A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Studies by Coursework and Research Report in the Department of Political Studies Faculty of Humanities March 2016 / Domestic violence is both a local and global phenomenon. Much research has been conducted on its incidence in South Africa, but there is a dearth of research on how it affects Muslim communities. Thus, this research report contributes to the literature in providing a case study of how a select middle class cohort of Muslims in Johannesburg, by gender and generation, discursively construct their perspectives on domestic violence in their community. The research investigates how members of Muslim congregations understand and define gendered violence, particularly violence against women. The research report addresses two key themes through the research. The first, involves a textual analysis of the interpretations of Chapter 4 Verse 34 in the Qur’an. The interpretations and understandings of this verse and of Islam form the basis for how the respondents defined, understood and perceived gendered violence in their community and in wider society, especially violence against women. The main focus of the empirical research, addresses how a diverse group of respondents relate to the issue of violence against women in Islam and in the Muslim community. This research report adopts a case study approach and thus does not have general applicability. However, through an analysis of focus groups and individual interviews, which form the basis of the research, the report presents the perspective on domestic violence as discussed by select Muslims in Johannesburg. It interrogates the notion of the public and private, of honour and shame versus security, and investigates the avenues of escape available to women. The respondents argue that while intimate family violence is a general social problem, it occurs in Muslim homes to a lesser extent. They refer to the writings of the Prophet Muhammad, his life and personal conduct, in order to show that domestic violence is not allowed in Islam. However, the older men and women respondents both directly and indirectly blame women for the abuse they endure. This victim-blaming resides within a strongly patriarchal bias that creates the idea that men are the protectors and representatives of the family in the public realm and inevitably justifies domestic violence. The younger cohort provided a somewhat less rigid set of perspectives that were less judgemental in nature. The distinction made between the public and private realms proved to be an important one in defining the status and roles of women and men, and in shaping what could be disclosed in public and what should remain private. Honour proved to be a central precept in the significance of privacy. In Islamic culture, the private sphere is associated with honour and if what is meant to be private is made public, this idea of honour is breached and the family suffers humiliation. But the women bear the brunt of the blame. Thus, the debate about honour in Muslim culture and Islamic precepts of what is right and wrong is critical in bringing the issue of domestic violence to the fore as a violation of women’s rights on the one hand, and Islamic dogma on the other. The resolution of this conflict is important in determining the role of the Jamiat and Muslim congregations in offering mechanisms of support for abused women and avenues of escape from the abuse. However, these mechanisms and avenues will only work if what is meant to be ‘a private matter’ is no longer made an issue of honour in Muslim communities / MT2017

A Master’s Thesis submitted to the School of Journalism Media Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Master’s Degree by Coursework and Research Report in Journalism and Media Studies, 2016 / This study explores the way in which xenophobic violence was framed during March and April 2015. This is undertaken through qualitative content analysis of the editorial, news, opinion and feature articles in order to identify themes and news values selected for the coverage of the violence. The study draws on some of the news values enshrined two newspapers, Sunday Times (South African newspaper) and Sunday Mail (Zimbabwean newspaper), coverage of the xenophobic violence and framing of the violence that occurred during 2015. News values are used to determine how much prominence an event or issue is. Hence, this insight is used to analyse the news articles to determine what the newspapers considered newsworthy during the xenophobic violence. In addition, framing theory asserts that the media put more focus on certain events than others and place them within a field of meaning. As such, overall, the findings of the study show that both newspapers framed xenophobic violence in a manner that was not derogatory to the foreigners i.e. the use of words such as makwerekwere or aliens but however different considering the different contexts from which the newspapers reported from. The Sunday Mail had little coverage on the violence and mostly reported on the violence if there was a Zimbabwean national involved. On the contrary, Sunday Times, reported on all the events that took place during the spate of the violence. / XL2018

