Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-30T20:03:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação- Bianca L Vargas.pdf: 978654 bytes, checksum: 5e8b0997366945157f9b6106f7221c08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-07T12:20:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação- Bianca L Vargas.pdf: 978654 bytes, checksum: 5e8b0997366945157f9b6106f7221c08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-07T12:25:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação- Bianca L Vargas.pdf: 978654 bytes, checksum: 5e8b0997366945157f9b6106f7221c08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-07T12:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação- Bianca L Vargas.pdf: 978654 bytes, checksum: 5e8b0997366945157f9b6106f7221c08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer account for 60% of all deaths worldwide. Oxidative stress caused by the action of free radicals is involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases such as CVD. Flavonoids and vitamin C are antioxidant nutrients found in fruits and vegetables, and its regular consumption is associated with decreased risk of developing chronic diseases. Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia [Kunth] McVaugh) is a fruit from the Amazon region that has significant levels of antioxidants, especially vitamin C and flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dust from the pulp of camu-camu on glucose and lipid profile in young adults. The pulp of camu-camu was lyophilized and its nutritional composition was analyzed using the methods indicated by Instituto Adolpho Lutz for the centesimal composition and HPLC method for vitamin C. For the intervention, was conducted a not randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with 18 volunteers of both genders, aged between 21 and 35 years. The volunteers were divided into two groups: 1) intervention group that received capsules of lyophilized camu-camu containing 320 mg of vitamin C; 2) control group that received capsules containing 320 mg of synthetic vitamin C. The ingestion of capsules was daily for 15 days and blood samples were collected and analyzed before and after the intervention. Statistical differences in the levels of vitamin C in plasma, fasting glucose and lipid profile were verified by means of Student's “t” test. The lyophilized camu-camu presented 20,310 mg of vitamin C/100g and 12.89 mg of flavonoids/100g. At the end of the intervention was reported a significant decrease in fasting glucose, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (p <0.05) levels in group that received capsules of camu-camu and a significant reduction only in fasting glucose (p <0.05) levels in group that received capsules of synthetic vitamin C. When considering only those individuals who correctly followed the protocol, there was also a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol (p <0.05) levels in intervention group. In both groups there was a tendency of reduction in triglyceride levels, although it has not been significant (p> 0.05). It was concluded that the capsules of camu-camu were more efficient, presenting hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic action in volunteers studied. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of vitamin C and camu-camu health, presenting the fruit as an excellent source of this vitamin. / As doenças crônicas, como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e câncer, representam atualmente 60% de todas as mortes no mundo. O estresse oxidativo, desencadeado pela ação de radicais livres, está envolvido na patogênese de inúmeras doenças crônicas, a exemplo as DCV. Alguns nutrientes presentes em frutas e verduras possuem ação antioxidante, como é o caso dos flavonóides e da vitamina C, e seu consumo regular está associado à diminuição do risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. O camu-camu [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh] é um fruto exclusivo da região amazônica que possui teores significativos de antioxidantes, principalmente vitamina C e flavonóides. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pó da polpa de camu-camu sobre a glicemia e o perfil lipídico de adultos jovens. A polpa do camu-camu foi liofilizada e sua composição nutricional foi analisada utilizando-se os métodos indicados pelo Instituto Adolpho Lutz para a composição centesimal e o método de CLAE para vitamina C. Para a intervenção, foi conduzido um ensaio clínico controlado, duplo-cego, em 18 voluntários de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 21 e 35 anos. