The Vicar of Wakefield is neither a sensational novel directed toward the reform of mankind nor does it mark an advance in fictional techniques. Rather, it is conventional both in form and substance. Despite this literary orthodoxy, the novel has remained popular with critics and the reading public for two centuries. Previous plot studies of The Vicar have concentrated principally on Goldsmithss failure to utilize adequately the cause-effect relationship. With few exceptions, all scholars who have studied this plot find coincidence and accidental meeting the novel's greatest weakness. Most character analyses of the narrative have centered on the chief character. While one critic attributes "typical human naturalness" to the Vicar, another finds him "an impossible mixture of folly and wisdom" and "an inadequate cog in a poorly designed machine.." In thematic studies of The Vicar, critics have attempted with little success to define the major theme. Those themes which have received most extensive treatment are the contrast of appearance and reality, the innate goodness of man, the limitations of contemporary literature, the corruption in government, and the ideal nature of rural life. A few stylistic studies of the novel have concentrated their praise on Goldsmith's spontaneity, some, contradictorily, on his careful diction, and others on his success in handling both humor and pathos.

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This thesis deals with history of the Volyně vicariate, focusing on the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. The thesis is divided into three major chapters which describe history of Volyně vicariate from various points of view. Chapter 1 is dedicated to archival sources which were used to obtain data for the purpose of this thesis. Archival collections of parish offices or vicar offices are introduced in this chapter, as well as wide range of usage of district office´s archival resources. All of these may be used as a source of knowledge on ecclesiastical administration. Beside this, three types of archival documents are analysed and described in this chapter - parish chronicles, visitation documents of canonical visitations, inventory of church and parish property. Chapter 2 aims to depict both movable assets and real estate in the Volyně vicariate´s parishes. Building development and reconstructions of churches and parishes in the Volyně vicariate are described in this chapter as well as equipment of churches, such as items made of metal, choir robes, bells and organs. Chapter 3 deals with clerics of the Volyně vicariate. The objective of this chapter is to introduce variedness of the parish priest´s work, duties of a chaplain and accustom of both clergymen. Duties of vicar office are also defined and specified in this chapter. The thesis also contains introduction, conclusion, bibliography, reference list and the concise history of the Volyně vicariate. At the very end of this thesis there are charts and graphs making particular chapters complete.

