M.Tech. (Architecture) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Although male perpetration of violence against female partners is a global concern, there continues to be insufficient research attention on this phenomenon. The current study aimed at exploring experiences of male perpetrators of violence against their female partners in intimate relationships. The specific objectives were to get an understanding of the reasons and beliefs contributing towards perpetration of domestic violence, explore the barriers that perpetrators encounter with regard to receiving reformative support, and to suggest possible strategies that can be adopted to reduce or prevent domestic violence. Adopting a qualitative approach, data were obtained through in-depth interviews and participant observations involving 22 convicted male perpetrators in the Nsawam Prisons in the Eastern Region of Ghana, followed by interviews with stakeholders at the offices of the Domestic Violence & Victim Support Unit (DOVVSU) of the Ghana Police Service. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the data. Each transcript went through a thorough analysis to extract themes which were subsequently Synchronised. Overall, the findings from the present study elucidated some theoretical and practical implications. It reveals the following major themes: perception of inequality between sexes, bride price, childhood experience/witness of abuse, and victim blaming as contributory factors to the phenomenon of male violence against women. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Psychology)

I denna studie har vi undersökt husdjurens roll och påverkan på våldsutsattas uppbrott från relationer där det förekommit våld. Vi har genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal på skyddade boenden och kvinnojourer tagit del av vad de har för kunskap, erfarenhet och egna resonemang kring mäns våld mot kvinnor och barn samt uppbrottsprocessen där det finns husdjur med i bilden. Genom en tematisk analys tog vi oss närmare respondenternas arbetssätt, personliga- och organisatoriska förutsättningar samt utmaningar i arbetet med våldsutsatta och deras husdjur. Resultatet visar på en varierande kunskapsnivå och syn på husdjurens betydelse. Det vi kan se i studien är att husdjuren inte är uteslutna från våld i hemmet och våldet är både ett straffrättsligt lindrigt och ett känslomässigt effektivt sätt att skada även de tvåbenta i hushållet. Husdjuren kan vara en starkt kvarhållande faktor och möjligheten att rädda husdjuren från våldsutövaren kan vara en fråga om liv och död för husdjuren. För människorna som ändå lyckas lämna utan att ta med sig djuret kan det innebära stora trauman, känslor av skuld och skam samt en risk att hon till slut väljer att gå tillbaka till förövaren.Vi har tagit del av respondenternas tankar och förslag på framtida lösningar och önskemål. Studien visar att problemet med djurens utsatthet i våldsamma relationer är något som på flera sätt ingår i ett aktivt förändringsarbete på flera boenden just nu och med hjälp av kunskap och förståelse går det att rädda liv. / In this study we have examined the role and effect that pets have on victims of violence’s process of separation from relationships where violence exists. With semi-structured interviews with the staff from shelters and women’s shelters, we learnt more about their experience, knowledge, and reasoning around the violence in relationships and breakups where pets are present. Through a thematic analysis we have approached the respondents’ work procedures, organizational- and personal conditions as well as challenges in the work with victims of violence and their pets. The results show a varying knowledge level and view of the importance of pets. The study shows that the animals are not excluded from the domestic violence and that the violence is both punitively cheap but also an emotionally effective way to also harm the two-legged in the household. The animals can be a strong detaining factor and the opportunity of saving the animals from the perpetrator can be a matter of life and death for the animal. For the people that still manage to leave without bringing the animal with them it can amount to large trauma, feelings of guilt and shame, and that she in the end chooses to go back. We also got to take part of the respondents' thoughts and suggestions for future solutions and wishes. The study also shows that the problem with vulnerability of animals is something that in many ways is part of an active work for change in several shelters at this moment and that with the help of knowledge and understanding it is possible to save lives.