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: 1) grupo intervenção, que recebeu cápsulas de camu-camu liofilizado contendo 320 mg de vitamina C; 2) grupo controle, que recebeu cápsulas contendo 320 mg vitamina C sintética. A ingestão das cápsulas foi diária durante 15 dias e duas coletas de sangue foram procedidas, uma antes do início do estudo e outra ao final. Foram verificadas as diferenças estatísticas nos níveis de vitamina C no plasma, glicemia de jejum e perfil lipídico por meio do Teste t de Student. O camu-camu liofilizado apresentou 20.310 mg de vitamina C/100g e 12,89 mg de flavonóides/100g. Ao final da intervenção registrou-se queda significativa nos níveis de glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e HDL (p<0,05) no grupo que recebeu cápsulas de camu-camu e redução significativa apenas da glicemia de jejum (p<0,05) no grupo que recebeu cápsulas de vitamina C sintética. Quando avaliados somente aqueles indivíduos que seguiram corretamente o protocolo, observou-se diminuição significativa também nos valores de LDL (p<0,05) no grupo intervenção. Em ambos os grupos houve tendência de redução nos níveis de triglicerídeos, porém não significativa (p>0,05). Conclui-se que as cápsulas de camu-camu foram mais eficientes, apresentando ação hipolipidêmica e hipoglicemiante nos voluntários estudados. Tais resultados demonstram o potencial benéfico da vitamina C e do camu-camu à saúde, apresentando o fruto como uma excelente fonte desta vitamina.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de vitamina C nos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo induzido por exercício físico exaustivo. A amostra foi composta por 13 indivíduos do sexo masculino, fisicamente ativos, com idades entre 18 e 33 anos, IMC médio 23,65 ± 3,5 kg/m² e VO2max de 50,94 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1. Estes indivíduos foram submetidos a um protocolo de exercício exaustivo (40 minutos de corrida a 70-75% do VO2max, e aumento da velocidade para 90% do VO2max até a exaustão), randomizados duplo cego em duas fases (placebo X vitamina C). Na fase vitamina C eles ingeriram 500 mg de vitamina C por dia, durante 7 dias, antes do protocolo exaustivo, e na fase placebo eles ingeriram por sete dias placebo antes do mesmo protocolo. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue antes do exercício, logo após, 1h, 2h, 4h e 24h após para determinação dos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo. As duas fases foram homogêneas, os indivíduos apresentaram consumo alimentar similar e não houve diferença na duração e intensidade do exercício. Os resultados mostram que o uso de suplemento de vitamina C favoreceu maiores níveis séricos de ácido ascórbico em relação ao placebo logo depois do exercício até 4 horas após, e por isso poupou a eliminação dos outros antioxidantes, -tocoferol e retinol, que estavam em menores concentrações séricas até 2 horas após o exercício, e do GSH, que se manteve em menores concentrações até 24 horas após. Enquanto com uso de placebo, já que os níveis de ácido ascórbico eram menores, houve uma maior liberação destes outros antioxidantes, e o -tocoferol e retinol começaram a ser consumidos 1 hora após o exercício, para combater os radicais livres formados, até 24 horas após. Apesar da CAT não ser alterada nem pela suplementação nem pelo exercício exaustivo, o FRAP foi maior na fase vitamina C e se manteve estável nas 24h após o exercício. O ácido úrico não apresentou diferença significativa, e seu uso foi poupado por outros antioxidantes séricos nas duas intervenções. Nas duas fases os indivíduos conseguiram combater os radicais livres formados pelo exercício exaustivo, já que os marcadores de peroxidação lipídica (MDA, TBARS e FOX) não aumentaram após o exercício em nenhuma das intervenções, não houve aumento de oxidação protéica (AOPP e PC). Os marcadores de lesão hepática (TGO), lesão muscular (CK) e tecidual (LDH) se comportaram de maneira igual com ou sem uso de vitamina C. As vantagens do uso adicional de vitamina C são: a maior proteção antioxidante desde o ínicio do exercício, já que apresenta maiores concentrações séricas de vitamina C e de FRAP, o menor grau de peroxidação lipídica, avaliado pelo MDA, o menor grau de oxidação protéica, avaliado pelas PC e a menor dependência do GSH como antioxidante endógeno. Sendo assim, uso de uma dose modesta de vitamina C, por um curto período de tempo, foi capaz de auxiliar na proteção antioxidante, sem nenhum efeito danoso aos indivíduos. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers induced by exhaustive exercise. The sample consisted of 13 males, physically active, aged 18 to 33 years, mean BMI 23.65 ± 3.5 kg/m² and 50.94 ± 5.2 VO2max ml.kg-1. min-1. These individuals were subjected to an exhaustive exercise protocol (40 minutes of running at 70-75% of VO2max, and increased speed to 90% VO2max until exhaustion), randomized double-blind in 2 phases (placebo X vitamin C). In vitamin C phase they ingested 500 mg vitamin C per day for 7 days before exhausting protocol and the placebo phase, they ingested placebo for 7 days prior to the same protocol. