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Ce mémoire porte sur l’impact de la victoire des rebelles lors d’un conflit civil sur l’amélioration des conditions de vies des populations. Les conflits civils sont souvent déclenchés en raison des griefs sociaux, économiques et politiques que peuvent avoir la population et les groupes rebelles contre le gouvernement en place. Mais jusqu’ici, la littérature sur les conflits civils et plus précisément sur l’après-guerre ne nous a pas permis de savoir si, dans les cas où le groupe rebelle sort victorieux du conflit, celui-ci apporte une réponse positive aux griefs qui avaient été soulevés au début du conflit. Autrement dit, observe-t-on une amélioration des conditions socio-économiques des populations après cette victoire ? La recherche menée ici infirme notre hypothèse. Celle-ci stipulait que : le soutien populaire étant nécessaire la plupart du temps au succès d’un groupe rebelle, la légitimité ainsi acquise lui permettrait de gouverner de manière plus démocratique et juste qu’un gouvernement vainqueur et donc, d’apporter des améliorations aux conditions de vie de la population. Après une étude empirique dotée d’analyses de régression simple et multiple, par laquelle on compare plusieurs cas de conflits civils ayant débouché sur la victoire des rebelles et ceux ayant débouché sur la victoire des gouvernements, il en ressort que la victoire des rebelles ne conduit pas à une amélioration des conditions socio-économiques dans le pays. Au contraire, ces conditions se détériorent légèrement dans notre échantillon, tandis qu’on observe une amélioration dans les cas de victoire des gouvernements. Aussi, le mécanisme causal qui faisait donc du régime politique après le conflit une variable intermédiaire entre le résultat du conflit et les conditions socio-économiques, n’est pas confirmé. / This study is about the impact of the rebels’ victory in a civil conflict on improving the living conditions of the population. Civil conflicts are often triggered by social, economic, and political grievances that population and rebel groups may have against the government. However, so far, the literature on civil conflicts and more specifically, on the post-war period has not enabled us to know whether, in cases where the rebel group emerges victorious from the conflict, it provides a positive response to the grievances that had been raised at the start of the conflict. In other words, is there an improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the populations after this victory? The research carried out here refutes our hypothesis. We assume that popular support being necessary most of the time for the success of a rebel group, the legitimacy thus acquired will allow the rebel group to govern more democratically and fairly than a winning government and therefore to improve the living conditions of the population. After an empirical study with simple and multiple regression analysis, by which we compare several cases of civil conflicts, which led to rebel victory and those that led to government victory, it emerges that rebel victory does not lead to an improvement in socio-economic conditions. On the contrary, these conditions deteriorate slightly in our sample, while we observe an improvement in cases where the government is victorious. In addition, our explanatory mechanism, which made the post-conflict political regime an intermediate variable between the outcome of the conflict and socio-economic conditions, is not confirmed.

The thesis analyzes policies and programs appropriate in responding to the decline of the Victory Square Concept Planning Area, which was once at the heart of Vancouver. This topic is important in light of similar situations throughout North America. Victory Square is located within the larger Downtown Eastside, whose fractious political climate may reduce the likelihood of success in future community undertakings. The thesis reviews relevant economic theory and the merits and methods of public sector intervention. Questions are raised as to how seriously the City has taken the problems of the Square area from an historical perspective, how effective its current policies are and whether the VSCPA is a legitimate planning area. A Community Economic Development approach is advocated due to the shortcomings of "traditional strategies. Vancouver's unique post-Fordist economy has encouraged the growth of the Victory Square Concept Planning Area's creative design sector, which has been accompanied by an increase in cultural and educational institutions. In order to increase retail activity, three strategies are available. Retailing is important not only for individual entrepreneurs and potential employees but because it also businesses and ancillary services, while serving the increasingly integrated production system. A larger population would include some higher-income singles, more working women and career-oriented professionals/managers with greater disposable incomes and pursuit of leisure and cultural activities. The author advocates legalization of illegal and lower-rent artists lofts, the encouragement of residential development and heritage conversion as well as limited tourism. Although heritage conservation activities are often viewed as precursors to gentrification and cost benefit evidence is non-conclusive, it can create youth employment and a diversity of social and mixed-income housing and commercial space. The main issue for heritage property developers is whether the value of a structure after rehabilitation exceeds the hard, soft and rent-up costs of acquisition, rehabilitation, operation and disposition. While increased economic activity will hopefully raise the income of all local residents, this cannot be assumed nor would such change be immediate. Effective public policy-making, partnerships and private sector initiatives should be mobilized to restore and renovate a judicious mix of heritage structures into a viable combination of mixed-residential, retailing, office and public space, while striving to maintain services and accommodation for the low-income population.

