Este estudo procurou entender porque as usinas e destilarias fazem uso de estratégias distintas na coordenação vertical da colheita da cana-de-açúcar, pois verifica-se no setor a presença conjunta de empresas que utilizam a terceirização total da frota, outras que utilizam a terceirização de forma parcial (integração vertical parcial) e ainda, firmas que empregam estruturas totalmente verticalizadas na condução dessa atividade. Assim, foram analisados os mecanismos e critérios de escolha utilizados pelas empresas ao estabelecerem os arranjos institucionais que coordenam as atividades de corte, carregamento e transporte da cana-de-açúcar, buscando um alinhamento entre os arranjos adotados e os aspectos teóricos que justificassem essa opção. Durante a análise, também foram descritas as principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos agentes envolvidos no processo de terceirização da colheita (usinas/destilarias e prestadores de serviço), pretendendo contribuir para a discussão sobre o tema entre os profissionais da área. O ferramental teórico utilizado para o embasamento do estudo foi composto a partir da conjugação de elementos da Teoria Neoclássica, da Economia dos Custos de Transação e da Teoria das Competências Dinâmicas. O estudo se apoiou em dados secundários, obtidos de diversas fontes, e em dados primários, coletados a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com os agentes envolvidos no processo analisado. Participaram da amostra 33 usinas/destilarias (30 localizadas no Estado de São Paulo e 3 no Estado do Paraná) e 6 empresas prestadoras de serviço. A presença de diferentes arranjos entre as usinas/destilarias foi explicada pela percepção distinta dos custos de transação e de produção envolvidos nessa escolha, e pela própria heterogeneidade de recursos e competências entre as empresas. Apenas no caso do corte manual observou-se uma tendência de convergência dos arranjos em direção a estruturas verticalizadas, que pode ser explicada, principalmente, pela maior pressão dos órgãos e agentes privados e públicos nos últimos anos para o cumprimento das normas trabalhistas e de segurança e saúde do trabalhador rural, visando, entre outras coisas, a eliminação da terceirização do corte manual. Com relação às dificuldades enfrentadas pelas usinas/destilarias que fazem uso da terceirização e pelos prestadores de serviços, verificou-se que os principais pontos de divergência entre os agentes referem-se ao tempo de duração dos contratos, aos mecanismos de monitoramento e controle utilizados e a forma de pagamento dos serviços prestados. / This study has aimed at understanding why sugar/alcohol mills and distilleries make use of distinct strategies in the vertical coordination of the sugarcane harvesting system. The sector presents three different types of institutional arrangements to perform harvesting activities: (i) companies using completely outsourced services; (ii) mills that use partly outsourced services (partial vertical integration); and (iii) firms that employ totally verticalized structures. Therefore, we have analyzed the mechanisms and criteria of choice used by the mills for establishing institutional arrangements to coordinate the harvesting, truck loading, and transportation of sugarcane. In this enquiry, we have searched for alignments between the arrangements adopted and the theoretical aspects that could justify such choices. During the analysis, we have also described the main difficulties faced by the agents involved in the outsourcing process (mills/distilleries and service providers), intending to contribute to professionals in the area. The theoretical fundamentals of the study concerned elements of Neoclassical Theory, of Transaction Cost Economics, and of Dynamic Capabilities Theory. The research is based on secondary data obtained from several sources and on primary data collected in thorough interviews with the agents involved. The sample consists of 33 mills/distilleries (30 located in São Paulo State and three in Paraná State) and of six service-providing firms. The different institutional arrangements among mills/distilleries result from distinct perceptions of the transaction and production costs involved in such choice as well as from the heterogeneity of resources and competences among companies. Strictly in the case of manual harvesting, we have observed a trend towards verticalized structures. This is mainly due to the fact that both governmental and private agents have pressured such firms to respect labor norms as well as the workers? security and health regulations in the latest years, viewing at the extinction of outsourced manual harvesting, among other reasons. As to the problems faced by mills/distilleries that use outsourced service and service providers, we have found out that the main disagreements among agents regard the duration of contracts, the monitoring mechanisms and the form of payment for services rendered.