Violent crime and trauma are very common within the society and students at the technikon are as exposed to these traumatic situations that characterize the broader national context as anybody. The purpose of this study was to explore therapeutic intervention techniques that can be used by the educational psychologist in assisting students suffering from post-traumatic stress. The phenomena of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder were studied with reference to the DSM IV classification and description. Traumatic events and stressors among students were outlined. A case study was conducted with a subject selected at the technikon who was suffering from post-traumatic stress due to earlier physical abuse and violence she experienced at home. The Trauma-100-Questionnaire was used to investigate the extent of the trauma and the results showed that the subject was involved with negative self-talk and employed ego defence mechanisms. An analysis of the subject's problem was done through the relations theory and various techniques from the literature study were implemented in therapy with the subject. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Despite the rationalism implicit in contemporary thinking, in many parts of the world like South Africa, belief in witchcraft exists and is a core belief, influencing the world-view of many people. In these contexts, witchcraft is believed to be responsible for every social experience including, illnesses, sickness and death. The witch-figure, imbued with jealousy, is believed to derive power to harm others with witchcraft through supernatural capacity and an association with the Devil. Witchcraft, it seems represents a theory of misfortune guiding the interactions between people and provides explanations, steeped in the supernatural, for almost every misfortune. Extending on the commonly held notion of violence against women, this doctoral study reflects witchcraft accusations and its violent consequences as an under-represented facet thereof. This follows the fact that historic and contemporary accounts of witchcraft position women as primary suspects and victims. Accused of witchcraft, many women face torture and ultimately death, even today. In this study it is argued that witchcraft accusations result from within a social context, supporting gendered relations that are powered. To this end, I apply a feminist psychological approach as a theoretical lens, allowing us to see witchcraft accusations as one strategy among those supporting male domination. In the first chapter, I outline the feminist psychological approach as an appropriate lens to view witchcraft-related violence. The understanding of witchcraft accusations gained through the application of feminist psychological theory is then applied in the second chapter, focusing on news reports. A focus on the newspaper representations of witchcraft violence is vital, given the media’s influential role in the lives of many. Attention is then focused on understanding of witchcraft held by community members, usually responsible for the violent attacks on those accused. The final chapter locates the witchcraft experience with women so accused. The purposeful repetition of theoretical points made in each chapter was essential. The repetition enabled me to apply the theoretical lens appropriately for each paper and to elaborate on the fundamental premise the PhD argues towards. The reader’s attention is drawn towards awareness of this purposeful repetition of the theoretical lens. It is imperative as together and separately, the chapters in this PhD, function to accentuate on an expression of gendered violence, steeped in a tradition supporting male domination. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management Science: Public Management (Peace-building), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The purpose of the study was to assess or investigate the forms, causes and effects of violence towards lone women from Pumula Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In finding these it seeks to prevent violence towards these lone women. It is noted that structural male dominant culture and inequality are the major causes of violence towards lone women in Pumula; this is also similar in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies on lone women have been done worldwide and to the best of my knowledge, none that seeks for substantive solutions has been done in Bulawayo. This study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. This was done through a forum, focus group interviews and personal interviews. The data in the forum was collected by an advisory team and the researcher was the facilitator in all interviews. The major method of data collection was the focus group interviews. Also for triangulation purposes, and to complement the focus group interviews, individual interviews were done. Stakeholders’ workshops and lone women workshops were conducted to propose the means that could be used to reduce violence against lone women. Ethical standards were observed during the study. The findings of the study indicate that violence towards lone women is caused by a patriarchal culture and the social norms that make lone women to be stigmatised, ostracised and discriminated against because of their status. The confiscation of their property after the death of their spouses, or divorce, the struggle to shelter and care for their children often causes lone women ill-health and low self-esteem. They also find it difficult to find time for self as they are the breadwinners. It was proposed that the community and the lone women work together to curb violence against lone women and to combat all the injustices that are happening within society. Women empowerment and development can eradicate violence against the lone women. / M

