This thesis explores the challenges of urban sprawl and land scarcity, focusing on Mumbai, a city constrained by geographical boundaries and marked by high population density. With Mumbai encircled by the sea on three sides, opportunities for horizontal expansion are severely limited, prompting the exploration of vertical development as a sustainable and innovative solution. This research proposes a vertical urban model that stacks traditional city sectors—residential, commercial, and recreational—within a compact vertical space. The aim is to house a growing population efficiently, while freeing ground-level areas for vital green spaces such as farms and public parks, especially targeting the eastern coast of Mumbai, the city's last undeveloped frontier. A central element of the thesis is the design approach, which counters the typical social isolation found in high-rise living. Drawing inspiration from the communal dynamics of Mumbai's traditional chawls, the proposed architectural model merges communal living areas with private spaces to foster both community interaction and individual privacy. This hybrid design approach is thoroughly developed through an analysis of chawl lifestyles, adapting their community-enriching aspects to suit the demands of modern urban living in vertical structures. By investigating the feasibility and benefits of vertical integration through detailed architectural designs and urban planning frameworks, this study not only addresses Mumbai's physical constraints but also prioritizes the psychological and social well-being of its inhabitants. The outcome is a holistic urban development model that not only enhances urban life quality but also provides a template for other densely populated cities facing similar challenges. This thesis sets a precedent for future urban planning endeavors, promoting a balanced, sustainable approach to city development that can be adapted globally. / Master of Architecture / This thesis investigates the problems of limited land and the spreading out of cities, particularly looking at Mumbai. Mumbai is a crowded city that can't grow much sideways because it's surrounded by the sea on three sides. To manage this, the study suggests building upwards, stacking different parts of the city—like places where people live, work, and play—on top of each other in tall buildings. This way, more people can live and work in less space, and the ground can be used for parks and farms, especially on the eastern side of Mumbai which hasn't been developed much yet. A significant part of this project is creating building designs that help people feel connected to their community, even in tall buildings where it's easy to feel isolated. It takes inspiration from Mumbai's traditional chawl homes, where everyone shares some spaces and knows their neighbors well. The idea is to mix private spaces where people can have their privacy with shared areas where they can meet and spend time with others. By exploring ways to build up instead of out, the study not only finds solutions for Mumbai's lack of space but also looks after the mental and social health of its residents. The final goal is a new way of building cities that makes life better for people and can be used by other crowded cities around the world. This work aims to show a way forward for city planning that is thoughtful and can be applied globally.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 17 novembre 2020) / Les turbines à axe vertical longtemps gardées dans l'ombre des turbines à axe horizontal commencent depuis quelques années à prendre davantage de place sur le marché des énergies renouvelables. Ce nouvel engouement pour cette technologie est notamment dû aux récentes avancées quant à leur efficacité les rendant de plus en plus concurrentielles. Ce présent mémoire s'inscrit dans la recherche sur l'amélioration de cette technologie en considérant l'utilisation de pales flexibles agissant comme un système passif de variation d'angle d'attaque. Il sera question dans un premier temps d'une étude 2D employant une turbine à pales droites munie d'un bord de fuite flexible. Cette étude est réalisée dans un premier temps afin de sélectionner les meilleures caractéristiques pour une étude 3D qui est menée par la suite. Un modèle employant la mécanique des fluides numériques couplé à un modèle d'élément fini est employé et validé dans ce mémoire. Le logiciel OpenFOAM utilisant une librairie maison pour le couplage solide est utilisé en 2D. La résolution du domaine 3D est quant à elle réalisée en employant le logiciel StarCCM+ ainsi qu'un couplage fluide structure intégrée à même le logiciel. Également, la modélisation de la turbulence est réalisée en employant le modèle