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately after, 1h, 2h, 4h and 24h after for determination of biomarkers of oxidative stress. The two phases were homogeneous, the subjects had similar food consumption and no difference in the duration and intensity of exercise. The results show that the use of vitamin C supplement favored higher serum levels of ascorbic acid relative to placebo soon after exercise to 4 hours after, and therefore spared the elimination of other antioxidants, -tocopherol and retinol, which were lower serum concentrations up to 2 hours after exercise, and GSH, which remained at lower levels within 24 hours. As with the use of placebo, as the ascorbic acid levels were lower, there was a greater release of these other antioxidants, and -tocopherol and retinol began to be consumed in 1 hour of exercise to combat free radicals formed by 24 hours. Despite the CAT not be altered or by supplementation or by exhaustive exercise, the FRAP was higher in vitamin C phase and remained stable in the 24 hours after exercise. Uric acid showed no significant difference, and its use has been spared by other serum antioxidants in 2 interventions. In 2 phases individuals able combat free radicals formed by exhaustive exercise, since the lipid peroxidation markers (MDA, TBARS and FOX) did not increase after exercise in any of the interventions, there was no increase in protein oxidation (AOPP and PC) . The markers of liver injury (AST), muscle damage (CK) and tissue (LDH) behaved equally with or without use of vitamin C. The advantages of the additional use of vitamin C are: the highest antioxidant protection since the beginning of exercise, since it has higher serum concentrations of vitamin C and FRAP, the lowest degree of lipid peroxidation, measured by MDA, the lowest level of protein oxidation, rated by PC and less dependent on GSH as an endogenous antioxidant. Thus, use of a modest dose of vitamin C, for a short period of time, was able to assist in antioxidant protection, with no harmful effect on individuals.

Orientador: Rafael Augustus de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T14:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin_LuizGabrielPereira_M.pdf: 2465863 bytes, checksum: 1a0cdd139b75ba72f4fd72913745ee3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) tipicamente amazônico apresenta polpa ácida (com bastante vitamina C), sabor agradável e de aroma característico. Sua característica exótica vem conquistando cada vez mais adeptos, tendo grande potencial comercial e merecendo a atenção da comunidade científica. A secagem da polpa de cupuaçu por atomização é uma excelente alternativa para conservar e garantir o comércio do fruto em períodos de entressafra. O objetivo deste trabalho é a avaliação da secagem de polpas de cupuaçu comercial e in natura por meio do processo de secagem por atomização, utilizando como agente carreador a maltodextrina 10DE. Inicialmente, foram determinadas as composições centesimais das matérias-primas. Testes preliminares foram realizados para definir a faixa de valores dos parâmetros operacionais utilizados no processo de secagem. A partir disso, um planejamento experimental - delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) avaliou a influência das variáveis independentes temperatura de entrada do ar no secador (variando de 90 à 160ºC) e a concentração de maltodextrina (variando de 5 a 30%) nas respostas rendimento de secagem, teor de água, higroscopicidade, atividade de água, vitamina C, pH, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais e cor para ambos os tipos de polpa. Por meio da metodologia de superfície de resposta, foram obtidas as condições otimizadas do processo (temperatura de secagem de 155ºC e 28,2% de maltodextrina) iguais para ambas às polpas. Com isso foi feita a validação dos modelos matemáticos. As partículas obtidas nas condições ótimas foram avaliadas quanto à densidade aparente, densidade absoluta, porosidade, distribuição do tamanho de partícula e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os modelos das respostas: teor de água, higroscopicidade, vitamina C, açúcares redutores, açúcares totais e cor, da polpa de cupuaçu comercial foram significativos com coeficiente de determinação R2 de 71,57%, 92,18%, 85,11%, 93,76%, 93,76% e 81%, respectivamente. Para a polpa de cupuaçu in natura foram significativos os modelos das respostas: teor de água, higroscopicidade, rendimento, atividade de água, vitamina C, pH, açúcares redutores, com R2 de 93,83%, 94,23%, 71,33%, 83,99%, 82,27%, 73,66% e 76,44%, respectivamente. As partículas da polpa in natura tiveram densidade menor resultando em uma maior porosidade comparando com a polpa comercial, com diâmetro médio de 9,1 e 8,96 ?m, respectivamente. A morfologia da partícula resultante da amostra in natura apresentou-se com menos aglomerações e com superfícies mais lisas em comparação com a amostra comercial. As partículas produzidas de polpa de cupuaçu in natura foram as que apresentaram maior preservação dos teores de vitamina C e melhor estrutura na encapsulação / Abstract: Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) is a typically Amazonian fruit which presents acidic pulp (with enough Vitamin C), pleasant taste and distinctive aroma. Its exotic characteristic is gaining more and more followers, with great commercial potential and deserving the attention of scientific community. Cupuassu pulp spray drying is a great alternative to support and ensure the fruit trade in off-season periods. The objective of this research work is the evaluation of commercial and fresh cupuassu pulp