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction Worldwide, up to 25% of women are assaulted during pregnancy, with estimates varying between populations. Violence has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, including preterm birth, abruptio placentae and low birth weight. Among the Coloured population of the Western Cape the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth is 20%, compared to the global figure of 10%. Overall, the rate of preterm labour has not dropped over the past 40 years and no clearer answer as to a specific cause has been found. The objective of this study was to determine whether patients who deliver preterm experience more domestic violence than those who deliver at term. Methods Two groups of patients were assessed. Firstly, patients who spontaneously delivered between 24 and 33 weeks (24wOd - 33w6d), who were admitted for suppression of active labour after 24 weeks, or who experienced placental abruption before 34 weeks, were screened for domestic violence using the "Abuse Assessment Screen". A second group of women, attending a local Midwife Obstetric Unit with uncomplicated pregnancies, completed the same questionnaire. The questionnaires were all administered by the same person (J.S.) after written informed consent was given. Results A total of 229 patients were interviewed, 99 in the low risk (LR) and 130 in the preterm labour (PTL) group, which included 23 women with abruptio placentae. The PTL group experienced significantly more violence throughout their lives than the LR group (59.7% vs. 40.4%, p = 0.038). Experiences of violence within the last year or during the pregnancy did not reach statistical significance between the two groups, although the numbers were higher for the PTL group. The PTL group smoked significantly more cigarettes per day (p = 0.009), used more alcohol (p < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of syphilis than the LR group (p = 0.005). These differences remained the same when the abruptio's were analyzed as a separate group. Conclusions: Women who delivered preterm did experience more violence at some point in their lives and were also more likely to engage in high-risk behaviour. Violence alone does not seem to cause PTL directly, but is part of a low socioeconomic lifestyle. The fact that the alcohol use is so high among these women is a problem that needs to be addressed, but once again, it is possibly the result of deeper social problems. The need for education on values and respect, family planning use and low risk sexual behaviour is once again challenged. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: GEWELD TEEN VROUE -IMPAK OP REPRODUKTIEWE GESONDHEID EN UITKOMS VAN SWANGERSKAP Inleiding Daar word beraam dat tot 25% van alle swanger vroue aangerand word, maar die insidensie wissel tussen verskillende populasies. Ervarings van geweld kan 'n direkte of indirekte oorsaak wees van swak verloskundige uitkoms wat voortydse kraam, abruptio placentae en lae geboortegewig insluit. In die Wes- Kaap, onder die Kleurlingbevolking, is die insidensie van voortydse kraam 20%, wat swak vergelyk met die wêreldwye insidensie van 10%. Gedurende die laaste 40 jaar het die voorkoms van voortydse kraam nie verminder nie en geen deurbrake is gemaak t.o.v die oorsaak van die probleem nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of vroue wat prematuur verlos moontlik meer geweld ervaar as vroue wat op normale swangerskapsduur verlos. Metodes Twee groepe vroue is bestudeer. Die eerste groep het vroue ingesluit wat spontaan verlos het tussen 24 en 33 weke (24wOd - 33w6d) of vroue wat na 24 weke swangerskapsduur toegelaat is vir onderdrukking van kraam. Vroue met plasentale loslating (abruptio placentae) voor 34 weke, sonder onderliggende hipertensiewe toestande, was ook ingesluit in die groep. Daar is m.b.v. 'n vraelys ("Abuse Assessment Screen") bepaal watter van die vroue gesinsgeweld ervaar het. Die tweede groep het vroue ingesluit met ongekompliseerde swangerskappe en wat by 'n nabygeleë kliniek voorgeboortesorg ontvang het. Hulle is ook gevra om die vraelys te voltooi en is opgevolg om die uitkoms van hulle swangerskappe te noteer. Die vraelyste is almal deur een persoon (J.S.) aan die vroue voorgelê nadat hulle ingeligte, skriftelike toestemming gegee het. Resultate 'n Totaal van 229 vroue was ingesluit, 99 in die lae risiko (LR) groep en 130 in die voortydse kraam (VK) groep, waarvan 23 abruptio placentae gehad het. In vergelyking met die LR groep, het die VK groep het betekenisvol meer geweld in hulle leeftyd ervaar (59.7% teenoor 40.4%, p = 0.038). Geweld wat tydens die afgelope jaar of tydens die swangerskap ervaar is, het nie betekenisvol verskil tussen die twee groepe nie, alhoewel die getalle hoër was vir die VK groep. Die VK groep het betekenisvol meer sigarette per dag gerook (p = 0.009), meer alkohol gebruik (p < 0.001) en het 'n hoër insidensie van sifilis gehad as die LR groep (p = 0.005). Hierdie verskille was steeds beduidend nadat dié met abruptio placentae as 'n aparte groep geanaliseer is. Gevolgtrekking Die vroue wat prematuur verlos het, het meer emosionele en fisiese geweld in hulle leeftyd ervaar en is meer geneig om 'n ongesonde leefstyl te handhaaf. Geweld blyk nie 'n direkte oorsaak van voortydse kraam te wees nie, maar gaan gepaard met 'n lae sosio-ekonomiese lewensstyl. Die hoë insidensie van alkoholgebruik onder swanger vroue is 'n probleem wat aangespreek moet word, maar dit is waarskynlik die manifestasie van dieper emosionele probleme. Opvoeding in terme van waardes en respek, gesinsbeplanning en veilige seksuele gedrag is gevolglik 'n noodsaaklikheid.

