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The motivation for this work is the weak level of confidence in forecasting the temperature profile for the Martian atmosphere over the aerobraking region. This limitation comes mainly because of a misrepresentation of the atomic oxygen distribution in atmospheric models, which is a result of lack of measurements. One effective way to observe atomic oxygen and temperature remotely in the 50 to 100 km altitude region is through airglow measurements. The first part of the thesis involves the development of an airglow model to simulate four O2 emissions: the Herzberg I, Herzberg II, and Chamberlain band systems, as well as the Infrared Atmospheric emission at 1.27 um. The model predictions are compared with available observations from both the Mars and Venus atmospheres to exploit the consistency in the photochemistry of these two CO2-dominated atmospheres. Using composition from 3-D global circulation models of the Mars and Venus atmospheres, simulations are performed with realistic dynamical variations. Previous studies used 1-D photochemical models only. Hence, this novel approach allows in-depth investigation of the influence of dynamics and circulation on the airglow behaviour. A sensitivity study is conducted to understand the impact of the different photochemical parameters available in the literature and to recommend a set of parameters to be used in future model predictions. This approach also provides an understanding of the impact of atmospheric conditions, like temperature, dust load, water concentrations, etc., on the vertical structure of the emissions. A retrieval algorithm is also developed to perform a partial inversion of the recorded signal to extract the NO airglow emission in the Mars atmosphere from the SPICAM instrument. The method is tested with one year of stellar occultation measurements and validated with observations from SPICAM in a limb-viewing geometry and with airglow model predictions. This work identified and quantified, for the first time, localised variations in the NO nightglow, providing insights into the factors influencing the distribution of the oxygen species other than the general circulation and the photochemistry. The method proved to be a useful tool to build a climatology of the NO emission in the Mars atmosphere.

The motivation for this work is the weak level of confidence in forecasting the temperature profile for the Martian atmosphere over the aerobraking region. This limitation comes mainly because of a misrepresentation of the atomic oxygen distribution in atmospheric models, which is a result of lack of measurements. One effective way to observe atomic oxygen and temperature remotely in the 50 to 100 km altitude region is through airglow measurements. The first part of the thesis involves the development of an airglow model to simulate four O2 emissions: the Herzberg I, Herzberg II, and Chamberlain band systems, as well as the Infrared Atmospheric emission at 1.27 um. The model predictions are compared with available observations from both the Mars and Venus atmospheres to exploit the consistency in the photochemistry of these two CO2-dominated atmospheres. Using composition from 3-D global circulation models of the Mars and Venus atmospheres, simulations are performed with realistic dynamical variations. Previous studies used 1-D photochemical models only. Hence, this novel approach allows in-depth investigation of the influence of dynamics and circulation on the airglow behaviour. A sensitivity study is conducted to understand the impact of the different photochemical parameters available in the literature and to recommend a set of parameters to be used in future model predictions. This approach also provides an understanding of the impact of atmospheric conditions, like temperature, dust load, water concentrations, etc., on the vertical structure of the emissions. A retrieval algorithm is also developed to perform a partial inversion of the recorded signal to extract the NO airglow emission in the Mars atmosphere from the SPICAM instrument. The method is tested with one year of stellar occultation measurements and validated with observations from SPICAM in a limb-viewing geometry and with airglow model predictions. This work identified and quantified, for the first time, localised variations in the NO nightglow, providing insights into the factors influencing the distribution of the oxygen species other than the general circulation and the photochemistry. The method proved to be a useful tool to build a climatology of the NO emission in the Mars atmosphere.

