Le statut hydrique de la vigne est reconnu comme étant un facteur essentiel dans la production viticole. A l'échelle de la parcelle agricole, les travaux de recherche ont permis de mettre au point différentes méthodes de caractérisation du statut hydrique. Cependant, du fait de leur lourdeur de mise en oeuvre, ces méthodes sont difficilement utilisables à l'échelle de la petite région, alors qu'il existe un fort besoin d'informations sur le statut hydrique à cette échelle. L'objectif principal de ce travail est l'obtention d'un statut hydrique spatialisé en milieu viticole méditerranéen, à l'échelle de la petite région. Le site d'étude est la basse vallée de la Peyne, zone de production viticole de 65 km2, représentative du vignoble méditerranéen. La démarche générale consiste à spatialiser l'évapotranspiration réelle (ETR), choisie comme indicateur du statut hydrique, par l'intermédiaire de deux modèles spatialisées (S-SEBI, Roerink et al., 2000 et WDI, Moran et al., 1994) issus d'images de télédétection dans l'infrarouge thermique (capteur ASTER). Les résultats de ces modèles sont validés par comparaison avec des mesures et des simulations locales de l'ETR. Ces simulations, réalisées en utilisant un modèle de transfert hydriques (HYDRUS-1D, Simunek et al., 1998), représentent une solution de validation originale pour obtenir une ETR locale sur un grand nombre de sites, à un coût expérimental réduit. Une étude de sensibilité permet d'apprécier la robustesse de ces modèles spatialisés vis à vis des conditions expérimentales. Après avoir vérifié que les simulations locales réalisées avec HYDRUS 1-D pouvaient effectivement servir de données de validation, nous montrons que les modèles spatialisés testés permettent d'estimer l'ETR à l'échelle journalière avec une précision satisfaisante, le modèle S-SEBI, pourtant plus empirique, donnant de meilleurs résultats que le modèle WDI (RMSE de 0.8 mm.j-1 et 1.1 mm.j-1 respectivement). Nous montrons que ces approches de spatialisation sont sensibles aux conditions expérimentales considérées (champs d'étude spatial pour le S-SEBI, vitesse du vent pour le WDI). Enfin, les résultats de spatialisation mettent en évidence d'importantes variabilités spatio-temporelles de l'ETR sur la zone d'étude. Les structures spatiales de statut hydrique observées à partir des deux modélisations réalisées sont très similaires et semblent être fortement liées aux caractéristiques pédo-paysagères de la zone d'étude / Vineyard hydric status is recognized as an essential factor for wine-producing. At the field scale, research work allowed to develop different methods for hydric status characterization. However, because of tedious implementation, these methods are useless at the watershed scale, whereas hydric status information at this scale is strongly needed. The main objective of this study is to spatialize vineyard hydric status over a Mediterranean watershed. The study site take place in the basse vallée de la Peyne, a 65 km2 wine-producing area, that is representative of the Mediterranean vineyards. The general procedure to achieve this objective was to spatialize actual evapotranspiration (ET), choose as hydric status indicator, through two spatialized models (S-SEBI Roerink et al., 2000 and WDI, Moran et al., 1994) derived from thermal infrared remote sensing imagery (ASTER sensor). The results of these models were validated by comparison with local ET measurements and simulations. These simulations made by a water transfers model (HYDRUS-1D, Simunek et al., 1998), that represent an original validation method to obtain local ET over an important number of sites, at a minimal experimental cost. A sensibility study allowed to identified the sturdiness of these spatialized models to the experimental conditions. After checking that local ET simulations obtained by the HYDRUS 1-D approach were correctly simulated, we showed that S-SEBI and WDI spatialized model, allowed to estimate ET with satisfactory accuracies. The more empiric S-SEBI model produced better results than the WDI model (RMSE about 0.8 mm.j-1 and 1.1 mm.j-1 respectively). Further, the sensibility study showed that these spatialisation approaches were sensitive to experimental conditions, (spatial extent for S-SEBI and wind speed for WDI). Finally, these spatialisation results depicted for important ET spatio-temporal variability over the Peyne watershed. The spatial patterns retrieved by the two models are similar and seems to be strongly related to pedological and landscape characteristics within the study site.