de turbulence RANS k-ω SST, dans sa forme instationnaire. Les résultats de la première étude 2D montrent une augmentation de l'efficacité pour des conditions d'opération en dessous et au-delà du point de meilleur rendement. Cependant, il est également démontré que l'utilisation de pales flexibles diminue l'efficacité de la turbine à son point de meilleur rendement. Enfin, l'impact des effets 3D sur le comportement dynamique des pales flexibles vient changer les observations réalisées en 2D au point de meilleur rendement. En effet, la modélisation tridimensionnelle du problème permet de mettre en lumière une augmentation globale de l'efficacité de la turbine en réduisant considérablement la traînée des pales en agissant directement sur la formation des tourbillons de bout de pale / Vertical-axis turbines, long kept in the shadow of horizontal-axis turbines, are starting to gain more importance in the renewable energy market nowadays. This new trend comes from recent advances in the efficiency, making them more competitive. This thesis takes part in the actual research by considering a flexible blade as a possible passive system to improve the efficiency of this technology. At first, a 2D study using a straight blade turbine with a flexible trailing edge is done in order to select the best characteristics for a 3D study which is carried out subsequently. A model employing computational fluid dynamic coupled to a finite element model is used and validated in this thesis. OpenFOAM software is used with an in-house library which allows fluid-solid couplings in 2D. The resolution of the 3D domain is conducted by using StarCCM+ software as well as a fluid-solid coupling integrated into the software. Also, the turbulence modeling is performed using the unsteady form of the RANS k-ω SST turbulence model. The result of the 2D study shows an increase in efficiency for the operating conditions below and above the optimal efficiency point compared with a turbine with rigid blade. It is also shown that the flexible blades decrease the efficiency of the turbine at the optimal efficiency point. However, the impact of 3D effects on the dynamic behaviour of flexible blades changes the observations made in 2D at the optimal efficiency point. Indeed, the threedimensional modeling of the problem makes it possible to highlight an overall increase in the efficiency of the turbine by considerably reducing the vortex drag of the blades by acting directly on the formation of the tip vortices.

The focus of this thesis is on the vertical integration of mechatronics in the mechanical engineering curriculum at Virginia Tech. It reports the details of an experimental strategy to integrate mechatronics at an early level in the education of engineers. A proposal was submitted to and accepted by the NSF/SUCCEED coalition to fund this experiment. Through this assistance, the experiment of vertically integrating mechatronics was initiated. The methodology in which it was integrated is presented -- through optional participation in a sophomore design class and a required design project in a junior system dynamics course. The material developed for the vertical integration of mechatronics is in the appendices. This material is appropriate for other institutions to use to vertically integrate mechatronics into their curriculums, which is part of the NSF/SUCCEED coalition's initiative. For the sophomore class, ME 2024, Introduction to Engineering Design and Economics, selected sections were exposed to the concepts of mechatronic design, along with the normal course material. Students in the mechatronic sections were given an opportunity to incorporate the use of a custom-built VT Project Box and the PIC Visual Development (PVD) software, both of which were created specifically for the task of vertical integration of mechatronics. Throughout the semester, the students were given several demonstrations of mechatronic systems through the use of the project box and software. Many students decided to implement mechatronic concepts in their final design projects. A smaller number of students made a decision to use the project box and software to develop a prototype of their final design project. Candid remarks about the students experiences, obtained from a survey at the semester's end, indicated that the vertical integration of mechatronics was a motivational feature in the second-year curriculum. For the junior class, ME 3514, System Dynamics, all sections were exposed to the concepts of mechatronics, along with the normal course material. The students were required to acquire steady-state velocity data from a DC motor and create an analytical model of the motor to predict the steady-state velocity for a given