In the environmental protection issues and natural resources problem to expand and develop ¡§renewable energy resource¡¨ and ¡§green energy resource¡¨ are the trend of global pursued. Many developed countries have given zealous and efforts to active the solar energy plan. The photovoltaic industry has marketed incentive programs. Currently, Use all energy resources to rely on import above 95% on Taiwan. To decrease consuming fossil fuel should be constructive to spread applies of solar energy. This study was the preliminary statement to develop route and trend of worldwide photovoltaic industry in the pass, presently, and in the future. And then to analyze the data of operate results of the new entrant solar cell industries in the Taiwan. By way of competition strategy, competition advantage, an analysis of competition power, diamond model and vertical integration etc., theory. In this study case, the ways that many companies enter the solar cell market are strategy ventures, and vertical integration to increase production. To confer the structure of solar cell industry, finding Niche at a series action of value. To create acceptable value of the customer. And then to provide a solar cell industry model of competition advantage.

In recent years, there is a widely witnessed phenomenon among domestic infrastructure construction industry. For those active contractors carrying over majority of domestic infrastructure works, a substantial number of them is professional acting sub-contractors rather than the initial bidding construction contractors. As a result, overall quality of works and lead-time control of construction projects are mainly predetermined by original bidding firms¡¦ sub-contracting management. Apart from above perspective, for years the construction industry in Taiwan has long been caught in a fierce price-cutting competition. Inevitably it has directed the whole industry into a micro-profit era. So to speak, a systematic subcontracting processing for selection of capable sub-contractors, and an effective managerial control of that processing during the implementation time span are key success factors among final outcomes of projects.The following case scenario, based upon a construction contractor¡¦s work on MRT projects, can be best exemplified as an in-depth study of the portrayed company¡¦s management capability on sub-contracting. A prototyped processing includes but will not be confined to the following highlights: ¡EMaking decisions on sub-contracting ¡ESourcing quality sub-contractors ¡ESelecting capable sub-contractors ¡EDefining pivotal points for the contract agreements ¡EFine-tuning Q&A issues for project implementation Other than above briefing, the portrayed construction contractor had meticulously and often unwittingly transformed its role during project implementation by gaining Industrywide vertical integration capability. This derivative occasion is another aspect on this case study.The main causes of above managerial transition can be attributed to the fact that involved sub-contractors may demonstrate tendencies of schedule delays. In lieu of that possibility, the construction company has to proactively take necessary measures to safeguard it from happening. Considering primary requirements of containing overheads and meeting work deadlines, the construction company in the end has to decisively intervene the supply chain system that is mainly operated only among sub-contractors. As evidenced from the presented case, the portrayed construction company ends up creating its own strategic blueprint to evolve into an integrated conglomerate in its industry.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Economics." Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-99).

Vertical cable seismic methods are becoming more relevant as we require high quality and high resolution seismic data in both land and marine environments. Our goal in this thesis is to demonstrate the impacts of vertical cable surveying in these areas. Vertical cable methods have been applied to the marine environment with encouraging results. Data quality is similar to that of traditional towed-streamer data, without the long, cumbersome towed-streamers which are difficult to maneuver in congested areas. The current marine vertical cable processing schemes tend to use primaries and receiver ghosts of primaries for imaging. Therefore, we demonstrate the ability of the current multiple attenuation algorithms developed by Ikelle (2001) to preserve either primaries or the receiver ghosts of primaries. As we focus on land acquisition, we discover that vertical cable surveying can overcome many of the traditional problems of land seismics. In fact, our investigations lead us to believe that problems such as ground roll, guided waves and statics can be avoided almost entirely using vertical cable acquisition methods. Furthermore, land vertical surveying is naturally suited for multi-component acquisition and time-lapse surveying. To fully analyze the applicability of vertical cable surveys in marine and land environments, we also investigate the problem of cable spacing and sampling within each cable. We compare the resolution of vertical cable data and horizontal data by calculating the maximum angular coverage of each acquisition geometry and measuring the occurrence of each angle within this coverage, such that more occurrences means better resolution. From our investigations, we find that by using vertical cables of no more than 500 m in length at 500 m intervals, we can acquire higher resolution seismic data relative to horizontal surface methods for an image point, horizontal reflector or a dipping reflector. The key tool used in these investigations is fully elastic finite-difference modeling. We chose this technique based on its ability to properly and accurately model the full wavefield through complex models, all the while preserving amplitudes and the phase of reflected, diffracted and converted wavefields.

