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Raw acceleration can be used as a proxy measure representing external forces experienced at the hip. Peak vertical acceleration at the hip was measured (ActiGraph GT3X+ - BT) in 30 premenopausal women during common exercises (walking, running, stairs and jumping) and while they went about their normal routine (7 days). Accelerations experienced during running and jumping activities were consistently ≥3.2g, whereas only accelerations during box jumps were greater than the higher recommended threshold of ≥ 4.9g proposed to improve bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Peak jerk experienced during jumping activities was greater than the recommended threshold of 100g/s. The median number of accelerations/day ≥3.2g was 30.4, whereas only 3.5 incidences/day were observed at ≥4.9g. Running and jumping resulted in vertical accelerations that met or exceeded the thresholds proposed to be beneficial for bone, however, participants rarely experienced high magnitude vertical accelerations during daily life. / October 2016

Laminar natural convection heat transfer from the vertical surface of a cylinder is a classical subject, which has been studied extensively. Furthermore, this subject has generated some recent interest in the literature. In the present investigation, numerical experiments were performed to determine average Nusselt numbers for isothermal vertical cylinders (103 < RaL < 109, 0.5 < L/D <10, and Pr = 0.7) with and without an adiabatic top in a quiescent ambient environment which will allow for plume growth. Results were compared with commonly used correlations and new average Nusselt number correlations are presented. Furthermore, the limit for which the heat transfer results for a vertical flat plate may be used as an approximation for the heat transfer from a vertical cylinder was investigated.

Trabajo de Investigación Requisito para optar al Título de Cirujano Dentista / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento / Introducción: En este estudio se desea conocer si los parámetros estéticos ideales de Ricketts, Burstone y Arnett se relacionan con la autopercepción estética de los pacientes portadores de prótesis totales al aumentar su dimensión vertical (DV). Materiales y Métodos: 51 pacientes desdentados totales y parciales portadores de prótesis superiores e inferiores fueron seleccionados e invitados a participar de manera voluntaria firmando un consentimiento informado. A cada uno se les tomó 5 fotografías de perfil y 5 de frente (con prótesis, sin prótesis, aumento de 5, 10 y 15mm de su DV) estandarizadas por el método posición natural de cabeza. Se analizaron las normas de Protrusión Labial de Ricketts, Prominencia Labial de Burstone y Posición de los Labios de Arnett. Posteriormente se presentaron las fotos de frente a cada uno de los pacientes los cuales colocaron puntajes según el grado de satisfacción estética utilizando una escala de evaluación de satisfacción semántico-numérica. Resultados: el mayor porcentaje de cumplimiento de la norma de Ricketts fue al aumentar la DV 5 y 10mm (45%), para Burstone labio superior al aumentar 10mm (68%), en el labio inferior fue de un 49% al estar con prótesis sin aumento adicional de DV. Para Arnett labio superior al estar con prótesis y al aumentar 5 y 10mm (68%). En el labio inferior un 51% de cumplimiento al estar sin prótesis. Mayor porcentaje de satisfacción fue al aumentar 5mm la DV con un 72,5%. Se presentaron puntajes en las categorías de satisfecho y muy satisfecho al estar con sus prótesis y sin prótesis con un 62,6% y un 37,3%, respectivamente. Las regresiones logísticas para cada variación de DV arrojaron p>0,05 (SP=0,174, CP=0,061, 5mm=0,468, 10mm=0,598, 15mm=0,329). Discusión y Conclusión: Se puede actuar de manera indirecta en la expresión sagital de los labios en pacientes desdentados totales al aumentar su DV. Existe un mayor grado de satisfacción al aumentar 5mm la DV de los pacientes en comparación a su DV con que acuden a pedir tratamiento. No existe una asociación entre el cumplimiento de los parámetros estéticos de Ricketts, Burstone y Arnett y el grado de satisfacción estética de los pacientes.

