<p>This study is intended to increase the understanding of the impact of knowledge on recycling levels. The investigation will furthermore look for other factors in the inquiry that influence the recycling level. I’m also going to try and develop a model for what influences the recycling level according to the basis of the investigation.</p> / <p>Det är meningen att den här studien ska öka förståelsen för kunskapens påverkan på återvinningsgraden. Studien ska även undersöka studiens underlag för att se om det finns andra faktorer som påverkar återvinningsgraden. Jag ska även försöka utveckla en modell för vad som, enligt mitt underlag, påverkar återvinningsgraden.</p>

This study is intended to increase the understanding of the impact of knowledge on recycling levels. The investigation will furthermore look for other factors in the inquiry that influence the recycling level. I’m also going to try and develop a model for what influences the recycling level according to the basis of the investigation. / Det är meningen att den här studien ska öka förståelsen för kunskapens påverkan på återvinningsgraden. Studien ska även undersöka studiens underlag för att se om det finns andra faktorer som påverkar återvinningsgraden. Jag ska även försöka utveckla en modell för vad som, enligt mitt underlag, påverkar återvinningsgraden.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to compare the performance, in terms of risk and return, of stocks of companies with recognized brand value with the actions of other companies listed on the stock market of emerging countries of Latin America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, as ranking of Morgan Stanley Capital International (2015). More specifically, it was analysed companies portfolio with most valuable brands - Valuable Brands Portfolio -, the portfolio of all companies listed on the stock exchanges of these countries - Total Market Portfolio -, and a portfolio with the companies on the stock exchanges that not belongs to the Valuable Brands Portfolio - Reduced Market Portfolio -. The valuable brands considered were those which are presented at the most valuable Latin America brands at Millward Brown's reports. The Carhart s four-factor model were utilized to analyze the performance of the three mentioned portfolios. The total sample included 732 stocks in the Latin American market, which the data for calculating the model factors were collected at Economatica, monthly, at period of 2004 to 2013, totalizing 120 observations of each action. Regarding the results, the return could not be analyzed because the intercept was not significant for any of the three portfolios, such as the results of Billet, Jiang and Rego (2014), Dutordoir, Verbeeten and Beijer (2015), Fehle et al. (2008), Oliveira (2009) and Oliveira et al. (2010). However, it was found that the Valuable Brands Portfolio presents lowest investment risk than the others portfolios, as in the studies of Billet, Jiang and Rego (2014), Dutordoir, Verbeeten and Beijer (2015), Fehle et al. (2008), Johansson, Dimofte and Mazvancheryl (2012), Madden, Fehle and Fournier (2006), Oliveira (2009) and Oliveira et al. (2010), suggesting that stocks of companies with valuable brands ensure lower risk investment to shareholders in these emerging markets. / Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho, em termos de risco e retorno, das ações de empresas com marcas consideradas valiosas com as ações das demais empresas listadas nas Bolsas de Valores dos países emergentes da América Latina: Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru, conforme a classificação do Morgan Stanley Capital International (2015). Mais especificamente, analisou-se o portfólio das empresas com as marcas mais valiosas da América Latina Portfólio Marcas Valiosas , o portfólio de todas as empresas listadas nas bolsas de valores destes países Portfólio Mercado Total , e o portfólio composto pelas empresas com ações cotadas nas bolsas de valores que não pertencem ao Portfólio Marcas Valiosas Portfólio Mercado Reduzido . Foram consideradas marcas valiosas aquelas que apareceram nos relatórios de marcas mais valiosas da América Latina da Millward Brown. O modelo de quatro fatores de Carhart foi utilizado para analisar o desempenho dos três portfólios supracitados. A amostra total contemplou 732 ações do mercado latino-americano, cujos dados para o cálculo dos fatores do modelo foram coletados no software Economática, mensalmente, no período de 2004 a 2013, totalizando 120 observações por ação. Quanto aos resultados, o retorno não pôde ser analisado porque o intercepto não foi significativo para nenhum dos três portfólios, como nos resultados de Billet, Jiang e Rego (2014), Dutordoir, Verbeeten e Beijer (2015), Fehle et al. (2008), Oliveira (2009) e Oliveira et al. (2010). No entanto, foi constatado que o Portfólio Marcas Valiosas apresentou menor risco de investimento que os demais portfólios, como nos estudos de Billet, Jiang e Rego (2014), Dutordoir, Verbeeten e Beijer (2015), Fehle et al. (2008), Johansson, Dimofte e Mazvancheryl (2012), Madden, Fehle e Fournier (2006), Oliveira (2009) e Oliveira et al. (2010), o que sugere que as ações de empresas com marcas valiosas garantem investimento de menor risco para os acionistas nesses mercados emergentes.