Populations (n = 25) of fourth instar Aedes aegypti were introduced into observation arenas that contained one of 5 types of substrates, and were sub-divided into 5 equal 1 cm horizontal zones. The larvae were videotaped to determine effects of food quality, food quantity, and nutrient deprivation on vertical distribution of larvae over time. At least two-thirds of the larvae consistently aggregated at the surface and on the bottom. The proportion depended on the nature of the substratum and was influenced by nutrient deprivation. In contrast, density of larvae in the 3 remaining zones was consistently low and was unaffected by either of these variables. Larvae were typically very active during a 15 minute period of acclimation upon introduction into the observation arena; subsequently, levels of activity declined. Most starved larvae in the presence of a high-quality food substrate fed to repletion faster than fed larvae, whereas in an arena devoid of food, they foraged on the bottom for a longer duration of time than the fed. With a substrate of a semi- or highly non-nutritive nature, foraging again appeared more intense among starved than fed individuals. Starved larvae consistently aggregated on the bottom, in contrast to fed individuals that became more evenly distributed between the surface and the bottom.

By interviewing 10 people in leadership positions from various companies and      countries, this thesis had as main objective to find out how the view the of what environment promotes the intrapreneur to make the organizations more competitive and successful. By transcribing and interpreting the interviews, we have found the keywords that could answer our research question. Our method has been based on a qualitative approach with an inductive direction. The leadership has been shown to have a significant role in terms of company culture and the intrapreneurs ability to contribute to the development of the organizations. The culture is essential. If allowed, the intraprenur will have an impact on both strategies and operational conduct. This thesis highlights intraprenuer promotion roles within the organization.

Diagnostic tools were developed and utilised to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection in a range of Australian marsupial species and identify epidemiological trends. An ELISA was developed to detect anti-T. gondii IgG in macropod marsupials. When compared with the commercially available MAT (modified agglutination test), the ELISA was in high agreement and yielded a ê coefficient of 0.96. Of 18 western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA by PCR, the 9 ELISA positive kangaroos tested PCR positive and the 9 ELISA negative kangaroos tested PCR negative indicating that the ELISA protocol was both highly specific and sensitive and correlated 100% with the more labour intensive PCR assay. A T. gondii seroprevalence study was undertaken on free ranging Australian marsupials. There was a T. gondii seroprevalence of 15.5% (95%CI: 10.7-20.3) in western grey kangaroos located in the Perth metropolitan area. The T. gondii seroprevalence in male western grey kangaroos was significantly less than their female counterparts (p=0.038), which may be related to behavioural differences causing differences in exposure to oocysts or recrudescence of T. gondii infection in pregnant females. Marsupial populations located in islands free from felids had a low overall T. gondii seroprevalence. A case control study determined that marsupials located in areas where felids may roam are 14.20 (95%CI: 1.94-103.66) times more likely to be T. gondii seropositive than marsupials located on felid-free islands. PCR, immunohistochemistry and serological techniques were used to detect T. gondii infection in marsupial dams and their offspring. T. gondii DNA was detected in the pouch young of chronically infected western grey kangaroos and a woylie (Bettongia penicillata). T. gondii DNA was also identified in the mammary gland of the woylie dam suggesting that infection of the woylie pouch young was from suckling milk from the mammary gland. Results of the study demonstrate that vertical transmission of T. gondii occurs in Australian marsupials and may be of importance in the maintenance of T. gondii infection in Australian marsupial populations. Animal tissue and meat from Australia, predominately from Australian marsupials, were screened for T. gondii DNA using PCR primers for the multi-copy, T. gondii specific B1 gene. Sequencing of the B1 gene revealed atypical genotypes in 7 out of 13 samples from