Orientador: Eugenio Jose Zoqui / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T03:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavan_FernandoRamos_D.pdf: 19869541 bytes, checksum: 498edd8258ae17590272ade5a668f457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta um método (modelo) para a integração entre o Gerenciamento de Processos e do Gerenciamento por Projetos uma vez que, apesar de interdependentes, são tratados de maneira isolada pelas organizações. A ferramenta gerencial utilizada para esta integração é o Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Para tanto, o trabalho faz uma apresentação dos conceitos e métodos de Gerenciamento de Processos existentes, detalhando-os e mostrando sua aplicabilidade prática, assim como conceitua e apresenta o Gerenciamento por Projetos e suas ferramentas. Traz também uma revisão crítica a respeito do Balanced Scorecard como ferramenta gerencial. Após a revisão é apresentado um modelo para esta integração, que é constituído de um fluxograma geral de trabalho aonde é necessário mapear os processos existentes, levantar quais os objetivos da organização e por final alinhá-Ios através do BSC. São levantadas desta maneira diversas oportunidades de melhoria que se constituem em possíveis projetos. Através de um sistema de pontuação são levantados os melhores projetos e passa-se a fase de execução e acompanhamento através das ferramentas de Gerenciamento por Projetos. Toda esta sistemática de trabalho é facilitada pela utilização de planilhas eletrônicas, colocadas à disposição das organizações, para que todo o trabalho seja padronizado. Por fmal o método de integração é aplicado em uma empresa do ramo metalúrgico e os resultados da implantação do sistema são discutidos / Abstract: This work presents a method (model) to integrate Process Management and Management by Project since, although interdependent techniques, organizations usually conduct them as isolated efforts. The management tool chosen for such an integration is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). To achieve its proposed results, this work presents the existing Process Management concepts and methods, exploring their details and showing their practical applicability, as well as it presents and discusses the concept of Project Management and its related tools. A review is also shown for the Balanced Scorecard as a management too1.A model for the aforementioned integration is presented afier the bibliography research, which comprises of a general work flowchart that indicates the need to map existing processes, define the organization objectives and, finally, align them using the BSC. Several improvement opportunities arise which may drive to possible projects. The best projects are select through a scoring system and the following step is to execute and monitor them with Management by Project tools. The whole work system is facilitated by electronic worksheets, made available to organizations, to standardize the tasks. As a fmal item in the present work, the integration method is applied to a metallurgical organization and the implementation results are discussed. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo examinar especificidades no processo de iniciação sexual de jovens mulheres vivendo com HIV. Utilizaram-se dados do estudo transversal GENIH: gênero e infecção pelo HIV, com amostra probabilística, que entrevistou mulheres de 18 a 49 anos, usuárias dos serviços públicos de saúde no município de São Paulo. Analisaram-se variáveis referentes às características sociodemográficas, à primeira relação sexual e às trajetórias reprodutivas das jovens de 18 a 24 anos: 130 mulheres vivendo com HIV/Aids (MVHA) e 257 mulheres não vivendo com HIV/Aids (MNVHA). As MVHA foram estratificadas em infectadas por transmissão vertical (TV) e infectadas por outras vias (OV). Observou-se associação (p<0,05) entre iniciação sexual tardia e ser infectada por TV, possuir religião, ter cursado ensino médio completo ou mais e não ter feito uso de drogas na vida. As jovens infectadas por outras vias iniciaram-se mais cedo do que as demais, com parceiros bem mais velhos e relataram menor uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual. Há diferenças significativas entre os grupos com relação ao tempo de vida sexual ativa, conjugalidade, número de gestações e aborto. Apesar de mais tardias, jovens infectadas por transmissão vertical (TV) apresentaram menor intervalo entre a primeira relação sexual e a primeira gravidez do que as demais, logo o adiamento do início da vida sexual não implica na postergação da trajetória reprodutiva. A multiplicidade de trajetórias sexuais e