This research is a case-study based primarily on theory and pre-existing documents describing the history and the current situation in regards to violence against children in Indonesia. The theory of intervention is analysed against the context of Indonesia with an aim to find which of the selected intervention approaches – the systems approach, the human ecology approach, the lifecycle approach and the community based approach – are considered most appropriate, in terms of minimal obstacles or barriers, for recommendation to be implemented by religious leaders to eliminate violence against children. Furthermore, this research finds which types of violence against children – those with religious motivation or those with cultural motivation – each of these four intervention approaches are best suited for. The study finds that the former two approaches are lesser recommended for religious leaders on their own to lead, and that the latter two are better able to provide the necessary social programming. While conditions apply, each of the approaches are capable of intervening violence motivated by both religious and cultural norms.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem som beskrivs som ett globaltfolkhälsoproblem. De senaste 10 åren har antalet anmälningar i Sverige gällande kvinnovåldökat med 30 procent. Kvinnovåld omfattar fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Våldet leder tillkonsekvenser för kvinnan som utsätts och stora kostnader för samhället. Våld mot kvinnor avnuvarande eller före detta manlig partner är ofta det som är mest våldsamt och upprepas ihögre grad än våld av kvinnor eller inom samkönade relationer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet med kvinnansom blivit utsatt för våld av sin nuvarande eller tidigare manliga partner. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt gjordes i enlighet med Fribergs metod. Underlaget förresultatet var 11 vetenskapliga artiklar som belyser sjuksköterskans upplevelse av mötet medkvinnan som blivit utsatt för våld av nuvarande eller tidigare manlig partner. Artiklarnahämtades från databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl complete. Därefter analyserades artiklarnavilket mynnade ut i teman och subteman. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i fyra teman: Emotionella möten, Sjuksköterskansroll, Faktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden och Organisation. Subteman till Emotionella möten:Sjuksköterskans känslor och Strategier för att hantera känslorna. Subteman tillSjuksköterskans roll: Psykosocial omvårdnad och Medicinsk omvårdnad. Subteman tillFaktorer som påverkar omvårdnaden: Tidstillgång och arbetsbelastning, Sjuksköterskansattityd och Benägenhet att fråga om våld. Subteman till Organisation: Riktlinjer, Utbildningoch Samarbete. Diskussion: Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån Katie Erikssons caritativa teori som syftar tillatt lindra lidande, samt utifrån Arbetsmiljöverkets och Världshälsoorganisationensrekommendationer. Vidare har sjuksköterskans upplevelse diskuterats i förhållande till studiersom belyser den våldsutsatta kvinnans upplevelse av mötet med sjuksköterskan. / Background: Violence against women is a social problem that is described as a globalpublic health problem. The last 10 years the number of complaints regarding violence againstwomen in Sweden has increased by 30 percent. Violence against women includes physical,psychological and sexual violence. The violence has consequences for the woman who isexposed and it also means large costs for the society. Violence against women by current orformer male partner is often more violent and repeated to a greater degree than violence bywomen or in same-sex relationships. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former male partners. Method: This literature review was made in accordance with Friberg's method. The basis ofthe result was 11 scientific studies that highlight nurses' experience of the encounter with thewoman who has been subjected to violence by current or former partners. The studiesretrieved from PubMed and CINAHL complete. The studies were analyzed and resulted inthemes and subthemes. Results: The literature review resulted in four themes: Emotional meetings, Nurse's role,Factors that affecting the care and Organization. Subthemes to Emotional meetings: Nursesemotions and Strategies to manage the emotions. Subthemes to Nurse's role: Psychosocialcare and Medical care. Subthemes to Factors that affecting the care: Time access andworkload, Nurse´s attitude, Willingness to ask about violence. Subthemes to Organization:Guidelines, Education and Cooperation. Discussion: The result has been discussed in relation to Katie Eriksson caritative theorythat aims to relieve suffering. It has also been compared to the Swedish Work Environmentand the World Health Organization recommendations. Furthermore, the result of nurse'sexperience has been discussed in relation to studies that highlight abused women's experienceof the encounter with the nurse.