parameters. The fabricated devices are wafer level vacuum packaged using the optimized glass frit and Au-Si eutectic bonding recipes. The performances of wafer level packages are evaluated using the integrated gyroscopes, resonators, and pirani vacuum gauges. Pressures ranging from 10 mTorr to 60 mTorr and 0.1 Torr to 0.7 Torr are observed in the glass frit packages, satisfying the requirements of various MEMS devices in the literature. It is also optically verified that Au-Si eutectic packages result in vacuum cavities, and further study is needed to quantify the vacuum level with vacuum sensors based on the resonating structures and pirani vacuum gauges.

Vacuum technology is ubiquitous in the high tech industries and scientific endeavors. Since vacuum pumps are critical to operation, semiconductor manufacturers desire reliable operations, ability to schedule downtime, and less costly maintenance services. To better cope with difficult maintenance issues, interests in novel fault diagnosis techniques are growing. This study concerns model based fault diagnosis and isolation (MB-FDI) of dry vacuum pumps in the semiconductor industry. Faults alter normal operation of a vacuum pump resulting in performance deviations, discovered by measurements. Simulations using an appropriate mathematical model with suitably chosen parameters can mimic faulty behavior. This research focuses on the construction of a detailed multi-stage dry vacuum pump model for MB-FDI, and the development of a simple and efficient FDI method to analyze common incipient faults such as particulate deposition and gas leak inside the pump. The pump model features 0-D thermo-fluid dynamics, scalable geometric representations of Roots blower, claw pumps and inter-stage port interfaces, a unified pipe model seamlessly connecting from free molecular to turbulent regimes, sophisticated internal leakage model considering true pump geometry and tribological aspects, and systematic assembly of a multi-stage configuration using single stage pump models. Design of a simple FDI technique for the dry vacuum pump includes staged fault simulations using faulty pump models, parametric study of faulty pump behaviors, and design of a health indicator based on classification. The main research contributions include the developments of an accurate multi-stage dry pump model with many features not found in existing pump models, and the design of a simple MB-FDI technique to detect and isolate the common faults found in dry vacuum pumps. The proposed dry pump model can pave the way for the future development of advanced MB-FDI methods, also performance improvement of existing dry vacuum pumps. The proposed fault classification charts can serve as a quick guideline for vacuum pump manufactures to isolate roots causes from faulty symptoms. / text

The diploma thesis deals with study of behavior of fibrous organic insulants under greatly reduced pressure (even to vacuum). Development, production and durability of vacuum insulating panels are described in the theoretical part as well as principles of heat transfer. Method for production of core of VIP, created using waste fibers from textile industry and agriculture, is described in the practical part. Verification of behavior during normal and reduced pressure (even to vacuum) was carried out on experimentally made core insulants.

In this master’s thesis, a preliminary thermodynamic calculation of the turbine is made. Then, the design and location of the vacuum breaker is devised for this turbine. The aim of the master’s thesis is to calculate a time needed to break the vacuum, ie to determine how long it takes to reach the atmospheric pressure inside the turbine and add-on devices. To verify and improve the accuracy of the calculation there are data measured on real projects used.

The author of master's thesis submit study of alternative solution sewerage in Nasarvky. He made passportization and he design gravity, pressure and vacuum sewerage for the area of interest. He deals with the problems about storm sewerage and he design suitable solution. The study content issues technical and economic variants valorization. Object of study is recommendation the best alternative sewerage in Nasavrky.