台灣的壽險公司早在數年前就開始自願性揭露自身的隱含價值(Embedded value, EV)，迄2016年底共有3家金控、3家壽險公司在每年初第一季法人說明會揭露去年整體公司的隱含價值，希望透過自願性的揭露隱含價值來降低與投資大眾之間的資訊不對稱，提升股票價格與流動性。國際投資法人都會用隱含價值來做為金控、壽險公司股價的判斷依據，但台灣股票價值明顯低於隱含價值甚多。有鑑於此，本論文想研究台灣2009-2015年間，壽險公司自願性揭露隱含價值報告書是否提供有價值的資訊給投資大眾。本文利用簡單迴歸3個模型來檢驗假說，再將有無揭露隱含價值報告書之金控、壽險公司分群，資料從2009至2015年底的日資料與季資料，利用統計學兩獨立樣本T檢定與無母數Wilcoxon檢定方式，分別比較兩群金控、壽險公司股價與財務變數表現。實證結果顯示，隱含價值能提供有價值之資訊，並且有揭露隱含價值的壽險公司在財務變數的資產、稅後淨利、ROE和ROA波動度顯著表現較好與穩定；有揭露隱含價值的金控公司在股價變數表現方面皆顯著更好。整體而言，自願性揭露隱含價值確實能提供有價值的資訊給投資大眾。因此，建議未來主管機關也能將是否強制要求壽險公司揭露隱含價值納入考量，以作為金融政策監理之參考。 / Life insurers in Taiwan began disclosing voluntarily their embedded value (EV) a few years ago. By the end of 2016, there were 3 Financial Holding Companies (FHC) and 3 insurers disclosing their EV in the first-quarter financial report every year. They hope to increase the stock price and liquidity through voluntary disclosure of EV which may reduce the information asymmetry for the investors. The stock prices of life insurers in Taiwan are significantly lower than their EVs, and the voluntary disclosure of EV is not common. Therefore, this paper intends to study whether the disclosure of EV provides valuable information to the investor. Based on the data of FHC and life insurers during 2009-2015, this study compares the operating stability, stock price and financial performance between the firms with and without disclosure of EV. The empirical results show that the life insurers with EV disclosure present better profiles in Asset, Net Income, ROE and ROA Volatility, and the FHC with EV disclosure outperform in stock price, volume, turnover, market value, and price book ratio. Therefore, this study concludes that voluntary disclosure of EV does provide valuable information to the investors.

Background: The slow fashion industry arose as a contraposition to the unsustainable ways of fast fashion, and emphasizes attentive consumption and production. It is characterized by four characteristics - transparency, quality, localism and exclusivity – each described with valuable traits in previous studies. However, current marketing efforts of slow fashion are focused only on two transparency aspects; sustainability and ethics, although previous studies show that these have no influence on consumers consumption choices. Therefore, this study aims to explore which aspects within these four characteristics that are perceived as valuable by consumers, so that a value package model for the consumer perceived valuable aspects of slow fashion can be developed. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new value package model that presents the consumer perceived valuable aspects of slow fashion. Methodology: This exploratory qualitative study was conducted through nine semi-structured interviews with Swedish fashion consumers between the age of 18-26. The participants were selected through convenience sampling, and the interviews resulted in 91 pages of collected data. The data was then analyzed with the help of thematic coding. The findings derived from the study was then used to develop a new value package model; presenting the consumer perceived valuable aspects of slow fashion. Findings: There were six consumer perceived value aspects of slow fashion. These were, in order of highest influence to lowest; classical style, product personality, durability, limited production, security and knowledge. Conclusion: This study contributes with the theoretical implication of a new proposed value package model that displays the customer perceived value aspects of slow fashion. In addition, it provides managerial implications that may help marketers and companies to streamline their marketing efforts of slow fashion.

