In a risk situation the flow through a hydropower turbine must be reduced under a short amount of time. The reduction in flow causes low pressures in the region called draft tube under the runner in the turbine. If the pressure drops below vapor pressure the water in the turbine may evaporate and form large cavities. The phenomenon called water column separation describes the situation when these cavities of vapor forms and eventually collapses which may damage the unit and canbe a danger to personnel at site. Different types of flow reducing maneuvers are tested before commissioning turbines in order to detect dangerously low pressures but these measurements can be difficult to interpret. The measured draft tube pressure can be filtered numerous ways and in addition other measured or calculated parameters must be studied to fully understand the consequence of a measured emergency stop. In this paper the different ways of filtering and interpreting the measurements from stops in Kaplan turbines were analyzed. The results show that the choice of filtering method can significantly impact the interpretation of a stop and that the filter parameters often used do not result in equivalent results. The standard way to filter draft tube pressure with moving average filters is shown to result in much higher draft tube pressures than low-pass filters and the filter parameter used needs to be further investigated to correctly isolate pressures caused by water column separation. The main difference between different companies when it comes to these measurements are the used cutoff frequency when using low-pass filters and the sampling frequency of measurements.

No description available.

<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete var att på uppdrag av Skellefteå Kraft AB studera produktionsplanering för regleringsbar vattenkraft och avgöra hur vatten i ett magasin kan värderas. Vidare skulle även en applikation skapas för att kunna beräkna dessa vattenvärden.</p><p> </p><p>Produktionsplanering för vattenkraft visade sig oftast delas upp i tre nivåer, i en lång-, säsong- och korttidsplaneringsdel, där detaljrikedomen i modellbeskrivningarna ökar med minskande tidshorisont. Anledningen till uppdelningen är en följd av att både noggrannhet och långsiktighet önskas, tanken är därmed att låta den högre nivån ge den lägre en långsiktighet den annars saknat. Möjliga kopplingar mellan nivåerna diskuterades, där en priskoppling genom vattenvärden argumenterades för att vara den bästa.</p><p> </p><p>Därefter studerades metoder för vattenvärdeberäkningar och matematiska villkor för optimal produktion, varvid ett eget program i Matlab kunde skrivas. Programmet beräknar vattenvärden vid en enmagasinmodell utifrån tillrinnings- och prisprognoser, där prognoserna tillåts att delas upp i ett valfritt antal scenarion.</p><p> </p><p>Testkörningar av programmet visar att vattenvärdena går ned inför en prognostiserad vårflod, för att på så vis skapa plats åt det inkommande vattnet. Det visas även att vattenvärdenas ISO-kurvor, som markerar var i tid och magasinsnivå ett visst vattenvärde gäller, blir flackare vid större magasin och djupare vid mindre inför den kommande vårfloden. Men även att ISO-kurvorna påverkas av produktionskapaciteten.</p><p> </p><p>Vidare visar testkörningarna att vattenvärdena är starkt kopplade till både tillrinningarnas- och prisprognosernas form och nivå, eftersom att spill vill undvikas samtidigt som produktionen önskas styras till perioder av höga priser.</p><p> </p><p>Innan vattenvärdena från programmet används i praktiken bör ytterligare testkörningar göras för att jämföra ekonomiskt utfall i förhållande till nuvarande arbetssätt. Därför är detta också ett förslag på vidare arbete, tillsammans med en eventuell utvidgning av programmet till en flermagasinsmodell.</p> / <p>The purpose of this master's thesis was to study hydropower production scheduling on behalf of Skellefteå Kraft AB and to determine how water in a reservoir could be priced. Furthermore an application for calculating these water values was to be made.</p><p> </p><p>Hydropower production scheduling was found most often divided into three levels, into a long-, medium- and short-term scheduling part, where the degree of detail increases with decreasing time horizon. The reason for this breakdown into levels are that a high detail in the model descriptions is desired, while still maintaining a good long-term planning. The idea is thus to let the higher level give the lower one an insight for future events it would otherwise lack. Possible couplings between the levels was discussed, where a coupling through price and water values was argued to be the best.</p><p> </p><p>Subsequently methods for water value calculations and mathematical conditions for optimal production was studied, in which an own program in Matlab could be written. The program calculates water values at a single reservoir model by the help of forecasts of future inflow and price, where the forecasts are allowed to be divided into any number of scenarios.</p><p> </p><p>Test runs of the program shows that water levels are reduced before the spring flood, thus to make room for the incoming water. It is also shown that the ISO-curves for the water values, which indicates where in time and reservoir level a certain water value is located, becomes flatter at larger reservoirs and steeper at smaller reservoirs before the incoming spring flood. But also that the ISO-curves are affected by the production capacity.</p><p> </p><p>The test runs further shows that the water values are strongly linked to both the shape and level of the inflow and price forecasts, since it is desired to avoid spill while directing the production to periods of high prices.</p><p> </p><p>Additional runs to compare the economic outcomes relative to current practice should be made before using the water values of the program in practice. Therefore this is also a proposal for further work, along with a possible extension of the program into a multi-reservoir model.</p>