Aim: This review aims to describe the existing evidence base for using elevated vacuum suspension and pin-lock suspension systems in regards to fluctuations of limb volume, balance, effect on gait (spatial and temporal, kinematic, and kinetic data), and in-socket movement (pistoning and transverse forces). Background: There is a growing population with a TT amputation thus there is an increased demand for TT prosthetic solutions. There are a multitude of different suspension methods with different drawbacks and benefits. This review investigates elevated vacuum suspension (EVS) and pin-lock suspension systems. Method: A systematic search was conducted in Medline, PubMed, and Scopus, and included or excluded articles per the eligibility criteria. The chosen studies will be carefully read and critically appraised for their quality of evidence. Results: 13 articles were found that matched the eligibility criteria and aim, 5 articles included pin-lock suspension systems and 9 included EVS systems. 3 looked at limb volume fluctuation, 1 at balance, 4 at in-socket movement (transverse forces and pistoning), and 8 at the quality of gait (temporal and spatial, kinematic, and kinetic). Conclusion: Several of the articles included in this review indicate that EVS results in better performance on balance tests, higher velocity, and a more stable residual limb volume than other suspension systems. Furthermore, it was shown that prosthetic users with an EVS had more normal values in their ROM during gait and less in-socket movement. / Syfte: Den här litteraturöversikten syftar till att beskriva den befintliga evidensbasen för användning av aktivt vakuum-suspension och pinnlås suspension med avseende på fluktuationer i extremitetvolym, balans, effekt på gång (spatial och temporal, kinematisk, och kinetiska data) och rörelse i hylsan (vertikala och tvärkrafter). Bakgrund: Det finns en ökande population som genomgår en transtibial amputation alltså finns en ökad efterfrågan på transtibiala-proteslösningar. Det finns en mängd olika suspensionsmetoder med olika nackdelar och fördelar. Denna recension undersöker eleverad vakuum-suspesnion och pin-lås-suspension. Metod: En systematisk sökning genomfördes i Medline, PubMed och Scopus och inkluderade eller exkluderade artiklar enligt behörighetskriterierna. De valda studierna kommer att läsas noggrant och kritiskt bedömas för deras metodologiska kvalité. Resultat: 13 artiklar hittades som matchade behörighetskriterierna och syftet. 5 artiklar undersökte pin-lås-suspension och 9 undersökte aktivt vakuum-suspension. 3 tittade på volymfluktuationer i extremiteterna, 1 på balans, 4 på rörelse i socket (vertikala och tvärkrafter) och 8 på kvaliteten på gång (temporal och rumslig, kinematisk och kinetisk). Slutsats: Denna litteraturöversikt visade att aktiv vakuum resulterar i att prestera bättre vid balanstester, har högre hastighet och en stabilare extremitet volym än andra suspensionsmetoder. Vidare fann man att protesanvändare med ett aktivt vakuum hade fler normala värden i sitt rörelseomfång under gång och har mindre vertikala krafter i hylsan.

Vacuum dewatering of paper is a heavily energy expensive process, even more so for greaseproof paper, which is one of the main products at Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Due to this being such an energy demanding process, improvements in the vacuum dewatering could save massive amounts of energy. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the effect of a triple vacuum suction box on the dewatering rate of greaseproof paper, using a tried and tested method of simulative triple vacuum suction box at a laboratory scale, with the difference of simulating a quadruple vacuum suction box, and how the grammage of the paper sheet affected this, using unbleached sulphate pulp consisting of soft wood with an addition of 20 % eucalyptus fibers. The results were as expected, showing the expected dryness curve behavior of diminishing returns of the dryness to dwell time ratio, and the method showed valid for improving the energy efficiency compared to a single vacuum suction box, in terms of both expended energy, and yielded dryness. The grammage had a significant effect on the dewatering, with the heavier paper at 100 gsm showing the need of higher dwell times and increased levels of vacuum pressure than the lighter paper at 50 gsm. An addition of a triple vacuum suction box could possibly replace multiple high vacuum suction boxes, leading to even greater savings. Further testing would be required for optimization of the vacuum levels and dwell times for the 100 gsm paper sheet, in order to reach the same dryness as the 50 gsm paper sheet. / Vakuumavvattning av papper är en mycket energikrävande process, ännu mer för greaseproofpapper, som är en av huvudprodukterna hos Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Eftersom detta är en så energikrävande process kan förbättringar av vakuumavvattningen spara enorma mängder energi. Fokus för denna avhandling är att undersöka effekten av en trippelvakuumsuglåda på avvattningseffektiviteten av greaseproofpapper, med hjälp av en beprövad metod för simulativ trippelvakuumsuglåda i laboratorieskala, med skillnaden att simulera en fyrdubbelvakuumsuglåda, och hur ytvikten på pappersarket påverkar detta; med oblekt sulfatmassa bestående av långfiber med tillsats av 20 % eukalyptusfibrer. Resultaten var som förväntat och visade den förväntade torrhaltskurvans beteende av avtagande förbättring av torrhalten, och metoden visade sig vara giltig för att förbättra energieffektiviteten jämfört med en enda vakuumsuglåda, både vad gäller förbrukad energi och torrhalt. Ytvikten hade en stor effekt på avvattningen, där det tyngre papperet på 100 gsm visade behov av längre uppehållstider och ökade nivåer av vakuumtryck än det lättare papperet vid 50 gsm. Ett tillägg av en trippelvakuumsuglåda kan troligen ersätta flera högvakuumsugslådor, vilket leder till ännu större besparingar. Ytterligare tester skulle krävas för optimering av vakuumnivåerna och uppehållstiderna för 100 gsm pappersarket, för att nå samma torrhet som 50 gsm pappersarket.