duty cycle of a pulse-width modulated controller. After the collection of the data and the creation of the analytical model, the students compared the results of simulations to the actual data collected, and report the comparison to the instructor in a memorandum. The collection of the steady-state velocity data was accomplished using the PVD software and the VT Project Box. The essentials of mechatronics was communicated to the students in two lectures, and the students gained hands-on experience with mechatronics through the use of the project box and the software. The lecture material covered the basics of mechatronics, the Mechatronics course at Virginia Tech, and detailed information about the design project. The assessment of the vertical integration of mechatronics into this junior course was accomplished by surveying all of the students in the course. The results of the survey indicated that the inclusion of mechatronics material increased the students understanding of the course material and also increased their interest in mechatronics. / Master of Science

Les turbines à axe vertical attirent de plus en plus l'attention dans le secteur de la production d'énergie éolienne et hydrolienne. Ce concept de turbine possède quelques avantages intéressants par rapport aux turbines à axe horizontal qui sont déjà bien établies dans le domaine éolien. En fait, des travaux récents ont suggéré que les turbines à axe vertical pourraient être favorablement utilisées dans un contexte de déploiement en parc de turbines. Par contre, cette technologie est relativement jeune et davantage de travaux de recherche et développement sont nécessaires afin d'évaluer pleinement leur potentiel en vue d'une utilisation en parc. En effet, il faut mieux caractériser les performances de ces turbines, trouver des moyens d'améliorer leur efficacité aérodynamique et comprendre les différents mécanismes physiques affectant la ré-énergisation de leur sillage afin de tirer des conclusions éclairées quant à leur éventuelle utilisation dans un parc éolien ou hydrolien. Dans ce contexte, la présente thèse vise à étudier l'impact de deux considérations de design sur l'efficacité et sur le sillage des turbines à axe vertical : l'utilisation de plaques de bout détachées et l'effet des bras de support des pales. Dans un premier temps, l'effet des plaques de bout détachées sur les performances et sur le sillage d'une turbine à axe vertical est étudié. Une plaque de bout détachée consiste en une mince plaque fixe située très près du bout des pales de la turbine, mais sans être en contact avec ces dernières. À l'aide de simulations numériques (CFD), deux géométries de plaques de bout détachées sont simulées sur une turbine à axe vertical : une géométrie circulaire et une en forme de demi-anneau. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que ces deux géométries de plaques de bout détachées permettent d'améliorer considérablement l'efficacité de la turbine à axe vertical considérée. Cette augmentation s'explique principalement par l'interaction visqueuse qui se forme entre les pales de la turbine et les plaques debout détachées. Cette interaction cause une hausse de la circulation et de la portance près du bout des pales, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de la puissance extraite de l'écoulement. En ce qui a trait au sillage, il est également démontré que l'utilisation de plaques de bout détachées en forme de demi-anneau permet d'accélérer la récupération de vitesse derrière la turbine à axe vertical considérée. L'interaction visqueuse entre les pales de la turbine et les plaques de bout détachées en forme de demi-anneau est favorable à l'induction de vitesse dans la direction de l'envergure des pales dans le sillage de la turbine, et cette induction de vitesse est bénéfique à la ré-énergisation du sillage. Pour cette raison, la récupération de vitesse dans le sillage d'une turbine avec de telles plaques de bout détachées est plus rapide que dans le sillage d'une turbine de référence (sans plaques de bout détachées). Dans un second temps, toujours à l'aide de simulations numériques, l'effet du design et du positionnement des bras de support servant à soutenir les pales de la turbine à axe vertical est étudié. Les résultats démontrent que des bras de support placés au bout des pales sont moins nuisibles à l'efficacité de la turbine que des bras placés à d'autres positions intermédiaires le long de l'envergure. De plus, il est montré que l'utilisation d'une jonction arrondie entre les pales et les bras de support permet d'augmenter l'efficacité des turbines de manière très importante. En fait, l'utilisation de telles jonctions arrondies permet de réduire l'énergie cinétique des