A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Psychology) in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2017. / Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a pervasive problem affecting many women in South Africa and worldwide. Due to the many consequences that victims of IPV experience, it is increasingly seen as a public health concern. Despite interventions targeted at reducing the rates of IPV, it still remains prevalent in South African communities. Research has mainly explored IPV from the victims’ perspective and only in recent years has there been a marked interest in perpetrators of IPV. This study explores an identified gap in literature which examines the experiences and actions of male perpetrators of IPV. In-depth interviews were conducted with five men who were a part of a perpetrator reintegration programme at a Non-Governmental Organisation in Johannesburg. The data was analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis in an attempt to better understand their reported individual experiences. The study found that there was little consensus amongst perpetrators of IPV regarding the nature and causes of violence. IPV is normalised by many perpetrators. It is embedded in a context of patriarchy which emphasizes male dominance over the household, the finances and the women and children. Men and women are socialized into the context of patriarchy. Through the research, it was found that perpetrators view their actions as a response to something their partner did wrong or did not do, thus the act is seen as justified, the use of blame and minimization of the act were common responses when asked about experiences of IPV. Traditional customs such as Lobola allowed men to believe that they owned their wives, and through this had dominance and control over the relationship. This was viewed by participants as a right to discipline and punish one’s partner. / XL2018

Sweden like other Nordic countries are cited as models in terms of gender equality in the world. In addition, they played a significant role in the process of changing the Declaration on eradication of discrimination against women (CEDAW) into a binding Convention. However, the report Captured Queen on men’s violence against women published by Brottsoffer-myndigheten (The Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority) in 2001 showed the extend of this issue of society in Sweden. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the situation of men’s violence against women in close relationships in Sweden is presented today since the publication of the report Captured Queen in 2001.The theoretical framework consists of the feminist perspectives and concept of hegemonic masculinities. Qualitative method and secondary materials were used to gain a deeper understanding of the issue of men’s violence against women in close relationships in Sweden. The main findings of this thesis show that men’s violence against women in close relationships is a real social problem in Sweden. There is no specific profile of violent men against women in Sweden, since they come from all social classes, backgrounds and of all ages. Men’s violence against women can be explained by the result of inequalities between men and women in social structures. It is this social and collective domination of women by men that facilitate the individual domination of a man over his partner. Therefore, factors such as alcohol consumption cannot be the determinant cause of men’s violence against women. Nonetheless, alcohol consumption constitutes a factor that can promote or increase the likelihood of violence. The latest Swedish sexual assault legislation based on consent entered in force the first July 2018 cannot significantly reduce the extent of this social phenomenon, since social structures in Sweden are based on patriarchal considerations where men dominate over women.

Este trabalho analisa o avanço da política de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres no Brasil, e se debruça sobre o processo de formulação nacional e de implementação municipal, visando identificar e compreender seus limites e desafios. A dissertação parte da perspectiva da responsabilização e do protagonismo do Estado, que na última década tem conseguido desenvolver e consolidar políticas públicas para as mulheres. Neste processo, foram adotadas as estratégias de transversalidade, intersetorialidade e capilaridade para a promoção da política de enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres. A análise desse processo deu-se em três etapas. Inicialmente, apresenta-se a formação das políticas para mulheres no Brasil sob a perspectiva analítica do processo do ciclo de políticas públicas. Em seguida, analisa-se a formulação da Política de Enfrentamento à Violência a partir da criação e desenvolvimento da Secretaria Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres em âmbito federal. Por fim, são investigados os processos de implementação da política nos municípios brasileiros, por meio do estudo de três cidades paulistas: São Paulo, Poá e Ferraz de Vasconcelos. Foram realizadas entrevistas de campo, e analisados dados qualitativos e quantitativos, além da recente literatura de Gênero e Políticas Públicas. Constatou-se uma enorme heterogeneidade entre os municípios quanto à implementação da política. Apesar do aumento gradativo do número de municípios que desenvolvem políticas para as mulheres, este é ainda um processo em construção / This work analyzes the advances of policy of facing up to violence against women in Brazil, and focuses on the national formulationand local implementation process, seeking to identify and understand their limits and challenges. The dissertation starts from the perspective of responsibility and protagonism of the State, which in the last decade has been able to develop and consolidate public policies for women. In this process, were adopted the strategies of transversality, intersectoriality and capillarity to promote policies of facing up to violence against women. The analysis