Amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. The commercial poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (Me-PEG-OH, 20 Kg/mol) and difunctional polyethylene glycol (OH-PEG-OH, 20 Kg/mol) were used to synthesize diblock copolymers (Me-PEG-b-PVDF), and triblock copolymers (PVDF-b-PEG-b-PVDF) respectively. For the synthesis, the esterification reaction followed by the SN2 reaction was employed to make macro CTA (Me-PEG-XA, XA-PEG-XA, XA refers to the xanthate group). The macro CTAs were used further for VDF polymerization in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) inside the autoclave. Different molecular weights of the PVDF block (whether in the diblocks or the tribolcks) were obtained based on changes in the reaction time. The resulting block copolymers were molecularly characterized by FT-IR, 1H,19F-NMR, and SEC. The thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. Furthermore, the crystalline phase characterization was investigated by XRD and FT-IR. Being the obtained block copolymers are amphiphilic, their self-assembly was achieved by nanoprecipitation in DMF/water, and they were analyzed by DLS and TEM.

L’objectif de ce travail est d'envisager les modifications de formulation ou de procédé dans la technologie de geltrusion développée par Batscap pour augmenter la fiabilité des supercondensateurs en limitant l'autodécharge. La technologie repose sur l’extrusion simultanée de polymères (PVDF, PVDF-HFP), d’un solvant (PC) et de charges (CA, NC). Le mélange réalisé en extrusion bivis est ensuite filmé et laminé sur le collecteur en aluminium. Dès lors, il a été fondamental de chercher à comprendre les interactions entre les différents composants de l’électrode, avec l’étude de la miscibilité du système ternaire polymère/polymère/solvant puis l’étude de l’adsorption du solvant sur les charges. Cette démarche a permis une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes impliqués en passant par une caractérisation approfondie du complexe, dans sa formulation actuelle aux différentes étapes du procédé. Ensuite, des modifications de formulations ont été envisagées. En particulier, l'effet de la structure et de la masse molaire des polymères sur l’adhésion a été étudié. Dans tous les cas, il a été envisagé de tester les possibilités offertes par l'utilisation d'un solvant différent (DMSO). Ce dernier étant un meilleur solvant du PVDF est plus facile à éliminer que le PC. Enfin, à partir des données rhéologiques du mélange, une modélisation mécanique, en utilisant le modèle de Maxwell à plusieurs temps de relaxation, a été menée dans l'opération de laminage du mélange en prenant en compte un comportement viscoélastique du gel. Toutes ces études ont permis de conclure sur les modifications pertinentes de la formulation ainsi que des conditions du procédé / The objective of this work is to consider changes in formulation or process of the geltrusion technology developed by Batscap to increase the reliability of supercapacitors by limiting self-discharge. The technology is based on the simultaneous extrusion of polymers (PVDF, PVDF-HFP), solvent (propylene carbonate) and fillers (activated carbon, carbon black). The mixture carried out in a twin-screw extrusion is then filmed and laminated on the aluminium collector. Therefore, it was important to understand the interactions between the different components of the electrode, and especially to study the miscibility of the ternary system polymer/polymer/solvent and also the adsorption of solvent on fillers. This approach has allowed a better understanding of the phenomena involved through a characterization of the complex, in its current form at different stages of the process. Then, changes in formulations were considered. In particular, the effect of the structure and molecular weight of the polymers on adhesion was studied. In all cases, it was envisaged to test the possibilities offered by the use of a different solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide). The latter being a better solvent for the PVDF, is also easier to remove than propylene carbonate. Finally, from the rheological data of the mixture, a mechanical modeling, using the multimodal Maxwell model, was conducted in the lamination step taking into account of the viscoelastic behavior of the gel. All these studies allow us to conclude on the relevant changes in the formulation and process conditions