tourbillons de bout de pales, et donc, de diminuer considérablement leur traînée induite. Ainsi, ces jonctions arrondies aident à uniformiser l'écoulement le long des pales de la turbine et à atteindre des valeurs d'efficacité très intéressantes. Concernant le sillage, la position des bras de support affecte la distribution spatiale de la vorticité qui est éjectée dans ce dernier. Les résultats présentés démontrent que des bras de support situés au bout des pales sont légèrement nuisibles à la récupération de vitesse par rapport à des bras de support situés à d'autres positions intermédiaires le long de l'envergure de la turbine. Toutefois, en raison de l'augmentation significative d'efficacité, l'utilisation de bras de bout de pales à jonctions arrondies demeure une option très intéressante pour les turbines à axe vertical. / Vertical-axis turbines have gained increasing attention in the wind and hydrokinetic energy sectors in recent years. This type of turbine has several interesting advantages over the well-established horizontal-axis wind turbine concept and recent works have suggested that vertical-axis turbines could be favorable for applications in turbine farms. However, this technology is relatively young and more research and development is needed to fully assess their potential in turbine farms. Indeed, it is crucial to better characterize the performance of vertical-axis turbines, find ways to improve their aerodynamic efficiency and understand the different physical mechanisms affecting their wake recovery in order to draw informed conclusions about their eventual use in wind farms and hydrokinetic turbine farms. In this context, the present thesis aims at studying the impact of two design considerations on the efficiency and on the wake recovery of vertical-axis turbines: the use of detached end-plates and the effect of the blade support structures. Firstly, the effect of detached end-plates on the performance and on the wake recovery of a vertical-axis turbine is investigated. A detached end-plate consists of a thin stationary plate that is located very close to the tips of the turbine blades, but not in contact with them. Using numerical simulations (CFD), two geometries of detached end-plates are simulated on a vertical-axis turbine: a circular geometry and a semi-annular one. The results show that these two geometries of detached end-plates allow to significantly increase the efficiency of the vertical-axis turbine considered. The efficiency enhancement can be explained by the viscous interaction that takes place between the turbine blades and the detached end-plates. This interaction increases the circulation and the lift near the blade tips, which also increases the power extracted from the flow. Regarding the wake, it is shown that the use of semi-annular detached end-plates leads to a faster velocity recovery downstream of the vertical-axis turbine considered. The viscous interaction between the blades and the semi-annular detached end-plates is favorable to the velocity that is induced in the spanwise direction in the turbine wake, and this velocity induction is beneficial to the wake re-energization. Consequently, the velocity recovery in the wake of the turbine with semi-annular detached end-plates is faster than that in the wake of the reference turbine (without detached end-plates). Secondly, always using numerical simulations, the effect of the design and of the position of the blade support structures (i.e., the struts) is investigated on a vertical-axis turbine. The results show that the struts are less detrimental to the turbine efficiency if they are located at the tips of the turbine blades, rather than at other intermediate positions along the blade span. Moreover, it is shown that the use of rounded blade-strut junction geometries allows to increase the turbine efficiency very significantly. Indeed, the use of rounded blade-strut junctions reduces the kinetic energy of the blade tip vortices, and thus, decreases the induced drag considerably. Therefore, rounded blade-strut junctions help to obtain a flow that is essentially two-dimensional over a significant portion of the turbine blades and they also help to reach very interesting efficiency values. Regarding the wake recovery, the position of the struts along the blade span affects the spatial distribution of the vorticity shed in the turbine wake. The results show that struts located at the blade tips are slightly detrimental to the wake recovery in comparison with struts located at other intermediate positions along the blade span. However, because of the significant increase in efficiency, the use of rounded tip struts remains a very interesting option for vertical-axis turbines.

Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo simples de ganhos de troca na presença custos de medida de atributos relevantes em uma transação econômica. Em particular, mostramos como o modelo pode ser utilizado para uma maior reflexão sobre os custos e benefícios da integração vertical, ou seja, mostramos que a integração vertical pode evitar custos de transação na forma de gastos em excesso de medida de atributos relevantes do insumo intermediário transacionado, não obstante os custos de monitoramento por parte do empresário da firma integrada. Em seguida, este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de escolha de padrões privados numa cadeia vertical, através de uma função de beneficio exclusive os custos de padronização. Finalmente, mostramos as condições em que a escolha do padrão pode ser uma variável do tipo complemento estratégico. / The present thesis develops a simple model of gains from trade when there are costs of measuring of relevant attributes in economic transactions.It´s shown how the model can be applied for the study of costs and benefits of vertical integration. In particular, it´s argued that vertical integration can avoid excessive transaction costs, in the form of costs of measure of intermediate outputs, although the costs of monitoring that the owner of the integrated firm must spend. Next, this thesis develops a model of choice of private standards in a vertical chain. Finally, it´s studied situations where the standards can be strategic complements.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das tensões de cisalhamento nas interfaces verticais de paredes de alvenaria interconectadas em casos onde atuam simultaneamente carregamentos verticais e ações horizontais. Os valores obtidos para as máximas tensões de cisalhamento são comparados com as resistências estabelecidas na norma brasileira em vigor, NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989), e no texto base para sua revisão. Os valores das referidas normas também são confrontados com valores experimentais, avaliando-se criticamente a aplicação dos limites normativos na prática de projetos de edifícios existentes. Adicionalmente, são avaliadas duas formas distintas de modelagem de edifícios de alvenaria estrutural, quando submetidos às ações horizontais. A primeira consiste em uma abordagem simplificada e bastante usual entre projetistas, a associação plana de paredes isoladas. Sua aferição é importante para fornecer ao projetista uma ferramenta que lhe permita obter resultados de maneira rápida e confiável. A segunda forma de modelagem é uma análise de pórtico tridimensional que permite uma análise mais completa das paredes de contraventamento, incluindo os efeitos das deformações por cisalhamento. Com o intuito de avaliar as diferenças observadas entre os dois modelos, foram empregados testes estatísticos, que permitem analisar se eles são estatisticamente iguais a um nível de significância de 5%. Para aquisição dos dados para as análises são feitos estudos de casos com quatro edifícios residenciais usuais, com diferentes arranjos arquitetônicos, variando-se o número de pavimentos em quatro, oito, doze e dezesseis, de modo a se obter maior representatividade dos resultados. Com os resultados obtidos nas avaliações, concluiu-se que os valores adotados como limites de resistência pelo texto base da revisão da NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989) parecem ser rigorosos para realidade brasileira. Com relação à comparação dos modelos estudados, os testes estatísticos direcionam a uma conclusão importante, que é a de não haver diferença entre eles, para um nível de 5% de significância. / This work presents the evaluation of the shear stress at the vertical interfaces of interconnected masonry walls simultaneously subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. The obtained maximum shear stress values are compared to the shear strengths prescribed by the current Brazilian code, NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989), and by its review base text. The prescribed values are also confronted with experimental values, critically evaluating the application of the regulatory limits in the practical design of existing buildings. Additionally, two different ways of modeling the structural masonry buildings when submitted by horizontal actions are evaluated. The first one is a simple approach, largely used by designers, that consists in the two dimensional association of isolated walls. Its evaluation is important to provide the designer with a quick and reliable analytical tool. The second way of modeling is a three dimensional frame analysis, which allows a more complete simulation of the shear walls, including the shear strain effects. In order to evaluate the differences between the two models, statistical tests were employed for examining whether they are statistically equal at a significance level of 5%. Case studies were performed taking into account four residential buildings with different architectural arrangements. The number of floors was also varied considering four, eight, twelve and sixteen, in order to obtain more meaningful results. The developed analysis showed that the strength limits prescribed by the review base text of the NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989) seem to be very much strict according to the Brazilian common practice. Regarding the comparison of the studied analytical models, the statistical tests showed that there is no difference between them at a significance level of 5%.