Australia. These 7 isolates contained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the B1 gene that could not be matched with known sequences from strains I, II, III and X. Six unique genotypes were identified out of the 7 atypical isolates; two out of the 7 isolates had the same unique sequence at the B1 gene whereas the other 5 isolates each had different combinations of SNPs at the B1 gene. A majority of T. gondii isolates sampled from native Australian marsupials were of an atypical genotype. The discovery of atypical strains of T. gondii in Australia leads to further questions regarding the origin and transmission of these atypical strains. Additional studies linking atypical strains with their clinical manifestation are also warranted.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar las equivalencias entre las medidas faciales utilizadas por el método de Willis, para determinar la dimensión vertical de oclusión (DVO), en adultos parcialmente desdentados con referencia oclusiva estable. Se evaluó si las distancias entre los puntos Ofrion y Subnasal, y los puntos Centro de pupila y Comisura Labial, son iguales a la distancia Subnasal-Menton cuando la mandíbula se encuentra en posición postural de reposo. Se tomó una muestra de 40 pacientes (22 mujeres y 18 hombres), con un rango de edad de entre 22 y 67 años, con un promedio de 47,35 años, atendidos en las clínicas de prótesis parcial removible y clínica integral del adulto de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile, los cuales fueron seleccionados bajo el siguiente criterio: presentar un desdentamiento parcial con referencia oclusal estable, no presentar patologías articulares, musculares o bruxismo severo. Se realizaron mediciones clínicas de las cuatro medidas verticales mencionadas, las que fueron efectuadas por un operador calibrado, utilizando el compás de Willis. Al comparar las distancias Ofrion-Subansal con Subnasal – Menton en reposo, se encontró que no existen diferencias significativas entre ambas medidas (p= 0,1495), por lo que ambas medidas podrían ser consideradas como equivalentes. 97 La diferencia entre la distancia Centro Pupila – Comisura y la distancia Subnasal-Menton en posición postural de reposo, no fue estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,1471), por lo que ambas medidas pueden ser consideradas equivalentes. Al comparar las relaciones del método establecido por Willis, según el sexo, sé encontró que en ambos grupos, tanto en pacientes femeninos como en pacientes masculinos, que las distancias Ofrion-Subnasal, y Centro de pupila- Comisura labial, son iguales a la distancia Subnasal-Menton cuando la mandíbula esta en reposo, ya que en ninguno de los tests se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluyó que la muestra estudiada presenta las equivalencias verticales que establece el método de Willis. Se sugiere realizar este tipo de estudio en pacientes desdentados, para evaluar si la adaptabilidad biológica del sistema estomatognático permite utilizar esté método para estimar y establecer la DVO de los pacientes.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Introducción: La Dimensión Vertical juega un papel importante en la masticación, deglución, fonación y estética; rol fisiológico determinante para la salud de los tejidos y de la personalidad del individuo. Su determinación es un proceso sensible y metódico, que puede producir efectos craneofaciales deletéreos cuando es erróneamente establecida. De aquí radica la importancia de contar con un método sencillo, práctico, reproducible y universal de obtención de la Dimensión Vertical Oclusal. Objetivo General: Determinar si la proporción definida entre los puntos N-Sn-Pg del perfil blando, medido en telerradiografías de perfil en una población eugnásica chilena entre 18-35 años se encuentra dentro de la proporción propuesta 1:1,2 (+ 0,05). Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizaron 94 telerradiografías de perfil digitales (47 hombres y 47 mujeres), pertenecientes a adultos jóvenes chilenos eugnásicos entre 18 y 35 años, seleccionados bajo estrictos criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizaron para cada participante dos mediciones lineales verticales: de Nasion (N) a Subnasal (Sn) y de Subnasal a Pogonion (Pg), ambas mediciones se relacionaron proporcionalmente, obteniendo la proporción N-Sn/Sn-Pg. Esta proporción fue analizada según sexo y biotipo (utilizando el ángulo Go-Gn S-N de Steiner). Se empleó para el análisis estadístico pruebas de distribución de variables, prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, prueba