The Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) is a new type of instrumentation for energetic neutral atom (ENA) diagnostics. This thesis deals with development of the NPD sensor designed as a part of the plasma and neutral particle packages ASPERA-3 and ASPERA-4 on board Mars Express and Venus Express, the European Space Agency (ESA) satellites to Mars and Venus, respectively. It describes how the NPD sensors were designed, developed, tested and calibrated. It also presents the first scientific results obtained with NPD during its operation at Mars. The NPD package consists of two identical detectors, NPD1 and NPD2. Each detector has a 9o x 90o intrinsic field-of-view divided into three sectors. The ENA detection principle is based on the surface interaction technique. NPD detects ENA differential fluxes within the energy range of 100 eV to 10 keV and is capable of resolving hydrogen and oxygen atoms by time-of-flight (TOF) measurements or pulse height analysis. During the calibration process the detailed response of the sensor was defined, including properties such as an angular response function and energy dependent efficiency of each of the sensor sectors for different ENA species. Based on the NPD measurements at Mars the main scientific results reported so far are: - observation of the Martian H-ENA jet / cone and its dynamics, - observations of ENA emissions from the Martian upper atmosphere, - measurements of the hydrogen exosphere density profile at Mars, - observations of the response of the Martian plasma environment to an interplanetary shock, - observations of the H-ENA fluxes in the interplanetary medium.

During the nineteenth century, museums dedicated to the collection, preservation, and display of human anatomy became familiar institutions in America and Europe. The anatomical museum operated under one of two guises: popular museums run as commercial establishments, or medical museums attached to a professional medical society or college. Over the course of the century, the medical establishment sought to cement its authority over anatomy by legitimating its expertise through specialized training. Doctors criticized commercial anatomical museums, which were eventually closed under accusations of obscenity, yet there was considerable overlap in the types of objects on display at both museums. This paper examines how the medical museum was permitted to supersede its commercial cousin and explores the exhibitionary narratives at the sites of both types of institutions.

Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura has as one of its main goals the extermination of traditional conceptions of the gods, but gods pervade the poem in a variety of roles, beginning with the very first line, invoking Venus. This report seeks to analyze the ways in which Lucretius exploits popular notions of the divine while remaining true to both his Epicurean beliefs and his anti-theistic agenda, as well as the reasons behind these decisions. We begin with an exploration of the role of the poetic medium in this situation, followed by a close examination of the entire proem. Lucretius’ negative views about religio are brought to light and are contrasted with his supportive views regarding religious metaphor, partly through an investigation into Lucretius’ representation of Epicurus as divine. The final section of this report identifies some of the same dynamics at play in Lucretius in modern atheistic discourse and draws more general conclusions about the nature of anti-theistic discourse in a world dominated by theistic assumptions. / text

Many transportation systems used today are costly, slow, fragmented, and dangerous. This paper explores the inefficiencies and negative impacts associated with our current transportation systems. Simple to technologically advanced solutions are explored along with how to integrate these methods for all users in a sustainable fashion. The vision proposes a blend of scientific method, technological advancement, and common sense which is environmentally aware and integrated for all users by using the Dutch Regional and Sustainable Traffic Management Process. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-247). / Microfiche. / xvii, 246 p. ill. (some col.), maps 29 cm

Universiẗat, Diss., 1978--Göttingen.

abstract: This study focuses on three songs from stage works of Kurt Weill (1900-1950): “September Song” from Knickerbocker Holiday (1938), “Speak Low” from One Touch of Venus (1943), and “Lost in the Stars” from Lost in the Stars (1949). All from Weill’s time in the United States, these songs are adaptable as solos and have become American standards performed in various arrangements and styles of popular music by many different artists. The first part of this study is a biographical sketch of Weill’s life and music. It is intended to provide context for the three songs by tracing his beginnings as a German composer of stage works with volatile political messages, to his flight to the United States and his emergence as a composer of Broadway successes. The second part is a commentary on the composition of the three selected songs. The lyrics and musical content are examined to show how Weill’s settings convey the dramatic mood and meaning as well as the specific nuances of the words. Description of the context of these songs explains how they were textually and musically intended to advance the plot and the emotional arc of the dramatic characters. The popularity of these songs endures beyond their original shows, and so there is discussion of how other artists have adapted and performed them, and available recordings are cited. Weill’s songs, his little masterpieces, have proven to be truly evocative and so attractive to American audiences that they have undergone myriad adaptations. This study seeks to provide the personal and historical background of Kurt Weill’s music and to demonstrate why these three songs in particular have proven to have such lasting appeal. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Performance 2016