In today's society when the pressure is high on exploitation and on local governments and their decisions about resources, we must not forget our heritage. The built environment is an important part of the heritage and need to be taken care of and protected for future generations. Municipalities have the ability to work with preservation of historically valuable buildings with the help of the Planning and Building Law. By designing areas and impose restrictions on what the individual property owner may do with their building, the municipality can ensure that their ambitions of preservation are met. The purpose of this essay is to describe the methods that municipalities have available in the Planning and Building Law when it comes to the preservation of historically valuable buildings. The essay is partly based on a survey that was sent to the Swedish municipalities. The survey is primarily focused on the financial compensation a property owner may claim, if restrictions imposed on his building. An assumption that was made early in the process was that the compensation limits municipalities in planning for preservation. A previous study showed that financial compensation was not a problem in local preservation work. The conclusion I make after analyzed the answerers of the survey is that the majority of the responding municipalities, due to possible claims for financial compensation, in fact hesitant at imposing restrictions when planning for preservation of the historically valuable buildings. The survey also shows signs that building sanction fees rarely are charged for breaches. / I dagens samhälle som kantas av högt exploateringstryck och den ökade pressen på kommunerna och deras beslut om resurser, så får vi inte glömma vårt kulturarv. Den byggda miljön är en viktig del i kulturarvet och behöver tas hand om och bevaras till kommande generationer. Kommunerna har möjligheten att arbeta med bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse med hjälp av plan- och bygglagens regler. Genom att planlägga områden och införa restriktioner för vad den enskilde fastighetsägaren får göra med sin byggnad, kan kommunen säkerställa att deras bevarandeambitioner uppfylls. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva de metoder som kommunerna har att tillgå i planoch bygglagen när det kommer till bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse. Uppsatsen bygger delvis på en enkät som har skickats ut till Sveriges kommuner. Enkäten inriktar sig främst på den ekonomiska ersättning som en fastighetsägare kan göra anspråk på, om restriktioner påförs dennes byggnad. Ett antagande som gjordes tidigt i arbetet var att ersättningen begränsar kommunerna vid planläggning för bevarande. En tidigare studie visade att den ekonomiska ersättningen inte var ett problem i kommunernas bevarandearbete. Den slutsats som jag kommer till efter en analys av svaren från enkätundersökningen är att majoriteten av de svarande kommunerna, på grund av eventuella anspråk på den ekonomiska ersättningen, i själva verket tvekar vid införande av restriktioner för bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse. Enkätundersökningen visar även tendenser på att byggsanktionsavgifter sällan tas ut vid överträdelser.

Bottom ash (BA), generated from the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), contains valuable elements which present a potential economic incentive to attempt recovery. The first study of this thesis investigated the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of MSWI-BA samples through a number of experiments. To develop a proper physical characterization of the BA material, the sample was ground and subjected to particle size distribution, wet magnetic separation, and a float-sink test. As for the chemical and mineralogical characterization, the sample was subjected to XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, and elemental composition analysis. Additionally, sequential chemical extraction and acid-leaching tests were conducted. The results from this section revealed that carrying out a combination of beneficiation processes using the MSWI-BA sample previously classified into the coarse, middle, and fine-size fractions could lead to better metal concentration yield and recovery optimization. The wet magnetic separation showed outstanding metallurgy indicators towards Fe, with enrichment ratios close to 2.0 and recovery values near to 80%. Metals such as Cu and Co were also enriched by 1.51 and 1.66, respectively, suggesting that the magnetic separation performance and enrichment are a function of the bound of multi-metallic oxides fractions. The 2.95 SG density