t-Student análisis de varianza ANOVA y Test de Bartlett, empleando el software Stata 12 ® (de Stata Corporation L.P.). Resultados: La proporción N-Sn/Sn-Pg presenta distribución normal para la muestra general. El valor promedio de esta proporción según sexo es de 1:1,198 para sexo masculino y 1:1,132 para sexo femenino, lo cual mediante el análisis T de Student demostró ser una diferencia significativa, con un valor P de 0,0336. Los promedios para cada biotipo son: braquifacial 1:1,16, mesofacial 1:1,17 y dolicofacial 1:1,15. El análisis ANOVA muestra diferencias no significativas entre biotipos. Conclusiones: La proporción N-Sn/Sn-Pg puede eventualmente ser utilizada en la práctica clínica de una forma complementaria a otras proporciones o mediciones para la determinación de la dimensión vertical, pero se sugiere mayor estudios en relación a nuestra propuesta.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:34:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4919_.pdf: 1374592 bytes, checksum: b90448b502dc70ff166e9b9ce32a04e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-28 / Introdução: O principal indicador de monitoramento da redução da infecção pelo HIV em crianças é a taxa de incidência de AIDS em menores de cinco anos de idade, utilizado como proxy da taxa de transmissão vertical, uma vez que esta representa quase 90% da totalidade de casos. Objetivos: Descrever o perfil das crianças atendidas do SAE de AIDS pediátrico do Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória (HINSG) em relação à taxa de transmissão vertical do HIV e as manifestações clínicas diagnosticadas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo realizado com crianças expostas à infecção pelo HIV por via vertical acompanhadas no Serviço de Assistência Especializado em AIDS Pediátrica de um hospital público em Vitória (ES), no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2008. O questionário utilizado continha perguntas sobre dados clínicos da mãe e da criança. Foi realizada análise descritiva com distribuição de freqüência para variáveis qualitativas e cálculo de mediana e distância interquartil para variáveis quantitativas. As comparações entre os casos positivos de HIV e os casos que negativaram foram testadas através de testes de qui-quadrado. Odds Ratio e intervalos de confiança foram calculados e análise multivariada de regressão logística foram utilizados na análise. Este estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Duzentas e vinte e uma crianças (97,8%) foram expostas ao HIV durante a gestação ou parto. Um total de 47 (21,3%) crianças foi diagnosticado como doente de AIDS, sendo que 28 (56%) já entraram no serviço com o diagnóstico e 22 (44%) soroconverteram no período de seguimento. A taxa de transmissão vertical nesse período foi de 9,9% (IC 95% 6,0%-13,8%). Um total de 193 (87,3%) crianças deram entrada no serviço no primeiro ano de vida, 51,1% vs. 97,1% (p<0,001), quando comparamos os casos de aids com aqueles com sorologia negativa. Em relação às mães das crianças incluídas no estudo, o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV foi feito antes da gravidez em 97 (43,3%) casos, em 56 (25,0%) durante o pré-natal, em 59 (26,4%) o diagnóstico ocorreu no parto e após o parto. Em 12 casos (5,4%) o modo de contágio materno foi desconhecido. Entre os fatores independentemente associados com a transmissão vertical do HIV: ter entrado no serviço antes do primeiro ano de vida [OR=0,08 (0,170,37)], estar vivo [OR=0,12 (0,310,47)] e ter feito a profilaxia completa [OR=0,29 (0,09-0,97)] foram fatores protetores, enquanto que ter nascido de parto vaginal [OR=4,45 (1,4713,47)] foi fator de risco para a infecção pelo HIV. Em relação às manifestações clínicas nas crianças, a mais frequente foi ter anemia por mais de 30 dias (62%), seguida pela síndrome de emaciação (56%) e meningite bacteriana, pneumonia ou sepse (54%). Um total de 32% dos casos foram classificadas como da categoria C3, a mais grave de todas. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram uma alta taxa de transmissão vertical. Fazer a profilaxia completa e ter idade de entrada no serviço menor que 1 ano foram fatores de proteção e ter nascido de parto por via vaginal foi fator de risco para a transmissão vertical. Grande parte das crianças infectadas apresentaram manifestações moderadas e graves da AIDS, demonstrando a importância do monitoramento constante das medidas profiláticas para a mãe e a criança para o controle da transmissão vertical. PALAVRAS CHAVE: AIDS, crianças, gestantes, Transmissão vertical