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld är en bidragande faktor till kvinnors ohälsa världen över. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning sjuksköterskor ställer frågor om våld i nära relation (intimate partner violence, IPV) till sina patienter samt, om det finns skillnader mellan olika grupper sjuksköterskor angående benägenhet att ställa frågor om våldsutsatthet. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka faktorer som påverkar huruvida frågan ställs eller inte, samt om frågor ställs i lika stor utsträckning till båda könen. Metod: Studien är deskriptiv och ett studiespecifikt frågeformulär användes. Sjuksköterskor (n=41) vid fyra olika avdelningar på ett sjukhus i en mellanstor stad i Sverige besvarade en enkät som innehöll 13 frågor. Den totala svarsfrekvensen var 44 %. Resultat: Av sjuksköterskorna ställde 7,2 % alltid frågor om IPV. Cirka 30 % uppgav att de ställde frågor om IPV ibland. Sjuksköterskor äldre än 35 år tenderade att oftare ställa frågor om IPV än de som var yngre. På den geriatriska avdelningen togs frågor om IPV oftare upp. Det mest förekommande svaret var att frågor endast ställdes vid misstanke om våldsutsatthet (45 %). Ett annat vanligt hinder var språkbarriärer mellan sjuksköterska och patient (41,5%). Ytterligare faktorer som påverkade var att en relation inte hunnits skapa till patienten (34,1%) eller att det inte var relevant att ställa frågan (34,1%). Av studiedeltagarna svarade 41 % att de var osäkra på hur de skulle gå tillväga i de fall det uppdagas att en patient är utsatt för IPV. Fler sjuksköterskor (59 %) ställde oftare frågor om IPV till kvinnor än till män. Slutsats: Få sjuksköterskor ställer alltid frågor om IPV. Många känner sig osäkra hur de ska gå tillväga när våldet uppdagas, att de upplever att de har bristfällig kunskap i ämnet och att det finns hinder som påverkar att frågor om våld inte ställs. Med hjälp av utbildning och tydliga handlingsplaner kan sjuksköterskor troligen öka sin kunskap och beredskap kring identifiering och hantering av de våldsutsatta patienterna. / Background: Threats and violence are contributing factors to women's illhealth worldwide. Objective: The aim was to investigate the extent to which nurses ask questions about domestic violence to their patients, and if there are differences between different groups of nurses regarding the tendency to ask questions about exposure to violence. Another aim was to investigate the factors that affect whether the question is asked or not, and if the questions are asked equally to both sexes. Method: The study is a descriptive study and a questionnaire made for this study was used. Registered nurses (n = 41) at four different departments in a hospital in a medium-sized city in Sweden answered a questionnaire containing 13 questions. The overall response rate was 44%. Result: Of the participants 7,2 % always asked questions about intimate partner violence (IPV). Approximately 30 % asked questions periodically. Nurses older than 35 years tended to ask questions more frequently than those who were younger. At the Geriatric Department questions were asked more regularly about IPV. The most common answer was that questions about IPV only were asked based on suspicion of exposure to violence (45%). Another common obstacle was language barriers (41, 5%) between nurse and patient. Additional factors that influenced was that a relationship had not been made with the patient (34,1%) or that it was not relevant to ask the question (34, 1%). Of the study participants, 41 % reported that they were unsure of how to proceed in cases where it was found that a patient was exposed to domestic violence. More nurses (59%) asked women questions about IPV more frequently than men. Conclusion: Few of the nurses always ask questions about IPV to their patients. There are obstacles to screen about IPV and many feel unsure how to proceed when violence is revealed. The nurses feel they have too little knowledge of the subject. With the help of training and clear action plans nurses can probably increase their knowledge and preparedness in the identification and management of abused patients.