of this process ocurred in three stages. Initially, it shows the formation of policies for women in Brazil under the analytical perspective of the public policy cycle process. Then, analyzes the formulation of policy of facing up to violence starting from the creation and development of Special Secretariat of Policies for Women at the federal level. Finally, the policy implementation processes isinvestigated in Brazilian municipalities, through the study of three cities in São Paulo: São Paulo, Poá and Ferraz de Vasconcelos. Field interviews were realized, and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data, as well as recent Gender and Public Policy literature. It was found a huge heterogeneity among the municipalities in relation to the implementation of the policy. Despite the gradual increase in the number of municipalities who develop policies for women, this is still a process in construction

O tema violência doméstica contra a mulher é um problema universal, pelo seu impacto nas áreas econômicas, sociais, educacionais e da saúde. A enfermagem tem um papel significativo no reconhecimento e acompanhamento dos casos, mas faz-se necessário que os profissionais estejam capacitados para tal. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a percepção e o conhecimento de estudantes de um curso técnico em enfermagem acerca da violência doméstica contra a mulher perpetrada pelo parceiro íntimo. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, exploratório e transversal. Foi aplicado um questionário validado com questões sobre percepção e o conhecimento acerca da violência contra a mulher. A amostra contou com a participação de 84 estudantes dos três módulos do curso, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, no ano de 2017. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas, validados por dupla digitação e posteriormente transportados para o pacote estatístico do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 22.0. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram que os estudantes se sentem à vontade em perguntar às clientes sobre o uso de álcool ou tabaco, porém incomodados em tratar sobre o uso de drogas, vida sexual e violência conjugal. Tendem a infantilizar o atendimento à mulher em situação de violência. Discordaram que fatores sociais sejam causas de agressão, mas concordaram que o uso abusivo de álcool ou drogas e problemas psicológicos do parceiro possam estar entre as causas. Afirmaram que os agressores devem ser presos, mas há a crença de que a violência doméstica seja um assunto de fórum íntimo e privado. Demonstraram ter bom conhecimento sobre a definição das várias formas de violência, e reconhecimento de sinais e sintomas, contudo, baixo conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia da violência contra a mulher. Afirmaram ser atribuição do profissional de enfermagem abordar sobre violência doméstica, mas que esta não seja direta ou insistente. Discordaram que o profissional deva ignorar sinais de violência, assim como referiram que há necessidade de agendar retorno em intervalos menores, em casos suspeitos de violência doméstica. Quase metade dos estudantes desconhecem protocolos de atendimento à mulher em situação de violência sexual e a maioria afirmou que o médico não deve prescrever calmante/antidepressivos para a mulher agredida. Referiram que é válido avaliar com a cliente os riscos à que estão expostas e elaborar um plano de segurança. Responderam que a terapia de casal e psicoterapia seja recomendável. A minoria reconheceu a importância da notificação dos casos, mas afirmaram a importância de fornecer número de telefone de instituições que acolhem mulheres e recorrer à delegacia da mulher. Enfim, os achados demonstraram que os estudantes possuem um conhecimento parcial acerca do manejo dos casos de violência doméstica e lacunas em sua formação necessitam ser preenchidas, sendo recomendável a inclusão do tema no conteúdo programático do curso e possibilitar experiências práticas aos estudantes / The issue of domestic violence against women is a universal problem because of its impact on the economic, social, educational and health areas. Nursing has a significant role in the recognition and follow up of cases, but it is necessary that professionals are trained to do so. The objective of this study was to identify the perception and knowledge of students of a nursing technical course on domestic violence against women perpetrated by the intimate partner. It is a quantitative, descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study. A validated questionnaire was applied with questions about perception and knowledge about violence against women. The sample was attended by 84 students from the three modules of the course, aged 18 years or over, in the year 2017. The data were organized in spreadsheets, validated by double typing and later transported to the statistical package of the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. The study was approved by the research ethics committee. The results showed that students are comfortable with asking clients about alcohol or tobacco use, but they are bothered to deal with drug use, sex life and marital violence. They tend to infantilize the care of women in situations of violence. They disagreed that social factors are causes of aggression but agreed that abusive use of alcohol or drugs and psychological problems of the partner may be among the causes. They said that the perpetrators should be arrested, but there is a belief that domestic violence is an intimate and private forum issue. They have demonstrated good knowledge about the definition of