reprodutivas evidencia a diversidade de intercâmbios entre as experiências de socialização que se dão no âmbito da escola, família, trabalho e demais instituições a que as jovens pertencem. O processo de iniciação sexual das jovens vivendo com HIV carrega marcas das hierarquias de gênero que modulam a socialização juvenil / The present dissertation aimed at examining the specificities of the sexual initiation process of young women living with HIV. Data from the cross-sectional study called GENIH: Gender and HIV infection were used. A probabilistic sample included interviewing women aged 18-49, who were users of the public health services in the city of São Paulo. Variables relating to sociodemographic characteristics, first sexual intercourse, and reproductive trajectories of young women aged 18-24 130 women living with HIV (WLHIV) and 257 not living with HIV (WNLHIV) were analysed. The WLHIV were stratified either by vertical transmission infection (VT) or by other routes infection (OR). Association (p<0,05) between late sexual initiation and getting infected by (VT), having a religion, having attended high school or college, not having used drugs was noticed. Young women who got infected by other routes had an earlier initiation than the others, with significantly older partners, and reported less frequent use of condoms in the first sexual intercourse. There are significant differences between the groups concerning active sexual life length, conjugality, number of pregnancies and abortions. Though having a later initiation, young women infected by VT reported shorter time span between the first sexual intercourse and the first pregnancy than the others. Therefore the postponement of the sexual initiation does not imply in postponing the reproductive trajectory. The multiplicity of sexual and reproductive trajectories shows the diversity of interchanges among socializing experiences that take place in the context of school, family, work place and other institutions to which the young women belong. The process of sexual initiation of young women living with HIV is marked by the gender hierarchy that shapes the youth socialization

Orientador: Wilkens Aurélio Buarque e Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T17:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_JoaoPaulodosSantos_M.pdf: 1949531 bytes, checksum: 8b69749dcdca84f0eaba7a2ac05299a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo neste trabalho foi analisar a influência da dimensão vertical de oclusão na postura da coluna cervical e da cabeça por meio de aferições de medidas angulares craniocervicais. Foram selecionados 17 voluntários desdentados totais, com sinais clínicos de diminuição de dimensão vertical de oclusão, portadores de sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular e usuários de próteses totais, inscritos no cadastro de pacientes do CETASE (Centro de Estudos e Tratamento das Alterações Funcionais do Sistema Estomatognático) da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba. Os voluntários utilizaram o aparelho de cobertura oclusal plana para o restabelecimento da dimensão vertical de oclusão e do tônus muscular, por um período de 120 dias. Telerradiografias em norma lateral foram realizadas antes (com as próteses totais antigas) e após o período de 120 dias. Foram traçadas as linhas Sela-Násio (SN), a Linha Odontoídea (OD), a Linha CVT (Tangente da Vértebra Cervical), e o Plano mandibular (LM). Cinco medidas angulares craniocervicais foram realizadas: SN/OD; SN/LM; SN/CVT; LM/OD e OD/CVT e duas medidas lineares foram feitas: S-OD e S-CVT. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes t de Student e teste de Wilcoxon pareado com nível de significância de p<0,05. As médias iniciais e finais dos ângulos SN/LM e LM/OD apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, alterando a postura da mandíbula em relação à coluna cervical e à base do crânio e as médias iniciais e finais dos ângulos SN/OD, SN/CVT e OD/CVT não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, mostrando o movimento de extensão da cabeça após o tratamento instituído. Os resultados demonstraram que existe relação entre DVO, postura da cabeça e da coluna cervical e que a terapêutica com aparelhos oclusais interferiu melhorando o posicionamento da cabeça e da coluna cervical / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze since the influence of the vertical dimension of occlusion in the posture of the cervical spine and head through measurements of craniocervical angles. Seventeen volunteers edentulous were selected, with clinical signs of reduced vertical dimension of occlusion, with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and denture wearers. The volunteers used occlusal plane appliance coverage for the reestablishment of vertical dimension of occlusion and muscle tone, for a period of 120 days. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before (with the old dentures), and after 120 days. In the radiographs were traced sella-nasion line (SN), Odontoid Line (OD), the CVT line (Cervical Vertebra Tangent), and mandibular plane (ML). Five craniocervical angle measurements were performed: SN/OD, SN/ML, SN/CVT, ML/OD and OD/CVT and two linear measurements were made: S-OD and S-CVT. The data were statistically analyzed by Student's t test and Wilcoxon test with a significance level of p <0.05. The average initial and final angles of the SN/LM and LM/OD showed statistically significant differences by changing the posture of the mandible in relation to the cervical spine and skull base and the mean initial and final angles of the SN/OD, SN/CVT and OD/CVT did not show statistically significant differences, showing the extension movement of the head after the treatment. Our studies demonstrated that a relationship exists between VDO, head posture and cervical spine and that therapy with occlusal devices interfered improving the positioning of the head and cervical spine / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o construto da tarefa de múltiplas acelerações a partir de parâmetros biomecânicos de saltos verticais. 19 jogadoras da seleção brasileira adulta de basquetebol feminino realizaram o teste de múltiplas acelerações (teste T), salto vertical com contramovimento (SV) e salto vertical com contramovimento precedido de corrida (SVcorrida). Os parâmetros biomecânicos do SV foram, tempo de fase concêntrica (Tcon), pico de força de propulsão (PFP), tempo decorrido entre início da fase concêntrica e o pico de força de propulsão (TPFP), taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF) e impulso (I); para SVcorrida, velocidade média de aproximação (Velmédia), tempo total do movimento (Ttotal), pico de força passiva (PFPa), tempo decorrido entre início da fase de apoio e pico de força passiva (TPFPa), pico de força de propulsão (PFP), tempo decorrido entre início da fase de apoio e pico de força de propulsão (TPFPp), Load Rate (LR) e taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF). Para análise dos dados, inicialmente, recorreu-se a análise de componentes principais, revelando que 61,3% da variância total do SV foi explicada pelo componente predominantemente temporal (Tcon, TPFP e PFP) e 20,7% pelo componente predominantemente cinético (I e TDF); para SVcorrida, 58,7% da variância total foi explicada pelo componente predominantemente temporal (Ttotal, TPFPa, TPFPp, LR e TDF), 15,4% pelo componente predominantemente cinético (PFPa e PFP) e 12,8% pelo componente velocidade (Velmédia). Adicionalmente, foram reveladas correlações significantes de 0,55 (Tcon), -0,54 (Velmédia) e -0,49 (PFP) com o teste T, evidenciando um construto determinado pela capacidade de se gerar elevada força na fase concêntrica, reduzir o tempo de fase concêntrica e se aproximar do ponto de mudança de direção com elevada velocidade. / The main aim of the study was to investigate the multiple-acceleration task construct from vertical jumps biomechanics parameters. Nineteen female basketball players from Brazilian national team performed the multiple-acceleration test (T test), countermovement jump (VJ) and countermovement jump preceded by run (VJr). The VJ biomechanics parameters observed were: concentric phase duration (CPD), propulsion peak force (PPF), time to reach propulsion peak force (TPPF), rate of force development (RFD) and impulse (I); for VJr the parameters were mean velocity (MV), movement total duration (MTD), passive peak force (PaPF), time to reach passive peak force (TPaPF), propulsion peak force (PPF), time to reach propulsion peak force (TPpPF), load rate (LR) and rate of force development (RFD). Data were first analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that 61.3% of VJ variance could be explained by time factor (CPD, TPPF and PPF), and 20.7% by kinetic factor (I and RFD). To VJr, 58.7% of total variance could be explained by time factor (MTD, TPaPF, TPpPF, LR, RFD) and 15.4% by kinetic factor (PPF and PaPF) and 12.8% by velocity factor (MV). Furthermore, significant correlations were found between T test with CPD, MV and PPF (0.55, -0.54 and -0.49, respectively), revealing a T test construct related to the ability of generating high level of force in concentric phase, diminishing time of concentric phase, and to reach the change direction point with greatest possible speed.