test reached enrichment ratios higher than 2.0 in Fe, Cu, Co, and Ni in the coarse fraction of the BA fraction, which decreases when reducing the size fraction. When reducing the density cutoff, the results showed that the sink fraction yield increased as the medium density decreased, and the enrichment ratios of the minor elements (Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, and V) were similar across the different size fractions. Complementary information was obtained by the mineralogical characterization of the enriched streams from the physical concentration test, which explains the results obtained. The Cu speciation and mineral phases identified were copper oxide, copper sulfate, and cupric sulfite. While the main Fe-rich constituents existed in chemical forms of iron oxides, such as magnetite, hematite with substituted varieties, spinel group, and metallic inclusions. The enrichment ratios of Mn, Cr, Cu, and Ni obtained through magnetic separation can be explained by the presence of metallic inclusions, where these elements exhibit an affinity for the iron-bearing particles. The acid leaching test revealed that metals such as Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, and Zn can be efficiently leached using 1M HCl within 30 min of the reaction. The second part of this research study constituted the evaluation of the effect of the particle size reduction, which was performed to assess the intraparticle heterogeneity of MSWI BA. The evaluation consisted of particle size reductions by crushing and grinding for different residence times and then subjecting the sample to a sequence of physical concentration tests, such as particle size distribution, froth flotation, and wet magnetic separation. Additionally, the elemental composition after each test was determined through ICP-MS analysis to compare the particle size effect in the recovery and concentration of the valuable elements. The elemental composition results revealed that the comminution process promotes the interaction of Fe, Zn, and Cu, in the fine fraction, by generating more surface area. In contrast, the minor elements were not significantly enriched by reducing the size fraction, suggesting that the comminution process does not impact the mobility and redistribution of the elements in low concentrations. The froth flotation performed in this study showed that when using 0.338 g/ton diesel as a collector, adjusting and controlling the pH between 8.8 to 9.2 throughout the test, the organic matter content can be efficiently reduced in the BA sample from 14.73% to 4.25% when the sample has been previously ground for 30 min. Slight enrichment ratios were observed in the concentrate stream of the froth flotation, suggesting that these elements are associated with the organic matter in the BA sample. In contrast, the wet magnetic separation results revealed significant enrichment ratios of Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni after 10 min of grinding. / Master of Science / The Bottom Ash (BA) generated by the incineration of household solid waste has been identified as a promising source of valuable elements. However, a comprehensive understanding of the BA sample's properties is required in order to determine the most suitable mineral processing method to enrich the elements. The first study of this research consisted of evaluating BA ash's physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties in the BA sample. Following the characterization study, the effect of particle size, as a function of the grinding time, in the valuable elements' enrichment was evaluated. The results suggest that Ti, Fe, Cu, and Zn are the major and most valuable elements, while Mn, Co, Ni, Sb, and V are valuable elements in a minor concentration in the BA samples. Some elements, such as Ti, Sc, Co, Mn, Ni, Sn, and V, have been declared by the US Department of the Interior as critical minerals due to their economic importance and vulnerability to supply chain disruption. Although Fe and Cu are not considered critical minerals, their consumption in 2022 was 40 and 1.9 million metric tons, respectively. The development of national industry and enhancing the understanding of the alternative sources for the valuable elements present an opportunity to diversify local suppliers, pursue a vertical integration of the economic model, and reduce the third-party international vendors' dependency. Likewise, this research supports the aims to reduce the demand for primary natural resources and contribute to the circular economy model, in which energy, resources, and material are kept in a lifecycle while reducing landfilling disposal.