Ce travail porte sur la modification de matrices polymères à base de fluorure de vinylidene pour permettre leur utilisation en tant que membrane séparatrice dans les supercapacités. Basé sur un procédé d‘irradiation par rayonnement γ, l‘objectif principal était la limitation du gonflement du polymère lorsqu‘il est mis en contact d‘un milieu liquide relatif à l‘application tout en gardant d‘excellentes affinités avec celui-ci. Le processus de base exploité étant la formation et la réaction des radicaux lors de l‘irradiation du polymère, une partie de la thèse a été consacrée à leur étude par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE). Un modèle de simulation de spectre RPE a été mis en place pour identifier et quantifier chacune des espèces radicalaires. L‘effet de la dose d‘irradiation, de la durée d‘un recuit et de la nature de la matrice polymère (homo, copolymère) sur la proportion de ces espèces et sur leur réactivité a été évalué. Un lien avec la formation d‘un réseau a été proposé. Une attention particulière a ensuite été apportée à l‘augmentation de la densité de réticulation avec le concours d‘un agent réticulant, le TAIC. Pour terminer, une stratégie de modification des propriétés de surface du PVDF a été élaborée. Elle consiste dans un premier temps à radiogreffer un polymère à la surface du PVDF puis à modifier, dans un second temps, les greffons par une chimie douce et sélective. En conclusion, les approches complémentaires développées au cours de cette thèse ont permis de comprendre la radiolyse des polymères et de mettre à profit les processus élémentaires pour développer des stratégies robustes et prometteuses de modulation des propriétés. / This work deals with the modification of VDF-based polymer induced by γ-radiation as the polymer may be used in electrochemical supercapacitors. The main objective was to limit the swelling of the fluorinated matrix with a given electrolyte while a good wetting of the polymer by the liquid was also required. As the main basic process involved in polymer radiolysis is the formation of radicals, a part of the work was dedicated to the study of such species by using Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy. A simulation model of ESR spectra was established in order to identify and quantify each radical species. The effect of several parameters such as radiation dose, annealing time or the nature of polymer matrix on the concentration of each species where investigated. A relation with the evolution of the crosslink density of the network formed during the radiolisys was proposed. In addition, one of the key steps of this work was to study the radiation crosslinking ability of VDF-based polymers and find a way to increase the crosslink density. This was achieved by incorporating, prior to the radiation process, a radiation sensitive crosslinker: TAIC. Finally, a new strategy based on the modification of surface properties of PVDF was investigated. It consists in the radiation grafting of pentafluorstyrene onto PVDF surface followed by the chemioselective functionalization of the grafted segments. As a conclusion, the different approaches used in this thesis allowed us to understand the radiolysis of VDF-based polymers and take advantage of the elementary process involved in this type of chemistry, to build up robust and promising strategies for tuning properties.

During this project it was investigated how the newly developed piezoelectric PVDF bicomponent fibre behaved when integrated in different weave constructions. The possibility to integrate conductive yarns as outer electrode was studied in order to see if it was possible to create a fully textile piezoelectric sensors. The piezoelectric properties of the bicomponent fibre is given by the sheath material, which is a polymeric material known as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Today only piezoelectric film made by PVDF is commercially available, but with a flexible PVDF bicomponent fibre it improves the possibility to integrate piezoelectric material into a textile construction. In this study the PVDF bicomponent fibre was integrated in the warp direction into weave constructions, such as plain weave, twill and weft rib. All the woven bands included 60 PVDF bicomponent yarns, with 24 filaments in each bundle and the average width of the bands produced was 30 mm. Different conductive materials and fibres, acting as outer electrode, were coated or integrated together with the PVDF fibre and the behaviour of the PVDF fibres was analysed. All the woven samples went through corona poling with a voltage of 7 kV in 70 ⁰C for 3 min. The weave construction that gave highest piezoelectric output signal was twill with weft that has low tex. The twill construction gave a range amplitude of 1.5- 3.3 V when subjected to a dynamic strain of about 0.25% at 4 Hz. It was shown that different conductive materials influenced the PVDF fibre in different ways, due to the resistance of the material. It was also shown that it was possible to integrate piezoelectric bicomponent fibre into a textile construction and that a fully textile piezoelectric sensor could be produced by using conductive yarns as outer electrode. / Program: Masterutbildning i textilteknik,