geóloga / Venus juega un papel fundamental para entender la evolución de los planetas terrestres. Temáticas como la dinámica atmosférica, evolución geológica y actividad volcánica han sido materia de debate los últimos años gracias a datos obtenidos por las misiones espaciales. Una de ellas fue la misión Venus Express, enviada por la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), que logró obtener datos de la radiación proveniente de la superficie, lo que dio claves para la investigación sobre volcanismo reciente. Gracias a la existencia de ventanas atmosféricas en Venus, es posible conocer la radiación superficial y la atmosférica. La zona estudiada, ubicada al sur-este de la estructura tectónica llamada Parga, con rasgos de denotan alta actividad volcánica y de edad relativamente joven, pertenece al triángulo BAT(Beta-Atla-Themis), que muestra altos niveles en emisividad y se interpretan como regiones como hot spots. Parga es una estructura de grandes dimensiones y se caracteriza por tener una alta cantidad de coronas, estructura magmato-volcánicas. El resultado de este estudio es la reafirmación de los altos valores de emisividad en regiones como Themis y además la propuesta de estructuras volcánicas con actividad, no reportadas anteriormente. Los datos obtenidos aportan evidencias de la actividad volcánica en Venus y se plantea que la actividad también puede registrarse alejada a los grandes centros volcánicos.

Orientador: Lucia H. I. Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T13:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SpinardiJunior_Walter_M.pdf: 1958784 bytes, checksum: d512d999a2f5a4db1b0faa95bc9fd4dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Artigos destinados ao uso médico-hospitalar (luvas) ou de prevenção contraceptiva (preservativos) são geralmente fabricados com látex natural, que possui um ótimo balanço de propriedades mecânicas. Todavia, por se tratar de um produto natural, a presença de determinados tipos de proteínas na sua composição, bem como alguns ingredientes usados na produção vêm ultimamente causando reações alérgicas em seus consumidores. O poliuretano, por ser não alergênico e possuir uma combinação de boa resistência e elasticidade, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes para se solucionar tal problema. Porém, atualmente no seu uso são utilizados solventes de base orgânica, que causam problemas ambientais e de saúde ocupacional. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas formulações de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano como uma alternativa viável do ponto de vista ecológico e de desempenho em relação às propriedades mecânicas do látex natural. Formulações com diferentes ingredientes (diisocianatos e polióis) e concentrações de segmentos flexíveis e rígidos foram obtidas. Filmes foram obtidos das dispersões e submetidos a ensaios de propriedades físicas, caracterização por infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e análise dinâmico mecânica (DMA). Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados comparativamente aos de filmes obtidos de uma formulação de látex natural. Através da análise de DSC, verificou-se a relação inversamente proporcional entre a massa molecular do poliol usado e a temperatura de transição vítrea do poliuretano. Verificou-se através dos resultados dos ensaios físicos, que é possível obter-se filmes originados de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano com propriedades físicas semelhantes aos do látex natural (dispersão DAPU2), com uma concentração de segmentos flexíveis (75,4%) superior aos rígidos (24,6%) / Abstract: Products used as medical devices (gloves) or contraceptives (condoms) generally are made from natural latex due to its outstanding balance of physical properties. However, presence of proteins and chemical ingredients in its formulation can lead to human allergic reactions. Polyurethane has been used as a natural latex substitute, due to its good properties of strength and elasticity and non-allergenicity. Manufacturing process using polyurethanes generally uses organic solvent based solutions, that causes problems in terms of environmental and occupational healthy. In this work, formulations of polyurethane aqueous dispersions were studied as an alternative related to environmental subject and physical properties performance compared to naturallatex. Formulations using different ingredients (diisocyanates and polyols) and concentrations of hard and soft segments were done. Films were prepared and submitted to physical properties tests, infrared characterization, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). Results were comparatively evaluated with films from natural latex formulation. Through the analysis of DSC the relationship was verified inversely proportional between the molecular mass of the used poliol and the glass temperature transition (Tg) of the polyurethane. LIt was verified through the results of the physical properties that it is possible to obtain films originated of polyurethane aqueous dispersions with mechanical properties similar to the naturallatex ones (dispersion DAPU2), using a concentration of flexible (75,4%) superior to the hard segments (24,6%) / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

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I argue that Lucretius uses conventions of epic poetry and changes them to support his philosophical teachings. The proem of De rerum natura can be used to show how this occurs. The key moments within the proem include the invocation to Venus, how Venus is described as maternal and creative, the usage of socia to ask Venus for aid, the episode between Venus and Mars, and the establishment of Epicurean physics. I argue that the purpose of changing the expected conventions of epic is to better frame Lucretius' key idea of the purpose of life, namely reproduction.

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