Essay 1: An Examination of the Efficiency, Foreclosure, and Collusion Rationales for Vertical Takeovers We investigate the efficiency, foreclosure, and collusion rationales for vertical integration using a large sample of vertical takeovers. The efficiency rationale posits that vertical integration prevents future holdup between non-integrated suppliers and customers. In contrast, the foreclosure and collusion rationales suggest that vertical integration harms competition. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we examine the wealth effects of the merging firms, acquirer rivals, target rivals, and corporate customers on announcement of vertical takeovers. Our univariate and cross-sectional results suggest that firms alter their vertical boundaries in a manner that is consistent with the efficiency rationale. Our tests do not find evidence supportive of the anti-competitive rationales for vertical integration. Essay 2: Determinants of Firm Vertical Boundaries and Implications for Internal Capital Markets In this paper, we investigate the determinants of vertical relatedness between business segments of multi-segment firms and how vertical relatedness affects the internal allocation of capital. Consistent with theory, we observe a higher degree of vertical relatedness between segments in environments likely to involve contracting problems. Further, there is a greater tendency for investments to flow towards segments with better investment opportunities as the degree of vertical relatedness between business segments in the firm increases. This indicates that internal capital markets function better in the presence of significant vertical relatedness between segments. This finding supports the Stein (1997) model, which suggests that the headquarters is able to do a better job of “winner-picking” when firms operate in related lines of businesses.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das tensões de cisalhamento nas interfaces verticais de paredes de alvenaria interconectadas em casos onde atuam simultaneamente carregamentos verticais e ações horizontais. Os valores obtidos para as máximas tensões de cisalhamento são comparados com as resistências estabelecidas na norma brasileira em vigor, NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989), e no texto base para sua revisão. Os valores das referidas normas também são confrontados com valores experimentais, avaliando-se criticamente a aplicação dos limites normativos na prática de projetos de edifícios existentes. Adicionalmente, são avaliadas duas formas distintas de modelagem de edifícios de alvenaria estrutural, quando submetidos às ações horizontais. A primeira consiste em uma abordagem simplificada e bastante usual entre projetistas, a associação plana de paredes isoladas. Sua aferição é importante para fornecer ao projetista uma ferramenta que lhe permita obter resultados de maneira rápida e confiável. A segunda forma de modelagem é uma análise de pórtico tridimensional que permite uma análise mais completa das paredes de contraventamento, incluindo os efeitos das deformações por cisalhamento. Com o intuito de avaliar as diferenças observadas entre os dois modelos, foram empregados testes estatísticos, que permitem analisar se eles são estatisticamente iguais a um nível de significância de 5%. Para aquisição dos dados para as análises são feitos estudos de casos com quatro edifícios residenciais usuais, com diferentes arranjos arquitetônicos, variando-se o número de pavimentos em quatro, oito, doze e dezesseis, de modo a se obter maior representatividade dos resultados. Com os resultados obtidos nas avaliações, concluiu-se que os valores adotados como limites de resistência pelo texto base da revisão da NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989) parecem ser rigorosos para realidade brasileira. Com relação à comparação dos modelos estudados, os testes estatísticos direcionam a uma conclusão importante, que é a de não haver diferença entre eles, para um nível de 5% de significância. / This work presents the evaluation of the shear stress at the vertical interfaces of interconnected masonry walls simultaneously subjected to vertical and horizontal loads. The obtained maximum shear stress values are compared to the shear strengths prescribed by the current Brazilian code, NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989), and by its review base text. The prescribed values are also confronted with experimental values, critically evaluating the application of the regulatory limits in the practical design of existing buildings. Additionally, two different ways of modeling the structural masonry buildings when submitted by horizontal actions are evaluated. The first one is a simple approach, largely used by designers, that consists in the two dimensional association of isolated walls. Its evaluation is important to provide the designer with a quick and reliable analytical tool. The second way of modeling is a three dimensional frame analysis, which allows a more complete simulation of the shear walls, including the shear strain effects. In order to evaluate the differences between the two models, statistical tests were employed for examining whether they are statistically equal at a significance level of 5%. Case studies were performed taking into account four residential buildings with different architectural arrangements. The number of floors was also varied considering four, eight, twelve and sixteen, in order to obtain more meaningful results. The developed analysis showed that the strength limits prescribed by the review base text of the NBR 10837 (ABNT, 1989) seem to be very much strict according to the Brazilian common practice. Regarding the comparison of the studied analytical models, the statistical tests showed that there is no difference between them at a significance level of 5%.