The advent of transition metal catalysis has greatly expanded the scope of viable cycloaddition reactions, allowing for the direct synthesis of highly functionalized and complex biologically active compounds. By manipulating various aspects of catalyst structure, including the supporting ligands and the central metal, the function of a catalyst can be modified. In this context, the catalytic properties of dinuclear complexes have not been greatly explored in cycloaddition reactions. Our research has focused on studying the catalytic properties of dinuclear complexes in cycloaddition reactions. Comparative studies between dinuclear and mononuclear Ni-complexes led us to discover and develop an efficient route to synthesize 1,2,4-trisubstituted benzene derivatives from terminal alkynes. The key organometallic intermediates in this process were isolated, and computational studies were performed to unravel a novel bimetallic mechanism for alkyne cyclotrimerizations. As an extension of this study, we have found that the dinuclear catalyst is capable of catalyzing the methylenecyclopropanation of olefins. The reaction uses 1,1-dichloroalkene as a vinylidene precursor along with Zn as a stoichiometric reductant. A wide range of monosubstituted terminal alkenes and relatively unhindered internal alkenes are viable substrates. Furthermore, to understand the mechanism of vinylidene transfer, various stoichiometric and stereochemical experiments were performed. Furthermore, we discovered that mononuclear and dinuclear Ni-complexes are highly efficient in achieving vinylidene insertions into Si–H bonds to synthesize Si-containing heterocyclic molecules. Ongoing efforts are directed toward optimizing the reaction conditions and elucidating the substrate scope of the reaction.

<p> Ring opening of heterocyclic compounds through C-X bond cleavage is a useful strategy that provides rapid access to highly functionalized acyclic building blocks. In recent years, much work has focused on using transition metal catalysts to activate the C-X bonds of heterocycles and initiate ring opening. Metal-catalyzed ring opening of unstrained heterocycles is less prevalent than catalytic activation of strained heterocycles, which is advantageously driven by relief of ring strain. Methods for catalytic ring activation of unstrained heterocycles exist but are limited. Herein, we report the use of chiral cobalt complexes as catalysts for enantioselective ring opening of dihydrofuran and nitrogen-protected pyrrolines by utilizing dichloroalkenes as vinylidene precursors, Zn as a reductant, and ZnCl2 as an additive. Based on preliminary mechanistic studies, we believe this method proceeds through [2 + 2] cycloaddition between the ligated cobalt vinylidene species and the heterocycle, followed by β-heteroatom elimination, cobalt to zinc transmellation, and protonation to give rise to synthetically useful chiral allylic alcohol and amine products. </p>

O aumento da longevidade da população mundial vem acompanhado do aumento da incidência de doenças crônicas. Várias são as doenças que podem acometer esta população e entre estas, a osteoporose, que compromete a resistência e qualidade do tecido ósseo, predispondo a fraturas. Além disso, a osteoporose pode dificultar a reparação óssea. Uma técnica importante e que tem por objetivo a neoformação óssea é a regeneração óssea guiada (ROG), que utiliza uma membrana que atua como uma barreira mecânica, permitindo a criação de um espaço protegido em torno do defeito ósseo. Embora a membrana de politetrafluoretileno (PTFE) seja uma das mais utilizadas na ROG, novas membranas têm sido desenvolvidas dentre elas a membrana obtida pela associação do polímero de poli(vinilideno-trifluoretileno) e da cerâmica de titanato de bário (P(VDF-TrFE)/BT). Estudos in vitro demonstraram resultados favoráveis à membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vivo, o efeito da membrana de poli(vinilidenotrifluoretileno)/titanato de bário (P(VDF-TrFE)/BT), e como controle a de PTFE no reparo ósseo em ratas com modelo experimental para a osteoporose. Foram utilizados 30 animais, sendo 5 pertencentes ao grupo controle - Grupo 1 (G1) e 25 que foram ovariectomizados bilateralmente (OVX). Após 150 dias foram confeccionados defeitos ósseos (5 mm) na calvária e os animais OVX foram distribuídos em três grupos com relação à utilização ou não de membranas nos defeitos ósseos: Grupo 2 - nenhum tipo de membrana; Grupo 3 - membrana de PTFE e Grupo 4 - membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT. Após 4 semanas, os animais foram eutanasiados e as