De 1154 à 1453, Bordeaux se trouve sous l’obédience du roi d’Angleterre.L’ouverture du marché anglais favorise le développement d’un vignoble à vocation commerciale autour de la ville. De nombreux travaux sont consacrés à cette période faste du vignoble et du commerce du vin bordelais. En revanche, la situation du vignoble au lendemain de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans (après la prise de Bordeaux par Charles VII en 1453) est très souvent restée dans l’ombre.Ce travail propose donc d’étudier les caractéristiques et les dynamiques du vignoble bordelais dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, après les crises de la fin du Moyen Âge. En raison de la nature des sources employées, l’approche adoptée est celle du point de vue des Bordelais sur le vignoble, ce qui permet d’analyser l’emprise urbaine sur les vignes des alentours. Nous verrons comment les stratégies foncières et économiques des élites urbaines, essentiellement composées de marchands, influencent l’évolution du vignoble bordelais après la guerre de Cent Ans. / From 1154 to 1453, Bordeaux is under the king of England's obedience. The opening of the English trade promotes the development of a turned-for-business vineyard around the town. Several researches are devoted to this lucky time for vineyardand Bordeaux wine trading. In return the state of the vineyard shortly after the end of the Hundred Years War (after the taking of Bordeaux by Charles VII in 1453) is very often remained in the background.Therefore this work purposes to study the Bordeaux vineyard characteristics and dynamics in the second half of the XVth century after the crisis of the end of the MidlleAges. On account of the nature of the used documents, the adopted approach is theBordeaux point of view about the vineyard, and this allows an analysis of the urbangrasp on the surrounding vineyards. We will see how the land and economic strategiesof the urban elites, mainly composed by merchants, influence the development of theBordeaux vineyard after the Hundred Years War.

Le sol, composante du Terroir doit être considéré comme une ressource non renouvelable essentielle au fonctionnement des agroécosystèmes. Or, les sols viticoles sont particulièrement vulnérables aux dégradations. L’objectif central de ma thèse est donc d’évaluer comment les pratiques viticoles affectent la qualité des sols dans le Languedoc-Roussillon. Pour ce faire, j’ai d’abord évalué la qualité des sols sur 164 parcelles présentant une grande variabilité de pratiques culturales et réparties sur 9 zones pédologiques très diversifiées. Puis, j’ai évalué la vitesse de changement de la qualité des sols par l’analyse de 24 parcelles d’une zone homogène converties progressivement en viticulture biologique depuis un maximum de 17 ans. Plusieurs indicateurs physiques (densité apparente, porosité totale, stabilité structurale et humidité à la capacité au champ), chimiques (teneur en carbone et azote, C/N, disponibilité des éléments P, K, et Cu, capacité d’échange cationique) et biologiques (biomasse microbienne, respirométrie, nématodes, vers de terre) ont été mesurés afin de fournir une vision holistique de la qualité des sols. Mes résultats montrent une diversité de qualité des sols viticoles au regard des perturbations subies par les différentes pratiques. J’ai également démontré que la majorité des indicateurs étudiés sont sensibles aux pratiques viticoles indépendamment des types de sol étudiés. Concernant la dynamique de changement, la qualité des sols viticoles se stabilise après 7-11 de pratiques biologiques. Toutefois, malgré une augmentation significative des activités biologiques du sol (micro-organismes et nématodes libres), la conversion depuis 17 ans n’a pas mis en évidence une amélioration nette de la qualité du sol. En conclusion, nous avons confirmé la vulnérabilité des sols viticoles languedociens aux pratiques en cours. Mes travaux mettent en lumière l’importance du transfert des connaissances acquises lors de ce travail pour améliorer la perception de la qualité des sols par les viticulteurs et les professionnels de la filière viticole. / Soils should be considered as a non-enewable yet essential resource for agroecosystem functioning. Animportant component of the Terroir, vineyard soils are nevertheless particularly vulnerable to degradation.The main objective of my PhD was to assess the effect of viticultural practices on soil quality in theLanguedoc©Roussillon region. In this aim, I first assessed soil quality on 164 vineyard plots representing awide range of viticultural practices and located in 9 contrasted soil type zones. I then estimated the speed of change in soil quality, by analyzing 24 plots from one homogeneous zone after their conversion toorganic viticulture, undertaken 1 to 17 years ago. Several physical (bulk density, total porosity, structuralstability and soil moisture at field capacity) as well as chemical (carbon and nitrogen content, C/N, P, K and Cu availability, cation exchange capacity) and biological (microbial biomass, respiration, nematode andearthworm abundance) indicators were measured in order to provide a holistic appraisal of soil quality. Myresults show that the variability of vineyard soil quality reflects the perturbations inflicted by differentmanagement practices. I have also established that the majority of the studied indicators are sensitive toviticultural practices, independently of soil type. The study of the dynamics of the change in vineyard soilquality revealed stabilization after 7 to 11 years of organic management