Com a evolução das práticas administrativas, vários arranjos produtivos têm sido empreendidos pelos mais diversos setores da economia. Em algumas indústrias, podem-se constatar ciclos de integração quando uma corporação ou empresa torna-se responsável por etapas consecutivas da cadeia de produção de bens e serviços. Este conceito, denominado integração vertical, apresenta diversas implicações relativamente bem exploradas por estudos de operações industriais, de economia dos custos de transação, de competitividade e de políticas anti-truste. No campo da assistência médica privada, este arranjo tem se firmado em grandes operadoras de planos de saúde que, ao direcionar sua demanda para serviços próprios visam, principalmente, controlar os custos de produção. Este trabalho empreendeu primeiramente pesquisa bibliográfica para levantar alguns marcos conceituais sobre o tema e compreender aspectos já abordados na literatura internacional de Gestão de Saúde e, em particular, na norte-americana. A seguir, procedeu a um Estudo de Campo, para abordar a percepção de gestores do setor sobre o movimento de verticalização na Medicina Suplementar, na tentativa de obter insights sobre as motivações e as implicações de um processo ainda pouco abordado pela literatura de Gestão em Saúde no país. Diante de um panorama teórico e do entendimento da situação do processo de integração vertical na Medicina Suplementar, optou-se pela realização de um Estudo de Caso. Através da limitação do escopo de análise e da aplicação de metodologia específica, foi possível elencar algumas competências organizacionais relacionadas com os intentos estratégicos e, em maior ou menor grau, com a verticalização de uma Cooperativa Médica. Ao identificar o portfólio de recursos envolvidos na geração destas competências visou-se colaborar com o processo de orientações estratégicas desta organização e fornecer subsídios para discussão do tema no setor.

Thesis advisor: Fabio Schiantarelli / Thesis advisor: James Anderson / The thesis is composed of the following three distinct papers. 1.Banks and Development: Jewish Communities in the Italian Renaissance and Current Economic Performance Do banks affect long-term economic performance? I answer this question by relying on an historical development that occurred in Italian cities during the 15th century. A sudden change in the Catholic doctrine had driven the Jews toward money lending. Cities that were hosting Jewish communities developed complex banking institutions for two reasons: first, the Jews were the only people in Italy allowed to lend for a profit; second the Franciscan reaction to Jewish usury led to the creation of charity lending institutions that evolved into many of the current Italian banks. Using Jewish demography in 1450 as an instrument, I estimate large effects of current banking development on the income-per-capita of Italian cities. Additional firm-level analyses suggest that well-functioning local banks exert large effects on aggregate productivity by reallocating resources toward more efficient firms. Controlling for province effects, using additional historical data on Jewish demography and exploiting the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish territories in Italy in 1541, I argue that my results are not driven by omitted institutional, cultural and geographical characteristics. In particular, I show that the difference in current income between cities that hosted Jewish communities and cities that did not exists only in those regions that were not Spanish territories in the 16th century. These difference-in-difference estimates suggest that the Jewish Diaspora can explain at least 10% of the current income gap between Northern and Southern Italy. 2. Contract Incompleteness, Globalization and Vertical Structure: an Empirical Analysis This paper studies the effects of international openness and contracting institutions on vertical integration. It first derives a number of predictions regarding the interactions between trade barriers, contracting costs, technology intensity, and the extent of vertical integration from a simple model with incomplete contracts. Then it investigates these predictions using a new dataset of over 14000 firms from 45 developing countries. Consistent with theory, the effect of technology intensity of domestic producers on their likelihood to vertically integrate is decreasing in the quality of domestic contracting institutions and in international openness. Contract enforcing costs are particularly high in developing countries and their effects on the vertical structure of technological intensive firms may have significant welfare costs. If improving domestic contracting institutions is not feasible an equivalent solution is to increase openness to international trade. This would discipline domestic suppliers reducing the need for vertical integration. 