The decision to investigate the relations between the Church of Sweden and the Swedish state was taken in 1956 and the decision was built on the law of religious freedom from 1951. The historical close relation needs to be revised. That affects the vicar’s duty and tasks in three areas: Education, leadership and administration and also pastoral care and church discipline.  The purpose of the essay is to investigate how the vicar's leadership and duties have changed in relation to the change in the community, with a focus on the relationship between the Church of Sweden and the Swedish state. It is examined in records of the Swedish General Synod and the social changes is the following problem definition defined in relation to the three areas that Tegborg has formulated in his book: Kyrkoherden – ämbetsmannen 1809-1930. Ett drama i tre akter, according to the vicar’s duty.  ●       In what way has the vicar´s duty been affected in the area of education during the period between 1956-2021? ●       In what way has the vicar´s duty been affected in the area of leadership and administration during the period between 1956-2021? ●       In what way has the vicar´s duty been affected in the area of pastoral care and church discipline during the period between 1956-2021? These areas are analysed by four indicators to point out the changing process: The official position of the religion in the society, the development within the Church of Sweden, the religious activity and also religion and culture. The method that is used is content analysis, where records of the Swedish General Synod are analysed as primary sources during the period of 1956-2021. Also secondary sources are used to analyse the vicars duty and tasks during the period when the relation between the church of Sweden church and the Swedish state was examined and also what has happened to the vicar´s duty after the relation has changed.  From the reformation the Swedish church and the Swedish state were nearly connected but it changed successively during the 19´th century and the first step is Kommunallagsreformen 1862. During the period 1956-2021, by studying records of the Swedish General Synod and the decision taken haven resulted in a development in which it is obvious that the vicar’s duties are more less the teacher of the congregation and official. Instead, the vicar is a leader that have responsibility for goalkeeping, questions about the organisations and the responsibility of the employees. The vicar´s duty in relation to the society, the Swedish National Church, the internal activity and the culture is rejected more and more during the period to build relations with different partners. The relation to the society builds on a dialogue where the vicar is not the obvious authority neither external or internal as in the middle of the 20´s century. But at the same time their expectations of the Swedish church are to be a part of the civil society. / Beslutet om att utreda relationerna mellan Svenska kyrkan och staten kom 1956 och byggde på Lagen om religionsfrihet från 1951. Den historiskt nära relationen som funnits mellan Svenska kyrkan och staten behövde ses över. Detta påverkar även kyrkoherdens funktion och dennes ledarskap inom tre områden som länge varit självklart för Svenska kyrkan att agera inom. Dessa områden är undervisning, ledning och förvaltning samt själavård och kyrkotukt.  Uppsatsens syfte är att och är att undersöka hur kyrkoherdens ledningsfunktion förändrats i relation till samhällets förändring med ett fokus på relationen mellan Svenska kyrkan och svenska staten. För att undersöka kyrkoherdens ledningsfunktion utifrån primärkällor i Kyrkomötesprotokoll och de förändringar som skett ställs följande frågor utifrån en modell anlagd i Tegborgs bok: Kyrkoherden – ämbetsmannen 1809–1930. Ett drama i tre akter: ·       På vilket sätt har kyrkoherdens ledningsfunktion påverkats när det gäller undervisning under perioden 1956–2021? ·       På vilket sätt har kyrkoherdens ledningsfunktion påverkats när det gäller förvaltning och ledning under perioden 1956–2021? ·       På vilket sätt har kyrkoherdens ledningsfunktion påverkats när det gäller själavård och kyrkotukt under perioden 1956–2021? Dessa områden analyseras med hjälp av fyra indikatorer för att belysa förändringsprocessen: Religionens officiella ställning i samhället, Folkkyrkans utveckling, Den religiösa verksamhetens betydelse samt Religion och kultur. Metoden som används är innehållsanalys där kyrkomötesprotokoll analyseras under perioden 1956–2021. Dessa är uppsatsens primärkällor. Även sekundärkällor används för att belysa kyrkoherdens funktion under perioden då relationsfrågan mellan Svenska kyrkan och staten utreddes samt under de 21 år som relationsförändringen hade skett. Från reformation är Svenska kyrkan och svenska staten nära sammankopplad men det luckras successivt upp under 1800-talet genom 1862 års kommunallagsreform. Under perioden 1956–2021 går det att se genom studiet av kyrkomötesprotokoll från motsvarande tid och forskning inom området att kyrkoherdens funktion blir mindre av församlingens lärare och ämbetsman till att bli en ledare som arbetar mot mål och har ansvar för en organisation med flera anställda.  Kyrkoherden funktion i relation till samhället, folkkyrkan, den interna verksamheten och kulturen förskjuts mer och mer under perioden till att bli en relationsbyggare. Relationen till samhället bygger på en dialog och kyrkoherden har inte den självklara auktoriteten vare sig externt eller internt som i mitten på 1900-talet. Samtidigt som det finns förväntningar på Svenska kyrkan att fortfarande vara en del av civilsamhället.

This thesis examines the changes and effects the covid-19 pandemic had on the Church of Sweden within the diocese of Karlstad. The thesis is based on semi-structured interviews with eight vicars within the diocese of Karlstad. The data from the interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis. The thesis theoretical origin is derived from institutional theory, and new institutionalism. According to these theories, organisations evolve in response to the expectations and pressures exerted by society. The covid-19 pandemic affected the entire society including religious communities, among them the Church of Sweden. Many issues occurred during the pandemic and the restriction regarding the number of participants at social gatherings resulted in solutions such as booking systems and more frequent services where the vicar stood outside the church counting the participants. The thesis also presents how all parishes in question underwent some form of digitalisation and how seven out of eight parishes offered digital services. The changes that occurred in the parishes are in accordance with both theories. Lastly the thesis demonstrates the range of how these changes were maintained when the covid-19 pandemic subsided, and the restrictions were lifted. Some parishes still use digital services but at a much lower sequence since the demand for digital services decreased severely. Digital meetings are still in use but other than that how the changes maintained varied within the parishes. The opportunity to offer and suggest livestreaming a funeral if a family member is illwould never have happened before the pandemic and the parishes all agree that the knowledge, experiences, and attitudes that the pandemic brought on have come to stay and that they are ready for the next crisis.