Countries that have experienced civil war suffer a greater risk for new conflict than countries with no prior history of civil war. This empirical finding has been called a conflict trap where the legacy of previous war - unsolved issues, indecisive outcomes, and destruction – leads to renewed fighting. Yet, countries like Cambodia, El Salvador, Indonesia, and Mozambique have managed to overcome decade-long conflicts without relapse. This dissertation addresses this empirical puzzle by seeking to dismantle the conflict trap and look at microlevel explanations for civil war resolution and relapse. It adds to existing scholarship in three ways: first, by using disaggregated empirics on war termination and how fighting resumes; second, by exploring government agency in conflict processes; and third, by disaggregating rebel organizations. Essay I present original data on the start and end dates and means of termination for all armed conflicts, 1946-2005. Contrary to previous work, this data reveal that wars does not always end through victory or peace agreement, but commonly end under unclear circumstances. Essay II addresses how developments exogenous to the conflict influence governments’ decision to engage in a peace process. The results show that after natural disasters when state resources need to be allocated towards disaster relief, governments are more willing to negotiate and conclude ceasefires with insurgents. Essay III focuses on the post-conflict society, and posits that security concerns among former war participants will push them towards remobilizing into rebellion. The findings indicate that if ex-belligerent elite’s security is compromised, the parties of the previous war will resume fighting, while insecurity among former rank-and-file leads to the formation of violent splinter rebel groups. Finally, Essay IV seeks to explain why governments sometimes launch offensives on former rebels in post-conflict countries. The results show that internal power struggles provide leaders with incentives to use force against domestic third parties to strengthen their position against intra-government rivals. Taken together, this dissertation demonstrates that there is analytical leverage to be had by disaggregating the processes of violence in civil war and post-conflict societies, as well as the actors involved – both the government and rebel sides.

La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l’anàlisi de la commemoració televisiva de la Victòria sobre l’Alemanya nazi a la Rússia post-soviètica. En particular, l’anàlisi es centra en la retransmissió de la desfilada militar del 9 de maig a la Plaça Roja de Moscou, el gran media event de la Rússia de Putin i Medvédev, i segueix el cami encetat per Dayan i Katz en l’estudi dels grans esdeveniments mediàtics. Tal i com indica el subtítol de la tesi, aquesta anàlisi és transversal; a part de la retransmissió de l’acte central de la commemoració, també s’ocupa d’analitzar els discursos presidencials dels darrers onze anys (2000-2010), utilitzant la metodologia de la semiòtica narrativa, així com l’anàlisi de les programacions del dia 9 de maig entre 1964 i 2010 del principal canal de televisió rus, i de l’agenda temàtica dels noticiaris de les principals televisions del país del 19 d’abril al 16 de maig de 2010. L’objectiu final de la tesi és posar de manifest les diferents estratègies que fan de la commemoració de la Victòria un esdeveniment mediàtic hegemònic a la Rússia actual i com a través d’aquest esdeveniment es constitueixen les bases de la identitat de la Rússia post-soviètica que converteix els seus ciutadans en soldats de la memòria històrica de la Victòria. / This thesis aims to analyze the TV celebration of the Victory over Nazi Germany in post-Soviet Russia. In particular, the analysis focuses on the broadcast of the military parade of 9 May in Moscow’s Red Square, the great media event in Putin’s and Medvedev’s Russia, and follows the path begun by Dayan and Katz in the study of media events. As indicated in the subtitle of the thesis, this analysis is cross-sectional; in addition to the broadcast of the main event of the commemoration, it also analyzes the presidential speeches from 2000 to 2010 —using narrative semiotics methods—, the programming on 9 May of Russia’s main television channel from 1964 to 2010 and the agenda of the main television news programmes in the country from April 19 to May 16 in 2010. The goal of this thesis is to highlight the different strategies that turn the commemoration of Victory into a hegemonic media event in present Russia, and how through this event the basis of post-Soviet Russian identity is constructed, turning the Russian citizen into a soldier of the historical memory of Victory.