Cette thèse évalue dans quelle mesure l’intégration de la Chine dansl’économie capitaliste mondiale a été associée à la détérioration du pouvoir de négociation dutravail vis-à-vis du capital dans les pays développés, exprimée par la stagnation des salairesréels et la détérioration des conditions de travail. Nous proposons une interprétation fondéesur la mondialisation de l’armée de réserve industrielle chinoise, comme effet de l’allianceentre l’État chinois et le capital des pays développés sous sa forme productive. D’une part,nous analysons la formation de l’armée industrielle de réserve chinoise qui a sous-tendu leprocessus de prolétarisation dans le pays comme conséquences de l’action de l’État-parti,réalisée à travers l’accumulation primitive. D’autre part, nous expliquons comment le fait quele capital des pays développés ait un accès à cette armée industrielle de réserve a augmenté laprofitabilité à travers de : la réduction des coûts unitaires du travail, et en rendant l’arméeindustrielle de réserve chinoise globale, décalant le rapport de force domestique au détrimentdu travail. Nous considérons l’interaction entre l’effet «termes de l’échange» etl’affaiblissement du pouvoir de négociation des travailleurs sur les salaires réels dans les paysdéveloppés. La mondialisation de l’armée industrielle de réserve chinoise a fourni la massecritique pour briser la connexion historique entre la production industrielle et les marchés debiens de consommation dans les pays développés, qui fournissaient la base matérielle surlaquelle se cristallisait les compromis institutionnels entre croissance de la productivité et dessalaires réels. / The present thesis assesses how China’s integration in the globalcapitalist economy has been associated with the deterioration of labor position vis-à-viscapital in advanced economies expressed in stagnant real wages and worsening workingconditions. We propose an interpretation grounded on the globalization of China’s vastindustrial reserve army as a byproduct of the alliance between the Chinese state and advancedcountries’ capitals in their productive form. On the one hand, we discuss the formation ofChina’s industrial reserve army which has underpinned the process of proletarianization in thecountry as creatures of the party-state achieved through means of primitive accumulation. Onthe other hand, we discuss how advanced countries’ capitals access to this vast reserveindustrial reserve army in preferred terms, actively enabled by the Chinese party-state, hasincreased profitability through two crucial outcomes, by immediate and drastically reducingunit labor costs and by making China’s industrial reserve army global, tilting the balance ofpower back home towards capital. We then consider the interplay of the opposite effects ofthese two outcomes – the ‘terms of trade effect’ and the weakening of laborers’ bargainingpower – over real wages and working conditions in advanced countries. We claim that theglobalization of China’s vast industrial reserve army has provided critical mass to break thehistorical connection between industrial production and consumer markets in advancedcountries that provided the material basis in which workers were able to conquer theconstruction of institutional links between productivity and real wage growth. / O objetivo da presente tese é estudar como a integração da China na economia capitalista global seassociada à deterioração da posição do trabalho em relação ao capital em economias desenvolvidas,expressa pela estagnação do salário real e piora das condições de trabalho. Ao negar a narrativaeconômica dominante que relaciona esses dois fatores por meio do modelo Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson e ao teorema da equalização dos preços dos fatores de produção, nós propomosuma interpretação fundamentada de que o vasto exército de reserva da China globalizadarepresenta um subproduto da aliança entre o Estado Chinês e o capital produtivo daseconomias desenvolvidas. Construímos essa interpretação através de dois momentosanalíticos que contemplam tanto as dimensões para dentro e como para fora da globalizaçãodo exército industrial de reserva, especialmente, como ele foi formado pelo estado Chinês ecomo foi o seu acesso pelo capital produtivo dos países desenvolvidos, no contexto daglobalização neoliberal, promovida pela rearticulação da divisão internacional do trabalho,que minou as condições materiais que historicamente colocaram o trabalho, nos paísescentrais, numa posição melhor em relação ao capital em oposição ao trabalho na periferia. Poroutro lado, discutimos a formação do exército de reserva industrial da China, que tem apoiadoo processo de proletarização no país como criaturas do partido-estado alcançado por meio deacumulação primitiva. Afirmamos que os salários baixos e estagnados dos trabalhadores nãoqualificados chineses, que prevaleceram na década de 1990 até meados dos anos 2000, nocerne da transformação da China na fábrica do mundo, resultou não só do desmantelamentodas comunas e danweis, mas também na alienação dos camponeses e no aumento doexcedente de produção dos camponeses pelo estado, promovendo a estagnação da renda realna agricultura e impelindo os camponeses a seguir o rumo à proletarização, formando umgrande exército industrial de reserva. Mais adiante, discutimos como