practices. However, despite asignificant increase in biological activity (microbial biomass and free©living nematode abundance), no clearimprovement in soil quality was apparent 17 years after conversion to organic viticulture. In conclusion, we have confirmed the vulnerability of Languedoc©Roussillon vineyard soils to current management practices. My work highlights the importance of transferring the acquired knowledge to winegrowers and wine sector professionals in order to improve their perception of soil quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo_Antonio_DallOglio.pdf: 9991659 bytes, checksum: 11e84eec998ded3a56473a626f4e286d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The bench grafting allowed anticipate the first vineyard harvest. The objective of this research was evaluated the development of American native grapes (Bordô, Isabel Precoce and Niagara Rosada) in rootstocks (IAC-766 Campinas and 420-A) under bench grafting in west of Paraná state. The experiments were conducted in private proprieties at Toledo (2010/ 2011) and Ouro Verde do Oeste-PR (2014/ 2015) and shared in two phases: In the first phase was evaluated the plant formation through union between graft and rootstock, percentage of rooting, average height of sprouting and survive after transplantation field. In second phase the parameters consisted of diameter of horizontal cordon, number of grow plants, number of gems and number of branches than reach the second and third line of the support system. At Toledo only the last parameter (number of branches that reached the second and third line of the support system) showed significant influence. The IAC-766 was more vigorous than 420-A. In the second experiment, the local factor doesn't show showed influence when the researches were analyzed together confirming the results the first research. Both rootstocks are able to cultivate in west of Paraná State, although IAC-766 was more vigorous than 420-A / A enxertia de mesa permite antecipar a colheita de um vinhedo. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de videiras rústicas (Bordô, Isabel Precoce e Niágara Rosada) em portaenxertos (IAC-766 Campinas e 420-A) sob enxertia de mesa no Oeste do Paraná. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em propriedades particulares nos municípios de Toledo e Ouro Verde do Oeste/PR e divididos em duas partes: na primeira foi avaliado a formação da planta através da união entre enxerto e portaenxerto, a porcentagem de enraizamento, tamanho médio da brotação e sobrevivência após o transplante a campo. Na segunda fase os parâmetros consistiram no diâmetro do cordão esporonado, número de plantas formadas, número de gemas e número de ramos que atingiram o segundo e terceiro fio do sistema de sustentação. Em Toledo, somente o último parâmetro analisado (número de ramos que atingiram o segundo e terceiro fio do sistema de sustentação) apresentou diferença significativa entre os portaenxertos. O IAC-766 foi mais vigoroso que o 420-A. No segundo experimento o fator local não influenciou nos resultados quando as pesquisas foram analisadas conjuntamente e os resultados confirmaram as informações encontradas em Toledo. Ambos os portaenxertos são possíveis de serem utilizados no Oeste do Paraná, entretanto o IAC-766 foi mais vigoroso que o 420-A

In our ever more populated world, the rapid expansion and intensification of agriculture is driving worldwide biodiversity loss, and the interactions between production landscapes and wildlife conservation are becoming increasingly important. Farming systems depend on ecosystem services such as biological control, while conservationists are calling for the establishment of conservation initiatives in non-preserve landscapes. Despite this, the goals of agriculture and the goals of predator-conservation are rarely mutual. Here, I demonstrate one of the first examples of a mutually beneficial scenario between agriculture and predator conservation. I used, as a case study, a reintroduction project that translocated individuals of the threatened New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) from the hills of Marlborough into vineyards, to determine if predators can survive within an agricultural landscape while simultaneously providing that landscape with biological control services. Examples of vertebrates providing biological control to agriculture are rare. I show that the presence of falcons in vineyards caused an economically important reduction in grape damage worth over US $230/ ha. Falcon presence caused a 78- 83% reduction in the number of introduced European pest birds, which resulted in a 95% reduction in the damage caused by these species. Falcon presence did not cause a reduction in the abundance of the native silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), but did halve the damage caused by this species. To assess the conservation value of the falcon translocations, I used remote videography, direct observations and prey analysis to measure the behavioural changes associated with the relocation of falcons from their natural habitat in the hills and into vineyards. Falcons in vineyard nests had higher nest attendance, higher brooding rates, and higher feeding rates than falcons in hill nests. Additionally, parents in vineyard nests fed their chicks a greater amount of total prey and larger prey items compared to parents in hill nests. I also found an absence of any significant diet differences between falcons in hill and vineyard habitats, suggesting that the latter may be a suitable alternative