3. Productivity, Welfare and Reallocation: Theory and Firm-Level Evidence (joint with Susanto Basu, Fabio Schiantarelli and Luis Serven) We prove that in a closed economy without distortionary taxation, the welfare of a representative consumer is summarized to a first order by the current and expected future values of the Solow productivity residual in level and by the initial endowment of capital. The equivalence holds if the representative household maximizes utility while taking prices parametrically. This result justifies TFP as the right summary measure of welfare (even in situations where it does not properly measure technology) and makes it possible to calculate the contributions of disaggregated units (industries or firms) to aggregate welfare using readily available TFP data. We show how these results must be modified if the economy is open or if taxes are distortionary. We then compute firm and industry contributions to welfare for a set of European OECD countries (Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain), using industry-level (EU-KLEMS) and firm-level (Amadeus) data. After adding further assumptions about technology and market structure (firms minimize costs and face common factor prices), we show that welfare change can be decomposed into three components that reflect respectively technical change, aggregate distortions and allocative efficiency. Then, using the appropriate firm-level data, we assess the importance of each of these components as sources of welfare improvement in the same set of European countries. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Orientador: Gianmarco Silva David / Resumo: A aquicultura em tanques-rede nos reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas depende de boas condições limnológicas para uma produção eficiente e para a obtenção de produtos de qualidade. Umas das características limnológicas mais relevantes para a qualidade da água nesses locais é o padrão de estratificação da coluna d’água, processo que pode gerar um ambiente de fundo com anóxia, com riscos potenciais às pisciculturas e estimulando o crescimento fitoplanctônico e em especial de cianobactérias, que produzem metabólitos secundários tóxicos. Neste estudo a estratificação vertical em áreas aquícolas do reservatório de Nova Avanhandava foi estudada utilizando uma sonda multiparamétrica, a qual através de amostragens em alta frequência, permitiu a obtenção de perfis verticais com alta resolução. Nos perfis foi possível mensurar a força da estratificação, possibilitando relacionar esse processo com fatores climáticos e hidrológicos local e entre pontos. Foram analisados perfis verticais de oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, clorofila e ficocianinas. Os resultados mostraram condições de estratificação com anóxia de fundo em todas as campanhas de coleta em pelo menos algum ponto. Valores máximos de pigmentos predominaram em camadas de subsuperfície, evidenciando que as amostragens de águas superficiais, tradicionalmente utilizadas para avaliações do estado trófico em ambientes aquáticos, resultam em subestimativas. A força da estratificação é variável, respondendo a diferentes contextos h... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of net cage aquaculture in hydroelectric reservoirs depends on good limnological conditions for efficient production and high-quality products. One of the most relevant limnological characteristics for the water quality at these sites is the water column stratification, which can lead to bottom anoxia and stimulates phytoplanktonic blooms, in some severe cases cyanobacteria, which produce toxic secondary metabolites with potential risks to fish farms and humans. In this study the vertical stratification in aquaculture areas of the Nova Avanhandava reservoir was studied using a multiparametric probe, which allowed to obtain vertical profiles with high resolution through high frequency samplings. In these profiles was possible to quantify the strength of the stratification, making it possible to relate stratification processes with climatic and hydrological factors. Vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen, temperature, chlorophyll and phycocyanins were analyzed. The results showed the predominance of stratification conditions with bottom anoxia in all collections in at least one spot, as well as maximum values of pigments in subsurface layers, indicating that surface water samplings, traditionally used for the trophic state evaluation of aquatic environments, yields underestimated results. The stratification strength is variable, responding to different hydrological and climatological contexts, however, it was not evidenced that periods of lower precipitation and higher t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Tese de mestrado. Mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil - Especialização em Vias de Comunicação. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2012