o capital dos paísesavançados acessou esse vasto exército industrial de reserva em termos preferenciais,ativamente habilitado pelo partido-estado chinês, aumentando a rentabilidade através de doisresultados cruciais, pela redução imediata e drástica dos custos unitários do trabalho e fazendoexército industrial de reserva da China uma arma global, inclinando a balança de poder devolta para casa do capital. Em seguida, abordamos a interação dos efeitos opostos desses doisresultados - os 'efeitos dos termos de troca "e do enfraquecimento do poder de negociação dostrabalhadores - sobre os salários reais e as condições de trabalho nos países desenvolvidos.Afirmamos que a globalização do vasto exército de reserva industrial da China tem oferecidouma massa crítica para quebrar a ligação histórica entre a produção industrial e os mercadosconsumidores nos países avançados, condição que forneceu a base material para que ostrabalhadores fossem capazes de conquistar vínculos institucionais entre a produtividade e ocrescimento real dos salários. Em contrapartida, à medida em que essa globalização, baseadana transformação dos camponeses chineses em espinha dorsal do exército industrial dereserva da economia global, houve um aumento dos conflitos de classe no interior da China eum rápido crescimento dos salários, além de mudanças institucionais a partir de meados dosanos 2000. Na medida em que essas conquistas minaram as bases que levaram o capital apromover a globalização do exército de reserva industrial da China, nós estudamos se aintegração da China na economia capitalista global, através do seu papel central nas cadeiasde eletrônica e TI, está mudando em direção à mão de obra mais intensiva e qualificada, o quepoderia colocar pressões baixistas sobre os salários dos trabalhadores qualificados nos paísesavançados, por meio do estudo de caso da indústria de semicondutores.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 benedito silva.pdf: 1373638 bytes, checksum: 7a60f13ab371ddadb0e5c765db973a05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-05 / This current paper aims at investigating issues concerning the expectations of Geometry learners after they go through the four years of High School. Thus, its intention is to contribute with the general reflections on the teaching of Geometry throughout that same period. It also tries to approach new curriculum contents (proposals) and their trend, and analyses the questions (tests) proposed in some vestibulares ( College Admission Tests) in the State of São Paulo and in the National Testing System for High Schools (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio-ENEM).These two major Testing Systems, as we know, are determining factors to define projects for Geometry teaching in High School. This paper also seeks to investigate the characteristics that shape the proposals for Geometry teaching at Elementary School, the directions that vestibulares and ENEM are moving towards and which areas of Geometry have been mostly tested.Our purpose is to examine possible consequences that these recent trends may have on the teaching of Geometry throughout Elementary School. This paper makes use of bibliography and documentation research to offer an evaluation of the most frequent questions (tests) that were presented by ENEM and vestibulares in their 2001-2003 issues. The main results of our study show that vestibulares tend to focus on a limited group of contents and abilities, giving little attention to contextual and interdisciplinary situations, which, nevertheless, are the main characteristic of the tests proposed by ENEM. Therefore, taking into account the trends analyzed, we conclude that the vestibulares fail to meet the expectations of Geometry learners at the end of High School / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as sinalizações referentes às expectativas de aprendizagem sobre Geometria, ao término da Educação Básica, pretendendo assim contribuir para a reflexão sobre o ensino de Geometria ao final dessa etapa da escolarização. Coteja as orientações de novas propostas curriculares, as questões de alguns vestibulares do Estado de São Paulo e do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio ENEM, que, como sabemos, são orientadores dos projetos de ensino nas escolas de nível médio. Busca investigar como se caracterizam as propostas para o ensino de Geometria, na Educação Básica, quais as sinalizações dos exames vestibulares e do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio e que conhecimentos geométricos os exames vestibulares e o ENEM estão priorizando, identificando possíveis conseqüências disso para o ensino de Geometria ao longo da Educação Básica. Utiliza pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e um estudo de questões dessas avaliações, nas edições de 2001 a 2003, destacando os aspectos mais valorizados. Dentre os principais resultados mostra que os exames vestibulares se organizam ao redor de um conjunto restrito de conteúdos e de habilidades, explorando muito pouco as situações contextualizadas ou interdisciplinares que, no entanto, são a maior característica das questões propostas pelo ENEM. Desse modo, revela-se uma forte incoerência entre as expectativas de aprendizagem sobre Geometria, ao término da Educação Básica, levando em conta as sinalizações analisadas