various forms of violence, and recognition of signs and symptoms, however, low knowledge about the epidemiology of violence against women. They affirmed that it is the nursing professional\'s assignment to address domestic violence, but that it is not direct or insistent. They disagreed that the professional should ignore signs of violence, as well as that there is a need to schedule return at shorter intervals in cases of suspected domestic violence. Nearly half of the students are unaware of protocols for the care of women in situations of sexual violence, and most have stated that the doctor should not prescribe a sedative / antidepressant medication for the battered woman. They said that it is valid to evaluate with the client the risks to which they are exposed and to elaborate a security plan. They said that couple therapy and psychotherapy are recommended. The minority acknowledged the importance of case reporting but stressed the importance of providing telephone numbers of institutions hosting women and turning to the woman\'s station. Finally, the findings showed that students have a partial knowledge about the handling of domestic violence cases and gaps in their training need to be filled out, and it is recommended to include the subject in the program content of the course and to provide practical experiences for the students

Este estudo investiga a permanência das mulheres em situação de violência conjugal e a busca por ajuda. A partir da perspectiva de gênero, das relações intersubjetivas e de questões intrapsíquicas, buscou-se estabelecer os fatores que influem na manutenção do relacionamento abusivo, e as estratégias buscadas para a resolução desse conflito. A opção metodológica foi a da abordagem qualitativa e tal escolha se justificou devido às características do objeto e aos objetivos da pesquisa. Foram colhidas seis entrevistas com mulheres consideradas boas informantes, de camada social baixa, levando-se em conta a quantidade e qualidade do material produzido, como também o acesso às mulheres em tal situação. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a influência das vivências na família de origem e o amor pelo agressor como importante obstáculo para a saída da relação abusiva, bem como a assimetria de poder dentro da relação. A busca por ajuda envolveu principalmente os familiares, a Delegacia de Polícia e a Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher e os serviços de saúde; as respostas foram, por vezes, demovedoras da decisão de transformar a situação. Os familiares, filhos, vizinhos, amigos e o crime organizado, de modo geral, não ofertaram apoio significativo na direção de uma transformação da conjugalidade violenta. Já as instituições formais acessadas pelas entrevistadas, ou seja, a Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher e o serviço de saúde se configuraram em importante rede de suporte. / This study researches the permanence of women in violent marriage condition and the search for help. From the gender perspective, from subjective relations and psychical questions, it tries to establish the factors that influence the maintenance of an abusive relationship, and the strategies sought for the solution of this conflict. The methodology option for this was the qualitative approach; the results obtained lead to love, as the main obstacle to the way out from the abusive relationship, as well as the asymmetry of the power within the relationship. The search for help involved mainly the relatives, the DDM and health care services: sometimes the answers were not persuasive forward the decision to change the situation.

A violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) é uma das formas mais frequentes de violência contra a mulher, e se constitui em um fenômeno complexo, que faz parte de uma construção histórica e possui íntima relação com as questões de gênero e suas relações de poder. Durante a gestação, a mulher utiliza com maior frequência os serviços de saúde, o que pode facilitar a construção de vínculo com a equipe de saúde e favorecer a identificação de casos de violência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: identificar a prevalência de casos de VPI entre gestantes usuárias de um serviço público de saúde e classificar quanto ao tipo e frequência; identificar fatores sociais e demográficos das gestantes e seus parceiros que poderiam estar associados a episódios de violência; identificar os resultados obstétricos e neonatais e suas associações com a ocorrência da VPI na gestação atual. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e analítico, desenvolvido no CRSM-MATER e no HCFMRP-USP, situados em Ribeirão Preto, SP. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo CEP da EERP-USP, sob nº 1383/2011. Os dados foram coletados no período de maio a dezembro de 2012, por meio de entrevista estruturada por um questionário que contemplava as características sociodemográficas da mulher e de seu parceiro e características obstétricas, além das questões relacionadas à violência; também foram coletados dados dos prontuários das participantes com a utilização de um instrumento que contemplava as variáveis relacionadas aos resultados obstétricos e neonatais. Durante a coleta de dados, iniciada no ambulatório de pré-natal do CRSM-MATER, algumas participantes foram encaminhadas ao HC-FMRP e tiveram a coleta nos prontuários realizada nesta última instituição. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico SAS® 9.0. Esta análise foi fundamentada na estatística descritiva, além da utilização do Teste Exato de Fisher e Regressão Logística. Verificou-se que 15,5% das participantes sofreram algum tipo de VPI durante a gestação, sendo que 14,7% sofreram violência psicológica, 5,2%, violência física e 0,4% sofreu violência sexual. As mulheres que se autorreferiram como pretas ou pardas, que não moravam com o parceiro e que referiram consumir bebida alcoólica eventualmente, apresentaram maior chance de sofrer VPI na gestação. Além disso, as mulheres que não desejaram a gestação tinham 4,3 vezes a chance de sofrer VPI na gestação, quando comparadas com aquelas que desejaram a gestação (p<0,00; OR= 4,32 e IC 95% [1,77 - 10,54]). As participantes com parceiros na faixa etária de 15 a 18 anos apresentaram 5,5 vezes a chance de sofrer violência, quando comparadas com aquelas que tinham parceiros com 30 anos ou mais (OR= 5,5; IC 95% [1,02 - 30,2]). Com relação às repercussões obstétricas, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis investigadas. Quanto às repercussões neonatais dos filhos das participantes, as análises também não apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos. Conclui-se que, para as participantes do estudo, não houve repercussões obstétricas e neonatais negativas relacionadas à VPI na gestação. No entanto, outras variáveis se mostraram associadas a este tipo de violência, o que indica, aos profissionais de saúde, a importância de se atentar a outras características das gestantes e de seus parceiros, favorecendo a identificação da violência e o oferecimento de suporte adequado a estas mulheres, quando necessário / The intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most frequent ways of violence against women, and it is constituted in a complex phenomenon, which is part of a historical construction and is intimately related to gender questions and its power relationships. During pregnancy, the woman attend health care more frequently, which can facilitate the bond building with the health staff and favours the identifications of violence cases. This study aims were: identify the prevalence of IPV cases between pregnant women who use public healthcare service and classify according to its type and frequency; identify the pregnant e their partners\' social and demographic factors which could be associated with violence episodes; identify the obstetric and neonatal results and their associations with the IPV occurrence in the current pregnancy. This is an observational, descriptive and analytic study, developed at CRSM-MATER and HCFMRP-USP, located in Ribeirão Preto, SP. The research project was approved by ethics committee from EERP-USP, under number 1383/2011. The data were collected between May and December 2012, via interview structured by a questionnaire which beheld the woman\'s and their partner\'s social- demographic characteristics and obstetric characteristics, beside the questions related to violence; there were also collected the participants\' records data using an instrument that contemplated the variables related to the obstetric and neonatal results. During the data collection, initiated at CRSM-MATER prenatal clinic, some participants were leaded to HC- FMRP and had the records collection done at this last institution. To analyze the data the statistic program SAS® 9.0 was used. This analysis was underlay on descriptive statistic, besides using the Fisher Exact Test and Logistic Regression. It was verified that 15,5% of the participants suffered some sort of IPV during pregnancy, knowing that 14,7% suffered psychological violence, 5,2% physical violence and 0,4% sexual violence. Women whom were considered themselves as black or brown-skinned, who haven\'t lived with their partners and who were referred as eventual liquor drinkers showed bigger chance of suffering IPV during pregnancy. Furthermore, women who didn\'t desire the pregnancy had 4,3 times chances of suffering IPV during pregnancy when compared to those ones who desired the pregnancy (p<0,00; OR= 4,32 e IC 95% [1,77 - 10,54]). The participants with partners between 15 and 18 years old showed 5,5 times chances of suffering violence when compared to those ones whose partners were 30 years old or older (OR= 5,5; IC 95% [1,02 - 30,2]). Relating to the obstetric repercussions, there was no association statistically meaningful between the variables investigated. As the participants\' children\'s neonatal repercussion, the analysis didn\'t present results statistically meaningful either. In conclusion, for the study participants, there were no negative obstetric and neonatal repercussions related to IPV in pregnancy. Nevertheless, other variables are shown associated to this type of violence, which indicates, to the health care professionals, the importance to be attentive to other pregnant women\'s and their partners\' characteristics, favoring the violence identification and offering appropriate support to these women, when necessary