habitat for falcons. Because reintroduced juvenile falcons were released in areas devoid of adult falcons, it was possible that they were missing essential training normally provided by their parents. I used direct observations to demonstrate that the presence of siblings had similar effects to the presence of parents on the development of juvenile behaviour, with individuals flying, hunting, and playing more often when conspecifics were present. Finally, through the use of artificial nests and remote videography, I identified that falcons nesting in vineyards are likely to suffer lower predation rates. I also found that falcons in vineyards are predated by a less dangerous suite of animals (such as hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus, and avian predators), than their counterparts in the hills, which are predated by more voracious species (such as stoats, Mustela erminea, and feral cats, Felis catus). The work presented in this thesis has also added to the current knowledge of New Zealand falcon breeding behaviour, prey preferences, and behavioural development. Although agricultural regions globally are rarely associated with raptor conservation, and the ability of raptors to control the pests of agricultural crops has not been previously quantified, these results suggest that translocating New Zealand falcons into vineyards has potential for both the conservation of this species, and for providing biological control services to agriculture

En reconnaissant dès 1936 l’Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée de vin liquoreux « Monbazillac », l’Etat, par le biais de l’INAO, définit officiellement le vin liquoreux comme un produit de terroir, élaboré par un savoir-faire humain sur un espace aux aptitudes agronomiques et aux conditions climatiques particulières. Pourtant, malgré la mode des « produits de terroir », en France, le vin liquoreux semble très loin d’avoir acquis l’image d’un produit de terroir et se situe en bas de la hiérarchie vitivinicole. Sa production est fragmentée dans l’espace productif viticole français, alors que ce vin est majoritairement produit dans les aires d’influence des vignobles de Bordeaux et Bourgogne. Le vin liquoreux est ainsi élaboré au sein de petits vignobles de vins liquoreux, qui s’inscrivent dans de petits voire très petits vignobles, à l’image des vignobles de Bergerac, Jurançon, Jura et Corrèze. Les vins liquoreux français semblent donc constituer des « impensés » de la géographie du vin, puisque non reconnus en tant que produit de terroir, et puisque élaborés au sein de vignobles de l’entre-deux, de périphéries dominées, voire de marges viticoles. Or, le terroir vitivinicole est une représentation de la société qui le fait vivre. Au sein des différents systèmes spatiaux que constituent les terroirs viticoles étudiés, les acteurs du vin élaborent de nouveaux modèles territoriaux, dans des territoires recomposés par la réforme de la filière viticole impulsée entre 2006 et 2008 et d’espaces ruraux marqués par les conséquences de la mondialisation. Des stratégies de distinction émergent alors à toutes les échelles au sein de ces espaces pour mieux se positionner dans la hiérarchie, dont le haut est incontestablement occupé par Château d’Yquem, célèbre cru de Sauternes, dont la réputation n’a jamais été aussi forte. Ainsi, au fond, les petits vignobles de vin liquoreux étudiés ne permettent-ils pas de répondre à une question presque existentielle lorsqu’on veut vivre aujourd’hui d’une production vitivinicole en France ou même ailleurs : comment vendre du vin aujourd’hui ? / By acknowledging from 1936 the controlled designation of origin of the sweet wine "Monbazillac", the State, by means of the INAO, officially defines sweet wine as a local product, developed by a human know-how in an area of agronomic skills and in particular weather conditions. Nevertheless, in spite of the "produits du terroir" trend, in France, sweet wine seems very far away from having acquired the image of a local product and is situated at the bottom of the wine sector hierarchy. Its production is split up within the French wine-making productive space while this wine is mainly produced in the areas of influence within Bordeaux and Burgundy vineyards. Sweet wine is thus developed within small sweet wine vineyards, which are part of small sometimes even very small vineyards, just like the vineyards of Bergerac, Jurançon, Jura and Corrèze. Therefore, French sweet wine seems to forman "unthought" of wine geography, because it is not recognized as alocal product, and because it is developed within vineyards that are between larger ones, which are more dominant, on the outskirts of the wine-making zone. However, the wine terroir is a representation of the society that keeps it alive. Within the various spatial systems which constitute the wine-making terroirs being examined, wine professionals develop new territorial models, in territories recomposed by the reform of the wine-making sector promoted between 2006 and 2008 and rural spaces marked by the consequences of globalization. Strategies of distinction emerge then on all scales within these spaces to be better positioned within the hierarchy, the top of which is unmistakably occupied by the Château d’Yquem, a famous Sauternes vineyard, the reputation of which has never been so strong. So, in fact, do not the small sweet wine vineyards under study enable ananswer to an almost existential question when we want to live off wine production today in France, or even somewhere else: how can we sell wine today?