On connaît souvent la conception romaine de la guerre juste (bellum iustum) à travers quelques textes canoniques : la description, par Tite-Live,du rituel fétial de déclaration de guerre (T. L. I, 32), diverses réflexions de Cicéron dans ses traités philosophiques, et des textes de saint Augustin censés fonder une « doctrine chrétienne » de la guerre juste, qui sera reprise par saint Thomas d’Aquin. Le projet de cette thèse est de montrer comment la notion de bellum iustum évolue à travers les siècles, sur plus de mille ans d’histoire romaine. Elle passe ainsi d’un stade magique à un stade religieux, puis institutionnel, devenant l’instrument d’une idéologie impériale, avant d’être nourrie par la philosophie venue de Grèce, récupérée par le christianisme du IVe siècle sous la forme d’une « théologie de la victoire », puis enfin transmuée par saint Augustin. Comme les Romains, très conservateurs, ne rejettent rien de leur passé, nous suivrons les évolutions, plus que les ruptures, qui ont permis à une notion venue du fond de la mythologie indoeuropéenne de parvenir jusqu’au seuil du Moyen Age, puis ensuite jusqu’à nos jours, puisqu’Augustin est toujours considéré comme le fondateur de la théorie moderne de la guerre juste. / We often know the Roman conception of just war (bellum iustum) through a few canonical texts: Tite-Live’s description of the war-declaration fetial ritual (T.L.I, 32), various reflections from Cicero in his philosophical treaties, and from various writings by Saint Augustine, said to be the foundation of a “Christiandoctrine” of the just war, which will be picked up by Thomas Aquinas. The project for this thesis is to show the evolution through centuries of the notion of bellum iustum over a period of more than 1,000 years of Roman history, from a magical stage to a religious stage, on to an institutional one, when it becomes the instrument of an imperial ideology. It then integrates Greek philosophy before being appropriated by Christianity, in the 4th century, in the form of a “victory theology”. It is finally transmuted by Saint Augustine. As the Romans, being conservative, do not reject anything from their past, we will follow the evolutions,rather than ruptures, that allowed a notion originated in the depths of Indo-European mythology to reach the threshold of the Middle Ages and then the present day, since Augustine is still regarded as the founder of the modern theory of just war.

The thesis analyzes policies and programs appropriate in responding to the decline of the Victory Square Concept Planning Area, which was once at the heart of Vancouver. This topic is important in light of similar situations throughout North America. Victory Square is located within the larger Downtown Eastside, whose fractious political climate may reduce the likelihood of success in future community undertakings. The thesis reviews relevant economic theory and the merits and methods of public sector intervention. Questions are raised as to how seriously the City has taken the problems of the Square area from an historical perspective, how effective its current policies are and whether the VSCPA is a legitimate planning area. A Community Economic Development approach is advocated due to the shortcomings of "traditional strategies. Vancouver's unique post-Fordist economy has encouraged the growth of the Victory Square Concept Planning Area's creative design sector, which has been accompanied by an increase in cultural and educational institutions. In order to increase retail activity, three strategies are available. Retailing is important not only for individual entrepreneurs and potential employees but because it also businesses and ancillary services, while serving the increasingly integrated production system. A larger population would include some higher-income singles, more working women and career-oriented professionals/managers with greater disposable incomes and pursuit of leisure and cultural activities. The author advocates legalization of illegal and lower-rent artists lofts, the encouragement of residential development and heritage conversion as well as limited tourism. Although heritage conservation activities are often viewed as precursors to gentrification and cost benefit evidence is non-conclusive, it can create youth employment and a diversity of social and mixed-income housing and commercial space. The main issue for heritage property developers is whether the value of a structure after rehabilitation exceeds the hard, soft and rent-up costs of acquisition, rehabilitation, operation and disposition. While increased economic activity will hopefully raise the income of all local residents, this cannot be assumed nor would such change be immediate. Effective public policy-making, partnerships and private sector initiatives should be mobilized to restore and renovate a judicious mix of heritage structures into a viable combination of mixed-residential, retailing, office and public space, while striving to maintain services and accommodation for the low-income population. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Efforts to maintain a relationship to food pathways have been consistent throughout U.S. history despite the general evolution towards an increasingly industrialized food system. Urban agriculture serves as a means of reclaiming and furthering knowledge of where food comes from while also addressing larger social, economic, and environmental goals. This has been demonstrated in Chicago where urban farmers have worked to improve food access, increase employment, and revitalize communities all across the city. For many years, federal policies have promoted maximum production of commodity crops and kept supermarket prices low, allowing the government to ignore the impacts these policies are having on local economies, the environment, and public health. State and municipal policies have been similarly unsympathetic to any efforts to subvert the industrial food system. However, the individuals and organizations working to promote urban agriculture in Chicago demonstrate how community activism can break through these obstacles, and create fertile ground for the movement to grow. Chicago is recognized as a national leader in the urban agriculture movement, and the city is becoming an increasingly accommodating place for urban agriculture to thrive. In this thesis I describe the progress some of these urban farmers have made in Chicago, and emphasize how community engagement and support has played a crucial role in achieving this progress; I also discuss obstacles that have prevented the movement from attaining certain goals; and explore the implications of what it would mean for agriculture to change the landscape of a city.

The present study covers the causes of victory and defeat in the light of chapter eight of the Holy Qur'an. It has been prompted by the current situation facing Muslims in many parts of the world, which is characterized by despair, reversals and loss, This study is thus reflexive in nature. In order to obtain a satisfactory response to this predicament, the relevant text in addition to several of its commentaries were scrutinized. The latter search remained unsatisfactory since their focus of inquiry was merely exegetical and failed to reveal any didactic element, which is crucial for obtaining guidance. This work has successfully managed to deduce this aspect from the text which amplifies the importance of extensive sacrifice for gaining glory. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic studies)