Background: Teamgym is a relatively new and emerging sport that originating comes from Scandinavia. Teamgym differs a lot from the most known form of gymnastics, artistic gymnastic. For example artistic gymnastics is an individual sport, while teamgym is performed by 6-12 members in each team. In general gymnasts have to acquire many skills at a very young age like jumping, bouncing and twisting in different directions. A good jumping ability has been linked to a successful performance for gymnasts and is defined by a gymnast’s capacity to jump upwards and then perform series of forward and backward rotations in a successful way. Plyometric is a type of training based on the stretch- shortening cycle (SSC) and is often used to improve an athletes sprint and vertical jump ability. Studies indicate that these two components have been linked to a successful performance in gymnastics but there are no studies that are looking at this correlation in teamgym. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how strong the correlation is between the vertical jump height in counter movement jump with arm swing, drop-jump and 20, 25- meters sprint in young female teamgymnasts. Methods: Seventeen (17) female teamgymnasts participated to test their vertical jump ability by using countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and drop-jump (DJ). Their sprint ability was tested through 20 and 25 meter sprint. The highest CMJa and DJ were correlated with the fastest time on 20 and 25 meter sprint. To study the relationship between the vertical jumps and the sprints, Spearman’s rank order correlation (rs) was used in SPSS version 20.0. If the correlation is between 0.30 to 0.49 (-0.30 to -0.49) it is considered as a medium correlation. Anything under these values is a weak correlation and everything above it is strong correlation. Result: CMJa showed a strong significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint and DJ showed a moderate non-significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint. When the weight was set as a control variable the CMJa showed a moderate non-significant correlation with both the sprints but DJ showed a strong significant correlation with both 20 and 25 meter sprint. Conclusion: No other studies have looked at the relationship between vertical jump and sprint ability in teamgym but the result of this study somehow reflects findings in studies looking at the same variables. The findings in this study can be useful for gymnastic coaches when they create training programs for their athletes. Coaches and gymnasts will know the value of a good jumping- and sprinting ability and that plyometric- and sprint training can improve the gymnasts skills. More research is needed on this type of gymnastics and future studies should look at these variables in a larger sample size and with more experienced test subjects.

Background: Teamgym is originally from Scandinavia and the first competition was held in Finland in 1996. The sport includes parts such as trampette, tumbling and floor programs which is performed by the whole team which often consists of six to twelve gymnasts. Trampette and tumbling program consists of three series of tumbles and vaults performed by six gymnasts of the team. The floor program is three minutes long and performed by the team. Female elite gymnasts are often short, lightweight and have a good strength and power and are very flexible and limber. Jumping movements are common in this sport especially to vault and floor programs. It is also preferable that the gymnasts achieves a high sprint speed in order to carry out the movements that are included in the sport. Plyometric training along with resistance training has proven to have positive effects on the gymnasts jumping ability. Especially the jumping ability is incredibly important for a gymnast and for its development in the sport. Plyometrics improves not only the acceleration during the sprint, but also increases the athlete’s strength in the lower extremity. Very few previous studies have been done on gymnastics, particularly in teamgymnastic. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there is any linear correlation between vertical jump height and 10 and 15 meter sprint in teamgym gymnastics. Method: 17 young female teamgymnasts, 12-17 years old, were tested in 10 and 15 meter sprint and two different vertical jumps, countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and squat jump (SJ). The highest was correlated with the fastest sprint time. To analyze the correlation between vertical jumps and sprint the Spearman’s rank correlation (rs) was used. Result: CMJa shows a moderate negative correlation to 10 meter sprint (rs = -0.447) and CMJa also shows moderate negative correlation to 15 meter sprint (rs = -0.488). SJ shows a weak negative correlation to 10 meter sprint (rs = -0.23). SJ also shows weak negative correlation to 15 meter sprint (rs = -0.16). When controlling for the weight, SJ and both sprints went from a weak correlation to a strong correlation. Conclusion: The strongest correlation was found between CMJa and 15 meter sprint. When controlling for the weight, SJ and both sprints went from a weak correlation to a strong correlation. The result showed that the test subjects jumped higher during CMJa than during SJ, with a median of 36.0 compared with 30.0 centimeters. No previous studies have examined these variables and their relationship on teamgymnasts. Further research should be done on the teamgymnasts, since very little previous research has been done in this area.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo en el portal de tesis electrónicas / Introducción La fisura labiopalatina corresponde a un defecto congénito del macizo maxilofacial caracterizado por una alteración en la fusión de los procesos que conforman el labio superior y el paladar durante el desarrollo embrionario. A causa de factores intrínsecos, iatrogénicos o del crecimiento funcional, los pacientes con esta patología presentan alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, principalmente a nivel del tercio medio facial, con alteraciones en los tres sentidos del espacio. A nivel transversal, no hay estudios que evalúen la simetría desde los caninos hacia anterior, por lo que el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la simetría transversal anterior del maxilar superior, en modelos de estudio de pacientes con labio leporino unilateral y fisura velopalatina operados. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo comparativo cuya muestra consistió en 60 modelos pertenecientes a pacientes del Instituto IRMADEMA de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile y al Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna. Los criterios de inclusión fueron haber sido operado del cierre de la fisura, presentar dentición mixta y no tener a la fecha de tomado el modelo tratamiento de ortodoncia. En ellos, se determinó la longitud transversal anterior midiendo la distancia intercanina. Posteriormente se determinó la longitud anterior del maxilar midiendo perpendicular a la línea intercanina hacia anterior, a nivel de la línea media. Luego, ésta se dividió en tres, y en cada tercio se cuantificó en sentido transversal la longitud desde la línea media hasta la parte media del reborde alveolar, tanto el lado fisurado como en el no fisurado. Finalmente, se contrastaron las medidas y se sometieron a test estadísticos. Resultados Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la longitud transversal del lado fisurado con el lado no fisurado en relación a la línea media, siendo el no fisurado mayor en los tres niveles de medición. No se observó diferencia por sexo (p>0.05). Conclusiones La zona anterior del maxilar superior, de pacientes con labio leporino unilateral y fisura velopalatina operada, se presenta en forma asimétrica en el sentido transversal, siendo mayor la diferencia a nivel de caninos, con tendencia al aplanamiento del reborde en el área operada. No existe un desarrollo normal en el lado no afectado por la fisura, el que también se mide como comprometido en la falta de desarrollo.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo en el portal de tesis electrónica / Introducción La fisura labiopalatina corresponde a un defecto congénito del macizo maxilofacial caracterizado por una alteración en la fusión de los procesos que conforman el labio superior y el paladar durante el desarrollo embrionario. A causa de factores intrínsecos, iatrogénicos o del crecimiento funcional, los pacientes con esta patología presentan alteraciones del crecimiento y desarrollo, principalmente a nivel del tercio medio facial, con alteraciones en los tres sentidos del espacio. A nivel transversal, no hay estudios que evalúen la simetría desde los caninos hacia anterior, por lo que el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la simetría transversal anterior del maxilar superior, en modelos de estudio de pacientes con labio leporino unilateral y fisura velopalatina operados. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo comparativo cuya muestra consistió en 60 modelos pertenecientes a pacientes del Instituto IRMADEMA de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile y al Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna. Los criterios de inclusión fueron haber sido operado del cierre de la fisura, presentar dentición mixta y no tener a la fecha de tomado el modelo tratamiento de ortodoncia. En ellos, se determinó la longitud transversal anterior midiendo la distancia intercanina. Posteriormente se determinó la longitud anterior del maxilar midiendo perpendicular a la línea intercanina hacia anterior, a nivel de la línea media. Luego, ésta se dividió en tres, y en cada tercio se cuantificó en sentido transversal la longitud desde la línea media hasta la parte media del reborde alveolar, tanto el lado fisurado como en el no fisurado. Finalmente, se contrastaron las medidas y se sometieron a test estadísticos. Resultados Existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la longitud transversal del lado fisurado con el lado no fisurado en relación a la línea media, siendo el no fisurado mayor en los tres niveles de medición. No se observó diferencia por sexo (p>0.05). Conclusiones La zona anterior del maxilar superior, de pacientes con labio leporino unilateral y fisura velopalatina operada, se presenta en forma asimétrica en el sentido transversal, siendo mayor la diferencia a nivel de caninos, con tendencia al aplanamiento del reborde en el área operada. No existe un desarrollo normal en el lado no afectado por la fisura, el que también se mide como comprometido en la falta de desarrollo.

A simulation tool for flight dynamics and control investigations of three different Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) unmanned aircraft configurations has been developed. A control concept has been proposed in order to take advantage of the fast response characteristics of the ordinary small engine/propeller propulsion systems in such aircraft, as well as replacing the complex rotors used previously in VTOL concepts for small unmanned aircraft. The simulation model has been established on the basis of the proposed concept so that it can also be used to study the feasibility of this idea. An Object-based methodology has been introduced so as to reduce the amount of aerodynamic required data for the simulation model. The equations of motion associated with the aircraft multibody system with ten degrees of freedom have been derived using the Newton-Euler method. The modelling of various subsystems including the propeller model, the airframe aerodynamics and the engine model has been carried out. A method for calculating the propellers' slipstream effects on the other components has been presented. Input data for the simulation model have been estimated, using different sources. The Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSL) has been used for the programming of the mathematical model. A series of comprehensive tests have been carried out in order to demonstrate the validity of the simulation model. The ability of the simulation model to explain the aircraft modes of motion as well as to discover unknown nonlinear behaviours and to describe them has been demonstrated.