La décennie 1990-2000 voit aboutir un long processus économique, politique et technique en oeuvredepuis 40 ans. L'effondrement du bloc soviétique, l'avènement des pays à bas salaires et à capacitéstechnologiques et la mise en place de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce, en sont les fruits.L'OMC aborde tous les domaines commerciaux. L'agriculture et les activités vitivinicolesspécialement n'y échappent pas. Une politique agricole mondiale est mise en place. Un véritable droitrural mondial l'accompagne. Le droit rural européen et le droit rural français exposent par leurstransformations successives la prise en compte des exigences du droit rural mondial.Protectrices de l'espace les activités vitivinicoles sont parfois polluantes du fait de fléaux biologiquesimportés en France par le commerce international. Favorisant la protection de l'environnement lorsd'appuis publics, le droit rural mondial amène les activités vitivinicoles françaises à transformer leurslogiques d'actions environnementales, économiques et commerciales. / The decade 1990-2000 saw the conclusion of a long economic, political and technical process takingplace over the past 40 years. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the emergence of countries with cheaplabour and technological abilities, and the creation of the World Trade Organisation, are the results.The WTO covers all commercial fields. In particular, agriculture and wine-growing activities areaffected. A worldwide agricultural policy has been implemented, accompanied by a real worldwiderural legislation. A series of modifications in European rural law and French rural law show evidenceof taking into account the demands of worldwide rural legislation.Although they conserve the open countryside, wine-growing activities may be polluting, due to thebiological scourges imported into France by international trade. Opting for environmental protectionwith the support of public opinion, worldwide countryside legislation encourages French winegrowersto change their viewpoints in their environmental, economic and commercial policies.

No description available.

In Peru, nearly 32 million people rely heavily on human-made coastal irrigation agricultural hubs that rely on water from melting glaciers, snowpack, and rain transported by rivers and canals from high in the Andes. However, Peru’s water resources are in a vulnerable state as climate change has shifted rainfall patterns causing glacier retreat affecting nearly the loss of one-third of the glaciers. In recent decades, an increase and expansion of irrigation projects in Peru require agriculture practices to consider environmental impacts directly. Now is the time to explore the sustainability of the desert agroecosystems and understand how different water management practices influence the supporting soil’s health so decision-makers can plan for future change in water resources and any feedbacks to the productivity of the soils. Over the past 40 years, Peru has led some of the largest scale water management projects on earth to convert infertile coastal desert soils into irrigated agricultural land. Still, these efforts can come at a severe local cost with impacts to groundwater quality, salination of the soil, toxic concentrations of trace metals due to evaporation, and overuse of fertilizer and pesticides. This thesis presents a study to assess how drip irrigation impacts desert soil chemistry within one of Peru’s desert irrigation projects in Arequipa’s southern district. We explored a chronosequence of drip irrigation in vineyards of 9-, 16- and 35- years. Results showed that both soil carbon and salinity accumulated progressively over time but that spatial accumulation patterns were influenced by proximity to the irrigation drip line. By 35 years, salinity levels exceeded what would be tolerances for most crops. Trace metals, such as Mn, Zn, and Ni, increased with time under drip irrigation and have significant relationships with Fe, present in the highest concentrations, seemingly controlling the patterns due to co-precipitation. However, no trace metals were found in quantities that would exceed Peru’s limits for agricultural soils. While drip irrigation is considered a water conservation strategy and widely promoted in the region over other irrigation techniques like high water volume furrow irrigation, its use may accelerate localized negative impacts to surface soil health. These progressive changes highlight the need for effective monitoring and salinity mitigation strategies in the region. This project is part of the bilateral technical program between Purdue University and Universidad Nacional San Agustín (UNSA) called the Arequipa Nexus Institute for Food, Water, Energy, and the Environment.

The grapevine is one of the most cultivated crops in the world. It requires several environmental conditions besides the winemakers’ practices. The practices of the winemakers have a great impact on the quality of the product, yet it is also depending on the pre-existing features of the cultivation’s sites. Those features are categorised into 3 as atmospheric, topographic and soil conditions and each contains several criteria derived from earlier studies. These conditions are generally not expected to change for centuries, but atmospheric conditions are subject to considerable change due to the climate change. The categories are used to build the Vineyard Suitability Model with fuzzy logic and applied to the study area, Skåne, Sweden. The model is applied in 4 versions which are according to the current and 3 scenarios of atmospheric conditions according to climate change projections for 2050. The model results indicate that the study area currently possesses a low potential for the wine industry to emerge. However, the impact of climate change appears to turn a considerable size of cultivated area into high potential sites. The results appear to be valid since the study area is just above the conventional wine production latitudes in the Northern hemisphere and considered to be too cold for grapevine production.