calvárias foram coletadas para as análises histológica, histomorfométrica por micro-CT e de expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou que os animais que receberam a membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT apresentaram parâmetros morfométricos semelhantes ou até melhores quando comparados com os animais que receberam a membrana de PTFE. A comparação dos grupos que receberam as membranas mostrou para o grupo P(VDF-TrFE)/BT uma menor expressão para os genes RUNX2, BSP, OPN, OSX e RANKL; uma expressão semelhante para os genes ALP, OC, RANK e CTSK e uma maior expressão dos genes OPG, CALCR e MMP9. Estes resultados evidenciam que a membrana de P(VDF-TrFE)/BT pode ser considerada um biomaterial promissor para a reparação óssea em condições de osteoporose / The worldwide population age is increasing accomplished by chronic disease. The most common disease which involves the population is the osteoporosis. The bone resistance and quality of bone matrix are compromised and the fractures risks are higher. Nonetheless, the osteoporosis can avoid the bone healing. The important technique to achieve the bone neoformation is the Bone Guided Regeneration (BGR), which used a membrane as mechanic barrier to allow the new gap protection around the bone defect. Although the politetrafluoetilene (PTFE) is the most used in BGR, newest membranes have been developed as the polyvinylidene-trifluoroethylene polymer and barium titanate ceramics (P(VDF-TrFE)/BT). In vitro assays showed favorable results to P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane. The aim of the study was to evaluate the poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/barium titanate (P(VDF-TrFE)/BT) effects, and the PTFE has been used as control on the bone repair in the osteoporosis experimental rats model. It was used 30 animals, 5 on the control group- Group 1 (G1) and 25 were ovariectomized bilaterally (OVX). Bone gaps were done 5mm size on the rats calvaria´s and the (OVX) were housed in three different groups concerned by membranes applied or not at the bone gap. Group 2 no membrane applied; Group 3 PTFE membrane and Group 4 P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane. Four weeks later, the animals were euthanized and the calvarias were collected to the histological analysis, histomorphometric assays by micro CT and the gene expression by the real time PCR. The histomorphometric analysis showed that the animals which received P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane presented similar morphometric parameters better than PTFE. The P(VDF-TrFE)/BT showed a minor expression to RUNX2, BSP, OPN, OSX e RANKL genes; the similar were to RANK e CTSK and the higher expression were to OPG, CALCR e MMP9. These results evidence that the P(VDF-TrFE)/BT could be used as promising biomaterial to bone healing under osteoporosis

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no laboratório do Centro Internacional de Referência em Reúso de Água (CIRRA), vinculado ao Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). O projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a síntese de membranas planas compostas, utilizando o polímero fluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF), nanopartículas inorgânicas de argila (montmorilonita hidrofílica) e óxido de polietileno (PEO). As membranas foram sintetizadas pelo processo de inversão de fases, utilizando 18% em massa de PVDF, n-metil-pirrolidona como solvente e água como o não solvente. Avaliou-se a influência da introdução de diferentes concentrações de nanopartículas de argila e PEO. As membranas sintetizadas foram submetidas a testes de avaliação de desempenho (permeabilidade, capacidade de separação, potencial de depósitos) e de caracterização (morfologia e características físicas). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a adição de nanopartículas inorgânicas de argila e o formador de poros PEO melhoraram o desempenho e as características físicas das membranas. As membranas Kynar 761 6% argila 0% PEO (K6-0), Kynar 761 0% argila 4% PEO (K0-4) e Kynar 761 6% argila 4% PEO (K6-4) apresentaram as melhores permeabilidades com um aumento, respectivamente, de 520%, 1.250% e 1.100%, em relação à membrana pura. Além disso, observa-se uma melhora de 55%, 60% e 41% na redução do potencial de depósito, respectivamente, para as membranas K6-0, K0-4 e K6-4, quando comparada a membrana de controle. A melhora da permeabilidade e do potencial de depósito das membranas compostas está relacionada à melhoria da hidrofilicidade e da carga superficiail. A morfologia interna das membranas sintetizadas com argila pode ser caracterizada com uma camada superficial com poros conectados verticalmente aos poros em formas de canais