Vibrationsmätning är inget nytt fenomen men många företag anser sig ändå skeptiskatill den abstrakta metoden. Samma skepticism finns inte vid ett läkarbesök där doktornlyssnar efter oljud med sitt stetoskop, ändå är likheterna slående. Med dagens teknikär det möjligt att diagnostisera en maskins olika beståndsdelar efter skador genom attanalysera det unika vibrationsmönster de bidrar med. Detta arbete syftar att minska denna barriär med hjälp av en introduktion till de olikabegrepp och val som finns inom vibrationsteknisk analys som hjälpmedel för underhåll.Slutligen presenteras en implementeringsmall där ekonomi och tillgänglighet anses varamest vitala inför framtida beslut. / Even though vibration measurement is not a new phenomenon, many businesses stillremain sceptical towards the somewhat abstract method. Same scepticism does not existwhen you visit the doctor and he uses his stethoscope to listen after abnormalities inthe sound pattern, even though the similarities are striking. With todays technology it ispossible to diagnose a machine’s different parts in search for damages by analysing theunique vibrationpatterns they provide. This study aims to close this gap with the help off an introduction to the different termsand choices that exist in vibration analysis as a tool in preventive maintenance and finallyto present guidelines for implementation where economy and availability is consideredmost pivotal for future decisions.

No description available.

This thesis aims to simulate and find out more about the electrical dynamics of a six-phase exciter for hydropower generators. Because ordinary electric circuit-based simulation software only simulate three-phase electrical systems, a FEM-based software is used for the electrical dynamics simulations of the six-phase system. The objective is to analyse the pulsation behaviour of the rectified electrical output on the six-phase system and compare it to the three-phase system. The three-phase system is also simulated with filters with the aim of decreasing the amplitude of the pulsations on the electrical output. It is expected that an upgraded system from a three-phase system to a six-phase system should double the pulsation frequency on the rectified electrical output. However, the result shows that the rectified electrical output of the six-phase system consists of pulsations with unexpected frequencies. The simulated RL-filter on the three-phase system shows only insignificantly small changes on the rectified electrical pulsation amplitude.