This dissertation explores the ways in which Charles Dickens writes Nancy in Oliver Twist, Anthony Trollope writes Carry Brattle in The Vicar of Bullhampton, and Elizabeth Gaskell writes Esther in Mary Barton to represent and examine some very personal and painful anxiety. About Dickens and Trollope, I contend that they turn their experiences of shame into their prostitute's shame. For Gaskell, I assert that the experience she projects onto her prostitute is that of her own maternal grief in isolation. Further, I argue that these authors self-consciously create biographical parallels between themselves and their prostitutes with an eye to drawing conclusions about the results of their anxieties, both for their prostitutes and, by proxy, for themselves. In Chapter II, I assert that in Nancy, Dickens writes himself and his sense of shame at his degradation and exploitation in Warren's Blacking Factory. This shame resulted in a Dickens divided, split between his successful, public persona and his secret, mortifying shame. Both shame and its divisiveness he represents in a number of ways in Nancy. In Chapter III, I contend that Trollope laces Carry Brattle with some of his own biographical details from his early adult years in London. These parallels signify Carry's personal importance to her author, and reveal her silences and her subordinate role in the text as representative of Trollope's own understanding and fear of shame and its consequences: its silencing and paralyzing nature, and its inescapability. In Chapter IV, I posit that Gaskell identifies herself with Esther, and that through her, Gaskell explores three personal things: her sorrow over the loss of not one but three of her seven children, her possible guilt over these deaths, and her emotional isolation in her marriage as she grieved alone. In her creation of Esther, Gaskell creates a way both to isolate her grief and to forge a close companion to share it, thus enabling her to examine and work through grief. In Chapter V, I examine the preface of each novel and find that these, too, reflect each author's identification with and investment of anxiety in his or her particular prostitute.

This dissertation explores the ways in which Charles Dickens writes Nancy in Oliver Twist, Anthony Trollope writes Carry Brattle in The Vicar of Bullhampton, and Elizabeth Gaskell writes Esther in Mary Barton to represent and examine some very personal and painful anxiety. About Dickens and Trollope, I contend that they turn their experiences of shame into their prostitute's shame. For Gaskell, I assert that the experience she projects onto her prostitute is that of her own maternal grief in isolation. Further, I argue that these authors self-consciously create biographical parallels between themselves and their prostitutes with an eye to drawing conclusions about the results of their anxieties, both for their prostitutes and, by proxy, for themselves. In Chapter II, I assert that in Nancy, Dickens writes himself and his sense of shame at his degradation and exploitation in Warren's Blacking Factory. This shame resulted in a Dickens divided, split between his successful, public persona and his secret, mortifying shame. Both shame and its divisiveness he represents in a number of ways in Nancy. In Chapter III, I contend that Trollope laces Carry Brattle with some of his own biographical details from his early adult years in London. These parallels signify Carry's personal importance to her author, and reveal her silences and her subordinate role in the text as representative of Trollope's own understanding and fear of shame and its consequences: its silencing and paralyzing nature, and its inescapability. In Chapter IV, I posit that Gaskell identifies herself with Esther, and that through her, Gaskell explores three personal things: her sorrow over the loss of not one but three of her seven children, her possible guilt over these deaths, and her emotional isolation in her marriage as she grieved alone. In her creation of Esther, Gaskell creates a way both to isolate her grief and to forge a close companion to share it, thus enabling her to examine and work through grief. In Chapter V, I examine the preface of each novel and find that these, too, reflect each author's identification with and investment of anxiety in his or her particular prostitute.