Vénus, bien que de taille et de masse très similaire à la Terre, se révèle en fait un monde infernaloù la température de surface atteint 700 K et la pression s’élève à 92 bars. De plus, l’atmosphèreest principalement composée de dioxyde de carbone (à plus de 90 %). Bien que le corps solide aitune période de rotation très lente et rétrograde, l’atmosphère est elle en superrotation avec unepériode de quatre jours environ au sommet des nuages, avec des vents zonaux pouvant atteindre100 m/s. Observée dans le visible, Vénus ne laisse pas voir sa surface, cachée sous d’épais nuagesd’acide sulfurique qui couvrent en permanence l’intégralité de la planète. Ces nuages jouent unrôle très important dans l’atmosphère vénusienne car ils sont fondamentaux dans le bilan radiatifde la planète de par leur opacité et leur albédo élevé mais aussi dans les cycles chimiques denombreuses espèces, notamment celui du soufre.Arrivée en orbite en avril 2006, la mission européenne Venus Express avait pour objectif d’étudieren détail l’atmosphère de la planète. Parmi ses instruments se trouvait le spectromètre SPICAVdont le canal infrarouge permettait de mesurer le degré de polarisation linéaire de la lumièrediffusée par les nuages. Cette thèse vise à l’exploitation de données acquises par SPICAV-IR quia fonctionné jusqu’à la fin de la mission Venus Express en 2014. Nous présentons la planète Vénuset plus particulièrement les propriétés des nuages qui l’entourent. Nous nous intéresseronsà la polarisation produite par la diffusion de la lumière dans les nuages avant d’expliquer commentSPICAV-IR la mesure. Nous présentons notre modèle de transfert de rayonnement prenanten compte la polarisation et nous analyserons les gloires observées par SPICAV-IR afin de caractériserles propriétés des nuages. Enfin, nous nous intéresserons à la variabilité spatiale des brumessituées au dessus des nuages. / Venus is quite similar to Earth in terms of mass and radius, but it appears to be a hellish planetwith surface temperature reaching 700 K and pressions up to 92 bars. The atmosphere is mostlycomposed of carbon dioxyde and despite a slow retrograde rotating solid body, the atmosphereis in superrotation with a period of about four days and zonal winds reaching 100 m/s at cloudtop level. In visible light, the surface is always hidden by thick decks of clouds mostly madeof sulfuric acid. These clouds are very important in venusian climate as they play a key role inthe radiative balance of the planet because of their opacity and their high albedo and also in thechemical cycles of sulfur especially.In orbit since 2006, the European space agency’s probe Venus Express had the objective tostudy the atmosphere and clouds of Venus. Amongst its instruments was the SPICAV spectrometerwhich infrared channel had the ability to measure the degree of linear polarisation fromthe light scattered by the clouds. This thesis aims to study these observations acquired by SPICAVIRuntil the end of the mission in 2014.We will introduce the planet Venus with a particular focuson the cloud layers. We will then cover the principles of the polarisation of light through scatteringby cloud particles before we introduce the measurement of polarization by our instrument.We also introduce the radiative transfer model taking into account polarization and apply it tothe observations of a phenomenon called glory which allows to characterize the properties of thecloud droplets. We will then invesigate the variability of the haze layers lying above the maincloud deck.