This thesis aims to simulate and find out more about the electrical dynamics of asix-phase exciter for hydropower generators. Because ordinary electric circuit-basedsimulation software only simulate three-phase electrical systems, a FEM-basedsoftware is used for the electrical dynamics simulations of the six-phase system. Theobjective is to analyse the pulsation behaviour of the rectified electrical output on thesix-phase system and compare it to the three-phase system. The three-phase systemis also simulated with filters with the aim of decreasing the amplitude of the pulsationson the electrical output.It is expected that an upgraded system from a three-phase system to a six-phasesystem should double the pulsation frequency on the rectified electrical output.However, the result shows that the rectified electrical output of the six-phase systemconsists of pulsations with unexpected frequencies. The simulated RL-filter on thethree-phase system shows only insignificantly small changes on the rectified electricalpulsation amplitude.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att på uppdrag av Skellefteå Kraft AB studera produktionsplanering för regleringsbar vattenkraft och avgöra hur vatten i ett magasin kan värderas. Vidare skulle även en applikation skapas för att kunna beräkna dessa vattenvärden.   Produktionsplanering för vattenkraft visade sig oftast delas upp i tre nivåer, i en lång-, säsong- och korttidsplaneringsdel, där detaljrikedomen i modellbeskrivningarna ökar med minskande tidshorisont. Anledningen till uppdelningen är en följd av att både noggrannhet och långsiktighet önskas, tanken är därmed att låta den högre nivån ge den lägre en långsiktighet den annars saknat. Möjliga kopplingar mellan nivåerna diskuterades, där en priskoppling genom vattenvärden argumenterades för att vara den bästa.   Därefter studerades metoder för vattenvärdeberäkningar och matematiska villkor för optimal produktion, varvid ett eget program i Matlab kunde skrivas. Programmet beräknar vattenvärden vid en enmagasinmodell utifrån tillrinnings- och prisprognoser, där prognoserna tillåts att delas upp i ett valfritt antal scenarion.   Testkörningar av programmet visar att vattenvärdena går ned inför en prognostiserad vårflod, för att på så vis skapa plats åt det inkommande vattnet. Det visas även att vattenvärdenas ISO-kurvor, som markerar var i tid och magasinsnivå ett visst vattenvärde gäller, blir flackare vid större magasin och djupare vid mindre inför den kommande vårfloden. Men även att ISO-kurvorna påverkas av produktionskapaciteten.   Vidare visar testkörningarna att vattenvärdena är starkt kopplade till både tillrinningarnas- och prisprognosernas form och nivå, eftersom att spill vill undvikas samtidigt som produktionen önskas styras till perioder av höga priser.   Innan vattenvärdena från programmet används i praktiken bör ytterligare testkörningar göras för att jämföra ekonomiskt utfall i förhållande till nuvarande arbetssätt. Därför är detta också ett förslag på vidare arbete, tillsammans med en eventuell utvidgning av programmet till en flermagasinsmodell. / The purpose of this master's thesis was to study hydropower production scheduling on behalf of Skellefteå Kraft AB and to determine how water in a reservoir could be priced. Furthermore an application for calculating these water values was to be made.   Hydropower production scheduling was found most often divided into three levels, into a long-, medium- and short-term scheduling part, where the degree of detail increases with decreasing time horizon. The reason for this breakdown into levels are that a high detail in the model descriptions is desired, while still maintaining a good long-term planning. The idea is thus to let the higher level give the lower one an insight for future events it would otherwise lack. Possible couplings between the levels was discussed, where a coupling through price and water values was argued to be the best.   Subsequently methods for water value calculations and mathematical conditions for optimal production was studied, in which an own program in Matlab could be written. The program calculates water values at a single reservoir model by the help of forecasts of future inflow and price, where the forecasts are allowed to be divided into any number of scenarios.   Test runs of the program shows that water levels are reduced before the spring flood, thus to make room for the incoming water. It is also shown that the ISO-curves for the water values, which indicates where in time and reservoir level a certain water value is located, becomes flatter at larger reservoirs and steeper at smaller reservoirs before the incoming spring flood. But also that the ISO-curves are affected by the production capacity.   The test runs further shows that the water values are strongly linked to both the shape and level of the inflow and price forecasts, since it is desired to avoid spill while directing the production to periods of high prices.   Additional runs to compare the economic outcomes relative to current practice should be made before using the water values of the program in practice. Therefore this is also a proposal for further work, along with a possible extension of the program into a multi-reservoir model.

Short term regulation, or hydropeaking, provides useful grid services and can be economically beneficial. However, hydropeaking is also associated with environmental impacts concerning flows and water levels. In the south of Sweden, where the electricity demand is greater than the supply, balance regulation from small hydropower plants can contribute to local grid stability. The objective of this report is to evaluate the possibilities for hydropeaking within Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants, with regards to possible power increase and environmental consequences. The report aims to conclude whether there is potential to optimize the operation of the power plants for production of balancing power. A literature study was conducted, as well as a survey of Mälarenergi’s hydropower plants and regulation dams. To describe potential flow regimes, three scenarios for hydropeaking in Kolbäcksån were created in joint consulation with Mälarenergi. The results show that the total increase in available power will vary from around 5 – 11 MW. It is indicated that the largest environmental impact will occur in the scenario with the greatest difference between base flow and peak flow. It can be concluded that several forms of hydropeaking are possible to utilize in Kolbäcksån. The available balancing power is enough to be able to contribute secondary frequency control for Svenska kraftnät. Flow parameters indicate that environmental and ecological impacts will be relatively mild, although this needs to be investigated further. To complement the findings in this report, an evaluation of the economic conditions for the proposed hydropeaking scenarios is proposed as a future project.

Producing power on a small scale has become increasingly popular in recent times. New concepts that are designed for smaller applications are emerging within different power systems. One such concept has been developed for hydro power by prof. Urban Lundin at Uppsala University. The core of the concept is the integrated turbine/generator unit called Turbo. Testing of the concept is crucial to be able to draw conclusions as to its properties. Two thesises have been assigned for the testing of Turbo and a total amount of 103.000 SEK was recieved toward the project. This thesis aims to design and constuct water ways and supporting structures necessary to test Turbo. It also tackles the problem of starting and stopping of the water flow through the system as well as estimation of the flow rate and hydraulic head. The other thesis, written by Jakob Blücher, deals with the electronic control of the variable speed generator. The results show that the waterways, supporting structures as well as the flow start/stop and measurement for the concept could be achieved with a simple and relatively cheap design within budget. Starting the flow takes approximately 10 minutes and stopping takes 4 seconds. The estimated flow through Turbo is about 250 l/s and the hydraulic head is 6,9 m. The payback-time for the presented system implementation is about 13 years. The result also shows that there is a design flaw to the concept rendering further evaluation of the unit impossible without design modification.