The aim for this master’s thesis is to explore and explain how vicars and chairmen of church councils understand the role and tasks of the vicar in large and middle-sized multi-parish benefices in these new and bigger organizations that took shape after the organizational change 2014 in Church of Sweden. The study is based on interviews with six vicars and four chairmen in four large and two middle sized multi-parish benefices in four different dioceses. For the theoretical framework, Mintzberg’s configurations have been used with a special emphasis on the divisionalized/diversified configuration. The result of the study shows that both vicars and chairmen think the role of the vicar is obvious and indistinct at the same time. It is distinct in that way that there is “Kyrkoordningen” which is Church of Sweden’s official legal framework which is about Church of Sweden’s faith, confession and creed. It also states what a parish has to do; celebrate worship, carry out education, exercise social welfare work and mission, but it doesn’t say how much or how. The vicar needs a driving force, a wish to move the organization into the future and should have visions without forgetting what the mission, the core, is. Most of the informants also consider the vicar to be a spiritual leader. A strength as well as a weakness is the size of the organization. Some of the strengths are about having all the resources an organization has need of as well as a deficit of vulnerability. The new organizational form makes it possible for the vicar to become the organization’s face outward as well as the unifying force for the inward. The weakness is about the inertia in the organization with decision-making procedures that can be long and unnecessary complex. There is a complexity in the relationship with the diocese that also has its root in the size. The organizational structure about governing och leading, how does it affect the vicars and chairmen? Almost all the informants think there is a distinct line between governing and leading and it is the duty of the vicar to lead and the duty of the church council to govern under the leadership of the chairman. All the vicars have a good or even a very good relationship with the chairmen and vice versa. Some of them have worked together for many years, three of four chairmen have recruited “their” vicar. Mutual respect and trust are two words that shone through and form a basis for the cooperation. Each multi-parish benefice has a number of parishes, from three to eight and all of them are led by a middle-manager called “församlingsherde”, middle-vicar and each of them is fully responsible for their parish. Three of the vicars also have a deputy vicar. The preparatory work before the organizational change has been made in each benefice and it seems that the more essential and active the work the better outcome. Time seems to be an important factor. About half of the benefices consider that the organization has consolidated since 2014. / Syftet med uppsatsen är undersöka och förklara hur kyrkoherdar och kyrkorådsordföranden i Svenska kyrkan uppfattar kyrkoherdens roll och uppgifter i de nya och större pastoraten som bildades efter 2014. Studien bygger på sex intervjuer med kyrkoherdar och fyra kyrkorådsordföranden från stora och mellanstora pastorat i Svenska kyrkan. Med hjälp av Mintzbergs konfigurationer med betoning på den divisionaliserade/diversifierade organisationen analyseras organisationens påverkan på ledarskapet och vice versa. Om kyrkoherdens roll och uppgifter anser de flesta att kyrkoherden ska leda arbetet i pastoratet, hålla ihop organisationen, vara pastoratets ansikte utåt och inspirera medarbetare, förtroendevalda och frivilliga i organisationen. Kyrkoherdens ska dessutom vara visionär, kunna delegera och ansvara för arbetsmiljön. Sedan anser de flesta också att kyrkoherden ska vara en andlig ledare men hur kyrkoherdarna ser på det andliga ledarskapet skiljer sig åt. De styrkor som finns i organisationen är storleken som möjliggör kompetenta stödfunktioner, minskad sårbarhet och resurskoncentration och en gemensam funktion i kyrkoherden som kan tala för hela pastoratet. De svagheter som uppmärksammas har också med storleken att göra. Storleken innebär fler beslutsled som leder till en tröghet i organisationen. Dessutom är det svårt att hitta fungerande samverkans- och kommunikationsformer. I relation till stiftet är storleken också problematisk. De flesta anser att det finns en klar skillnad mellan att styra och leda, kyrkoherden leder pastoratets verksamhet och kyrkorådet styr under ledning av kyrkorådets ordförande. Både kyrkoherdar och kyrkorådsordförande anser att de har en god eller mycket god relation till varandra. Respekt och tillit är ord som intervjuerna andas. De flesta kyrkoherdar och ordförande verkar anse att det har gjorts ett omfattande förarbete och några av pastoraten började innan samfälligheternas upphörande att fundera över framtiden och hur man på bästa sätt skulle organisera sig. Hälften av de tillfrågade anser att deras organisation har konsoliderat och de som svarar ja är också de som verkar ha arbetat mest aktivt inför organisationsförändringen. Det förefaller som om både aktivt arbete och tid är viktiga faktorer för att få en organisation att konsolidera.

This thesis examines representations of trust in selected British sentimental novels of the eighteenth century. It focuses principally on the manner in which sentimental prose fiction reflects and participates in the shift from premodern to modern formations of trust. Commenting on the nature of modern trust, Anthony Giddens claims that, with the move to modernity, trust relations in the intimate sphere become increasingly dependent on emotional mutuality, while trust in institutions becomes increasingly impersonal and disengaged from assessments of moral character. / My work explores this dual shift in three sentimental novels. It first analyzes Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and contends that Richardson denies the concept of honor its epistemological role in practical deliberations. The denial of the epistemology of honor uncouples the mechanism of personal trust from assessments of role and role performance and thus makes the trust in persons in the intimate sphere less dependent on institutional forms of trust. To replace honor's role in the formation of trust, Richardson proposes that the sentiments can provide reliable grounds for trust in the intimate sphere. However, he denies the sentiments a role in the formation of an encompassing social trust among strangers and mere acquaintances. The thesis proceeds to read Henry Fielding's Amelia (1751). In order to argue that Fielding envisioned divergent grounds for trust relations, it maintains that Fielding considers trust relations in the intimate sphere and trust relations in public life as based on the sentiments and fair distribution respectively. To conclude, the thesis investigates Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) to uncover the manner in which Goldsmith distinguishes personal trust in the intimate sphere from general system trust, which Goldsmith ultimately envisions as an ontological trust in providence.

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