This study aims to explore how the goddesses of beauty Aphrodite and Venus were portrayed in sculpture in comparison to physical beauty, as attested in ancient texts. The study uses iconography and iconology to analyse the sculptures and semiotics to analyse the ancient texts. In this study measurements were taken of Aphrodite and Venus sculptures at Berlin’s plaster museum (Abguss-Sammlung Antiker Plastik). The measurements were taken in order to compare the results from the ancient texts. In this study, 11 sculptures are analysed and compared to ancient texts from five different periods (700-400 BC, 400-1 BC, 1-200 AD, 200-500 AD and unknown dates). The sculptures and the ancient texts are then compared to each other and then compared with modern studies about nakedness, physical appearance and beauty during antiquity. The results conclude that it is difficult to specify exact beauty ideals, but the study shows that women should be curvy, white and rosy, have firm breast and a lovely face, and that the sculptures follow that beauty ideal closely.

Le transit de Vénus devant le Soleil est un événement rare et l’occasion unique pourétudier la réfraction de la lumière du Soleil à travers l’atmosphère, afin de déterminer les propriétésatmosphériques de la planète et en particulier la structure thermique de la haute atmosphère.L'objectif de cette thèse a été la modélisation de cette réfraction lors du passage devant le Soleilqui a eu lieu les 5-6 juin 2012, modèle dont les résultats ont pu être comparés aux données de lamission Venus Express.La première partie est consacrée à l’analyse des images des satellites qui a permis lacréation de courbes de lumière en fonction de la latitude de l’auréole qui serviront de référencepour les modèles. L’étude de l’atmosphère a d’abord été réalisée par une approche isotherme(théorie de Baum et Code,1953). Le modèle a ensuite été affiné en simulant trois couchesisothermes concentriques établies grâce à l’analyse préalable des données SPICAV/SOIR deVenus Express. Pour finir, le dernier modèle développé pour l’étude de l’auréole est un modèlemulticouche concentrique à très haute résolution verticale. Ce modèle a permis d’obtenir un profilvertical de densité en fonction de la latitude, ainsi que l’altitude du tau = 1 (le long de la ligne devisée) induite par les aérosols. Ces données ont ensuite été ensuite utilisées pour générer descartes 2D de température en fonction de la latitude et de l’altitude, que nous comparons auxdonnées d’occultation solaire de la mission Venus Express. Cette étude a également permis dedéterminer de façon indépendante l’échelle de hauteur des aérosols et leur chromaticité dansl’atmosphère de Vénus.Dans un second temps, l’étude de la courbe du transit de 2004 a été menée conjointementavec le Dr. Andréa Chiavassa afin de mettre en évidence l’impact de la granulation stellaire sur lescourbes de transit exoplanétaires. / The transit of Venus across the Sun is a rare and unique opportunity to study therefraction of sunlight through the atmosphere, called the "aureola", and determine the atmosphericproperties of the planet and in particular the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere. Theobjective of this thesis was the modeling of this refraction effect at terminator during the passageacross the Sun which took place on June, 5-6 2012, and a comparison with data obtained in thesame region during the Venus Express mission.The first part is devoted to the analysis of data from an Earth-orbiting solar observatory thatallowed the creation of individual aureola light curves according to latitude, that were used as amodeling reference. The study of the refracting atmosphere was first carried out by an isothermalapproach (Baum and Code (1953) theory). The model was then refined by simulating threeconcentric layers based on prior analysis of Venus Express/SPICAV-SOIR vertical density profiledata obtained simultaneously on June 6, 2012. Finally, the complete model developed for thisstudy is a concentric layered model with sub-kilometer vertical resolution. This model has allowedus to retrieve from individual aureole lightcurves a density vertical profile function of the latitudeand the tau = 1 altitude of slanted opacity along the line of sight, induced by mesospheric aerosols.These data were subsequently used to generate temperature maps in 2D function of latitude andaltitude, we compare the solar occultation data from the Venus Express mission (SOIR). This studyalso determined independently the scale height of aerosols and the chromaticity in the atmosphereof Venus.A separate, additional study on 2004 Venus transit data was conducted jointly with Dr.Andrea Chiavassa to highlight the impact of the stellar granulation on exoplanetary transit curves inextrasolar systems