da camada intermediária. A camada inferior possui uma morfologia esponjosa com micro-poros. O aumento da quantidade e tamanho dos poros superficiais é proporcional ao aumento da concentração de argila, assim como a diminuição de bloqueios horizontais entre a camada superficial e os poros em formas de canais da camada intermediária. A morfologia interna das membranas sintetizadas com PEO pode ser caracterizada por uma camada superficial densa com poros e uma camada inferior com uma morfologia esponjosa densa com micro-poros. A camada intermediaria tem uma morfologia densa com poros em forma de canais com diâmetros maiores se comprado às membranas sem adição de PEO. A adição de PEO diminui o tamanho médio dos micro-poros, se comparado com as membranas onde apenas argila é adicionada. Foi constatado que a melhoria da permeabilidade está associada à alteração na morfologia interna das membranas compostas. O aumento dos poros superficiais conectados aos poros em forma de canais mais longos e uma camada inferior menor, proporciona uma redução da resistência interna da membrana, devido à formação de caminhos livres, facilitando a passagem da água. Pelas análises de espectrômetro de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDS), foram identificadas nanopartículas de argila dispersas na superfície e na matriz transversal da membrana. Os resultados indicam que a introdução de nanopartículas de argila na solução polimérica é uma técnica de modificação da membrana promissora no melhoramento do desempenho da membrana para o tratamento de água e efluentes. / This research was developed in the International Reference Center for Water Reuse (IRCWR) laboratory inside to the Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). The main objective of this research is the synthesis of ultrafiltration flat sheet membrane, using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer, clay (montmorillonite hydrophilic) inorganic nanoparticles and polyethylene oxide (PEO). Membranes were synthesized by phase inversion process, using 18% PVDF, mass based, in n-methylpyrrolidone as solvent and water as the non-solvent in the coagulation bath. The influence of different concentrations of clay nanoparticles and PEO was evaluated. Permeability, separation capability, and foulling potential tests were conducted to evaluate membranes performance and morphology analysis and physical characteristics were used for membranes characterization. Results indicated that clay nanoaprticles and PEO addiction can improve membrane permeability and morphology. The Kynar 761 6% clay 0% PEO (K6-0), Kynar 761 0% clay 4% PEO (K0-4) and Kynar 761 6% clay 4% PEO (K6-4) membranes showed the best permeability results, with an increase, respectively of 520%, 1,250% and 1,100%, compared to pure membrane. Furthermore, there is an improvement of 55%, 60% and 41% in the foulling potential reduction, respectively, for K6-0, K0-4 and K6-4 membranes, compared to the control membrane. It was verified that membrane permeability improvement and fouling potential reduction with the addition of clay nanoparticles is related with the improvement of membranes hydrophilicity and surface charge. The internal morphology of the membranes synthesized with clay can be characterized by a surface layer with pores interconnected with finger-like pores in the intermediate layer. The bottom layer has a sponge-like morphology with micro-pores. The increasing number and size of surface pores and also the reduction of horizontal blocks between the surface layer and the finger-like pores in the intermediate layer, is observed with increasing dosage of clay. The internal morphology of the membranes synthesized with PEO can be characterized by a dense surface layer and a bottom layer with dense sponge morphology with micro-pores. The intermediate layer has a dense morphology with finger-like pores with larger diameters if compared to the membranes without addition of PEO. The PEO addition decreases the average size of micro-pores, compared with membranes only clay is added. It was observed that change in composite membranes internal morphology, resulted in the water permeability improvement. The increasing superficial pores connected to longer finger-like pores and a thin bottom layer resulted in an internal pore structure with a lower resistance due to free paths formation, facilitating the flow passage. Using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis it was possible to observed clay nanoparticles dispersed on membrane surface and in its cross-section matrix. These preliminary results indicate that clay nanoclay addiction in polymeric solution is a promising membrane modification technique for improving membrane performance for water and wastewater treatment.