Introdução - Esta pesquisa discute o papel do agente comunitário de saúde (ACS) na identificação dos casos de violência doméstica contra a mulher, considerando sua dimensão e alcance nas relações humanas e os aspectos que contribuíram para sua invisibilidade ao longo da história, além dos prejuízos à saúde e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública. Postula-se que o estudo das representações sociais deste profissional venha a favorecer a efetividade das ações e intervenções da equipe de saúde da família. Objetivo - conhecer e problematizar as representações do ACS sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher. Método - Convidamos a participar da pesquisa todos os agentes comunitários de saúde das cinco Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Jundiaí. Foram realizados cinco grupos focais e, para análise das representações sociais, utilizou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados - As representações dos agentes comunitários quanto ao aspecto privado e particular das relações, bem como a responsabilização da mulher pela compreensão de sua autonomia para romper com o ciclo de violência, despontaram como aspectos desfavoráveis para a reflexão nas questões de gênero, assim como para a elaboração das ações pelos serviços de saúde. A assimilação dessas representações refletiu, inclusive, no distanciamento dos agentes comunitários do contexto de violência contra a mulher, já que para esses profissionais, o limite entre a esfera pública e privada não deve ser ultrapassada sem permissão, consentimento ou pedido de ajuda da mulher. Outros aspectos, como a confusão entre notificação e denúncia, o descrédito na Lei Maria da Penha, o medo de exposição e retaliação na pós-denúncia, a insegurança quanto ao sigilo e a ética dos profissionais de Segurança Pública produziram nos agentes comunitários o desinteresse pela notificação compulsória e a resistência tanto à realização da denúncia, bem como à orientação da mulher a fazer o boletim de ocorrência. Conclusão - Levando-se em consideração a complexidade do problema, aponta-se para a capacitação dos agentes comunitários e demais profissionais da equipe de saúde em uma perspectiva direcionada à abordagem das violências. Entende-se, no entanto, que a formação desses profissionais não pode ser pensada à parte de um contexto adverso de organização do serviço, que envolve a terceirização, a precarização e a rotina de trabalho estressante voltada para metas. Logo, não é apenas a capacitação do profissional que irá resolver essa questão, mas a consideração de outros elementos como o engajamento da Saúde na transformação da cultura, principalmente o que concerne às representações de gênero. Dessa forma, a saúde poderá contribuir para práticas transformadoras, viabilizando a discussão em articulação com os movimentos sociais e a sociedade sobre essa possibilidade de mudança. / Introduction - The present research discusses the relevance of the community health worker (CHW) in identifying cases of domestic violence against women, considering their dimension and scope in human relations and the aspects that contributed to their invisibility throughout history, as well as the health and quality of life of individuals, becoming a public health problem. It is postulated that the study of social representations of this professional may favor effectiveness of actions and interventions of the family health team. Objective - to know and to problematize the representations of the CHW on domestic violence against the woman. Method - all the community health workers from five Family Health Units from Jundiaí were invited to participate in the survey. Five focus groups were carried out and Bardin Content Theme Analysis was used to analyse the social representations. Results - The representations of the community health worker regarding the private and particular aspect of the relations, as well as the women\'s responsibility for the understanding of their autonomy to break with the cycle of violence, emerged as unfavorable aspects for the reflection on the gender issues as well as for the elaboration of the actions by the health services. The assimilation of these representations also reflected in the distancing of community health worker from the context of violence against women, since for these professionals, the limit between the public and private sphere should not be surpassed without women\'s permission, consent or request for help. Other aspects such as the confusion between notification and denunciation, disrepute in the Maria da Penha Law, the fear of exposure and retaliation in the post-denunciation and the insecurity about the secrecy and the ethics of Public Safety professionals produced in the community health worker the lack of interest in the notification and the resistance to both the denunciation and the orientation of the woman to make the report of occurrence. Conclusion - Taking into account the complexity of the problem, it is pointed to the training of community health worker and other professionals of the health team in a perspective aimed at approaching violence. It is understood, however, that the training of these professionals can not be thought apart from an adverse context of organization of the service, which involves outsourcing, precariousness and stressful work routine geared toward goals. Therefore, it is not only the training of the professional that will solve this question, but the consideration of other elements such as the engagement of health in the transformation of culture, especially with regard to gender representations. In this way, health can contribute to transformative practices, enabling discussion in articulation with social movements and society about this possibility of change.

The diploma thesis focuses on the dilemmas of the social and legal guardians of children working with families where violence is present on children. The work deals with the ethical aspects of social work with families where family violence is committed and also with what dilemmas the workers of the institution of social and legal protection of children deal with this target group. Dilemma situations are illustrated by case studies. The selected dilemma is subjected to an analysis using the ethical theory of I. Kant. The thesis seeks to thoroughly reflect the principles of I. Kant's ethical theory, which can be helpful in solving this dilemma that arises when working with a family in which child violence is present.