La diversidad y la distribución de las epífitas vasculares fueron estudiadas en un bosque montano y un bosque de llanura amázonica del Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén (Oxapampa-Pasco) en los meses de setiembre-octubre 2009 y abril 2010. Se seleccionaron dos forofitos en cada bosque, para la colecta y evaluación de epífitas en cada forofito se utilizó cuerdas mediante la técnica de impulso corporal modificado, cada forofito fue dividido en las cincos zonas de Johansson, se anotó las especies y el número de individuos. Un total de 204 especies epífitas y 1922 individuos fueron registrados, el bosque montano incluyó 75 especies y 924 individuos, mientras que el bosque de llanura amazónica presentó mayor riqueza, 132 especies y 998 individuos. Orchidaceae, Araceae y Dryopteridaceae fueron las familias con mayor riqueza y abundancia. La diversidad de las epífitas mostró diferencia entre los bosques, el bosque de llanura amazónica presentó la mayor diversidad. El patrón de distribución vertical fue diferente en ambos bosques, las zonas del dosel Z3 y Z4 fueron las áreas más ricas en especies en el bosque montano, mientras que la zona del tronco Z2 y del dosel Z5 fueron las áreas más ricas en especies en el bosque de llanura amazónica. Además las orquídeas fueron más comunes en el dosel en ambos bosques y las aráceas en los troncos del bosque de llanura amazónica. Las principales familias del grupo de Pteridofitas, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae e Hymenophyllaceae se registraron en las cincos zonas. Palabras claves: Diversidad, Distribución vertical, Orchidaceae, Araceae, Dryopteridaceae, Perú. / The diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes were studied in a montane forest and in a lowland forest of Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén (Oxapampa-Pasco) in the months September-October 2009 and April 2010. Two phorophytes were selected and sampled using rope across the “impulso corporal modificado” technique, and each one was divided into five zones following Johansson (1974), were record the species and number of individuals epiphytes. A total of 204 epiphytes vascular and 1922 individuals, the montane forest recorded 75 species y 1923 individuals whereas in the lowland forest were the most specious, 132 species and 998 individuals. Orchidaceae, Araceae and Dryopteridaceae were the most speciose and abundant families. Epiphyte diversity showed difference between forests, lowland forest presented the highest diversity. The vertical distribution patterns was different between forests, the canopy zones Z3 y Z4 were the most speciose in the montane forest and the trunk zone Z2 y canopy zone Z5 were the most speciose and abundant. Also the orchids were most common in canopy zones in both forests whereas the aroids were predominant in trunk zones in the lowland forest. The principal pteridophytes families Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae and Hymenophyllaceae were recorded in five zones. Key Words: Diversity, Vertical Distribution, Orchidaceae, Araceae, Dryopteridaceae, Perú. / Tesis

A simulation study was carried out to assess the effects of using different testing frameworks and different statistical estimators in constructing a vertical scale. The adaptive multistage testing framework (MST) was comprised of five test forms which were administered across three testing occasions. The single form testing framework (SFT) was comprised of one form at each of the three testing occasions. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and Bayesian Expected a-posteriori (EAP) estimators were used to estimate each simulee's ability at three "testing'' occasions. Item response theory (IRT) true scores, or domain scores, were used as the score scale. This was done to facilitate the use of growth scores between testing occasions. It was hypothesized that testing framework and estimation procedures would influence the recovery of the known domain score for each simulee across the three testing occasions and growth values between testing occasions. Average absolute deviation (AAD) values indicated that the MST framework offered a slight reduction in error when compared to the SFT framework in estimating IRT domain scores. The pattern of errors in estimation indicated that the MST framework provided more accurate estimates across the range of ability. The MST framework also offered a slight reduction in error when estimating IRT growth scores. Horizontal distances between test administrations indicted that EAP estimation produced uneven departures from known horizontal distances, but MLE did not. This was true for both the SFT and MST framework. Also, when the distributions of IRT domain scores were considered, the MLE estimation method was more consistent with the distribution of known domain scores.Overall, the MST framework performed better than did the SFT framework with respect to reduced estimation error and approximating the known IRT domain score.