Foi estudada a enxertia de estireno induzida por radiação gama em filmes de poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) (PVDF) com espessura de 0,125 mm com doses entre 1 e 100 kGy em presença de soluções de estireno/N,Ndimetilformamida (DMF) (1:1, v/v) e estireno/tolueno (1:1, v/v) com taxa de dose de 5 kGy.h-1 por meio do método simultâneo de irradiação sob atmosfera de nitrogênio e em temperatura ambiente, usando raios gama de uma fonte de Co- 60. Depois de enxertados, os polímeros foram sulfonados em soluções de ácido clorossulfônico/1,2-dicloroetano (2 e 10 %). Os filmes foram caracterizados antes e depois de cada modificação com o cálculo do Grau de enxertia, (DOG), espectrometria no infravermelho (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e termogravimetria (TG/DTG). Os resultados do grau de enxertia mostraram que a enxertia aumenta com o aumento da dose e varia enormemente de acordo com o solvente utilizado, com enxertias cerca de 20 vezes maiores quando do uso da DMF em relação ao do tolueno. Foi possível confirmar a enxertia do estireno por FT-IR graças ao aparecimento de novos picos característicos e por TG/DTG e DSC por meio das alterações do comportamento térmico dos materiais enxertados/sulfonados. Os materiais sulfonados ainda foram caracterizados por suas capacidades de troca iônica (IEC), que mostraram que tanto os aumentos do grau de enxertia quanto os da concentração do ácido clorossulfônico aumentam o IEC. Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter materiais com capacidades de troca iônica com possibilidade de aplicação como compósitos ionoméricos de metal-polímero. / Gamma-radiation-induced grafting of styrene into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films with 0.125 mm thickness at doses from 1 to 100 kGy in the presence of a styrene/N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF) solution (1:1, v/v) and styrene/toluene (1:1, v/v) at dose rate of 5 kGy h-1 was carried out by simultaneous method under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature, using gamma rays from a Co-60. After grafting reactions, the polymer was then sulfonated in chlorosulfonic acid/1,2-dichloroethane (2 and 10%) for 3 hours. The films were characterized before and after modification by calculating the degree of grafting (DOG), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). DOG results show that grafting increases with dose, and varies enormously depending on the solvent used, with DOGs about 20 times greater in DMF than in toluene. It was possible to confirm the grafting of styrene by FT-IR due to the appearance of the new characteristic peaks and by the TG and DSC which exhibited changes in the thermal behavior of the grafted/sulfonated material. Sulfonated material was also characterized by ion exchange capacity (IEC) showed that both DOG and sulfonic acid concentration increase IEC values. Results showed that it is possible to obtain materials with ion exchange capacity of possible application as ionic polymer-metal composites.

In this experimental study the in-lined poled piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) bicomponent fiber was investigated the suitability in applications within the area of textile sensors when used in a bowel stent. Today there are only piezoelectric films made of PVDF available. Compared to a film, a fiber increases the amounts of application abilities. In this study a plain weave, resembling a coordinate system was made of the piezoelectric PVDF fiber and tested on top of two different beds; one hard and one elastic made of foam. The structure was then developed into two structures; one integrated in the stents structure with a plain weave pattern and one secondary structure as a plain weave placed onto the stent. Two test methods were developed in order to resemble the bowel movements to test the two piezoelectric PVDF fiber based structures. A reliability test in a reometer was made of the fiber, giving high differences in mean values. An in vivo test was conducted in a pig where the stent was placed in the orifice of the stomach. Both structures shown response when both developed methods was used. Due to large irregularities within the piezoelectric PVDF fiber the evaluation between the two structures was not possible. The most favorable structure was the secondary structure due to the larger continuous process ability and application areas. It was also seen that the reliability of the piezoelectric PVDF fiber is low, giving a non-reliable sensor. / Program: Textilteknik