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-12-11T13:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-09T12:05:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T12:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-02 / Esta tese trata da questão da internacionalização da empresa de petróleo no Brasil. O tema ganha maiores dimensões nas discussões devido ao advento das descobertas nas áreas exploratórias do pré-sal. O expressivo tamanho das descobertas poderá colocar a indústria de petróleo brasileira e o seu quase único operador, a Petrobrás, na posição de grande exportador de óleo cru. O modelo exportador de matéria prima bruta não parece ser a melhor estratégia tanto para o país quanto para o maior ícone da indústria nacional de petróleo, a Petrobras.A partir de um estudo da indústria nacional de petróleo a tese formulará uma proposta de estratégia de gestão via a internacionalização verticalmente integrada para esta indústria, em particular para a grande empresa nacional. Também será feita uma análise comparativa de grandes empresas, suas estratégias e forma de operação, empresas de outras nacionalidades, de capital estatal, privado ou misto, internacionalizadas desde o seu nascimento ou em francos processos de internacionalização, onde a atuação em países diferentes das suas sedes é um objetivo estratégico. Finalmente será analisada uma iniciativa de internacionalização que foi a aquisição da empresa japonesa, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, pela Petrobras em 2008. A aquisição no Japão por empresa de capital latino-americano foi inédita na história daquele país. A metodologia utilizada é de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O estudo concluirá que existe uma tendência histórica da grande empresa de petróleo no uso de estratégia de internacionalização via integração vertical de suas operações e que tal estratégia poderia ser adotada pela empresa nacional, porém, em meio a tensões e dilemas de decisões influenciadas pelo político social e pelo pensamento empresarial. / This thesis addresses the issue of internationalization of companies in the oil company in Brazil. The subject analyzed gained ground in discussions of this industry, with the advent of new discoveries in the areas of exploration, the areas of presalt. A future seems to be approaching a future when new discoveries will bring the Brazilian oil industry, notably its highest representative and almost totally dominant one, Petrobras, to a position of net exporter of crude oil. The raw material export model does not seem to be the best strategy for both the country and the largest icon of the national oil industry, Petrobras. Through a study of the national oil industry, this thesis will propose a strategy of internationalization by operational vertical integration of the national industry. Analysis will also be made of other companies, strategies and mode of operation, companies from other countries, and state, private or private and state capital, internationalized since birth or going through internationalization processes, where the operations in different countries of these headquarters are the objective of their organizations. Finally one case of internationalization initiative will be studied, which was the acquisition of the Japanese company, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, by Petrobras in 2008. The acquisition of a company in Japan by a Latin American company was unprecedented in that country. The methodology for this theses is qualitative research. The study will conclude that there is a historical trend of the big petroleum company adopting the strategy of internationalization by vertical integration of its operations and that this strategy could be adopted by the national company.

Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo simples de ganhos de troca na presença custos de medida de atributos relevantes em uma transação econômica. Em particular, mostramos como o modelo pode ser utilizado para uma maior reflexão sobre os custos e benefícios da integração vertical, ou seja, mostramos que a integração vertical pode evitar custos de transação na forma de gastos em excesso de medida de atributos relevantes do insumo intermediário transacionado, não obstante os custos de monitoramento por parte do empresário da firma integrada. Em seguida, este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de escolha de padrões privados numa cadeia vertical, através de uma função de beneficio exclusive os custos de padronização. Finalmente, mostramos as condições em que a escolha do padrão pode ser uma variável do tipo complemento estratégico. / The present thesis develops a simple model of gains from trade when there are costs of measuring of relevant attributes in economic transactions.It´s shown how the model can be applied for the study of costs and benefits of vertical integration. In particular, it´s argued that vertical integration can avoid excessive transaction costs, in the form of costs of measure of intermediate outputs, although the costs of monitoring that the owner of the integrated firm must spend. Next, this thesis develops a model of choice of private standards in a vertical chain. Finally, it´s studied situations where the standards can be strategic complements.