drying by spray drying process, using as maltodextrin 10DE encapsulating agent. Initially, raw materials compositions were analyzed. Preliminary tests were performed in order to set the range of operational parameters which were used in experimental runs. Then, an experimental design - central composite rotational design (CCRD) - was performed to evaluated the influence of independent variables inlet air temperature (ranging from 90 to 160 ºC) and maltodextrin concentration (range 5-30%) on the responses drying yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, water activity, vitamin C, pH, reducing sugars, total sugars and color for both kind of cupuassu pulp. By response surface methodology, we obtained the optimized process conditions (drying temperature of 155 ºC and 28.2% maltodextrin) which are the same for the both pulps. After that, the mathematical models were validated. The particles obtained in optimum conditions were evaluated for bulk density, absolute density, porosity, and particle size distribution and scanning electron microscopy. For commercial cupuassu pulp, the models of the responses moisture content, hygroscopicity, vitamin C, reducing sugars, total sugars and color were significant with determination coefficient R2 of 71.57%, 92.18%, 85.11%, 93, 76%, 93.76% and 81%, respectively. For fresh cupuassu pulp, the models of responses moisture content, hygroscopicity, yield, water activity, vitamin C, pH, reducing sugars were significant with R2 of 93.83%, 94.23%, 71, 33%, 83.99%, 82.27%, 73.66% and 76.44%, respectively. The powder from the fresh pulp presented lower density resulting in a higher porosity in comparison with the commercial pulp powder, with a mean diameter of 9.1 and 8.96 ?m, respectively. The particle morphology of the fresh pulp powder presented with fewer agglomerated particles and smoother surfaces compared to the commercial pulp powder. The particles produced from fresh cupuassu pulp showed higher preservation of vitamin C and better structure in the encapsulation / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-23T21:24:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Construção e validação de um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes..pdf: 1339089 bytes, checksum: afd33beb0434210501e44d06a9ca2e4d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T18:01:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Construção e validação de um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes..pdf: 1339089 bytes, checksum: afd33beb0434210501e44d06a9ca2e4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-24T18:03:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Construção e validação de um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes..pdf: 1339089 bytes, checksum: afd33beb0434210501e44d06a9ca2e4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-24T18:03:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Construção e validação de um questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar consumo de vitaminas antioxidantes..pdf: 1339089 bytes, checksum: afd33beb0434210501e44d06a9ca2e4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os antioxidantes dietéticos são essenciais na alimentação pela sua capacidade de combater o estresse oxidativo. Algumas dessas substâncias, como as vitaminas E, C e carotenoides estão presentes em frutas, vegetais, oleaginosas e em outros produtos alimentícios. Para estimar a ingestão destes nutrientes, o presente estudo teve por objetivo construir e validar um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA) para analisar o consumo das vitaminas E, C e carotenoides em uma população de adultos na cidade de Pelotas, RS. O QFA foi desenvolvido a partir dos alimentos fontes destes nutrientes, selecionados a partir de Inquéritos Recordatórios 24 horas (IR24h) aplicados na população. Para a avaliação da reprodutibilidade do instrumento, o QFA foi aplicado duas vezes com um intervalo de 15 dias. A validade do QFA foi testada através da comparação de dois Registros Alimentares de 3 dias (RA3d). Coeficientes de Correlação de Concordância (CCC) foram calculados para testar a reprodutibilidade e validade do QFA. Todas as análises foram ajustadas para o total de calorias obtido dos RA3d. Foram analisadas as categorias de ingestão em tercis, comparando os QFAs e a média dos dois RA3d, através do coeficiente de Kappa ponderado. O CCC para a reprodutibilidade dos nutrientes foi de 0,165 para a vitamina C, para a vitamina E foi 0,474 e para os carotenoides o valor foi de 0,413. Na avaliação da validade, os valores encontrados foram 0,399 para vitamina C, para carotenoides, 0,191 e para a vitamina E, foi observado CCC negativo (-0,075). A concordância entre os instrumentos mostrou que entre os QFAs, mais de 40% dos indivíduos foi corretamente classificado no mesmo tercil de ingestão. Já entre o QFA e os RAs, as maiores prevalências se encontraram nos tercis adjacentes de ingestão. O QFA construído apresentou boa reprodutibilidade para avaliação de consumo das vitaminas E e carotenoides e boa validade para vitamina C e carotenoides. O QFA proposto através deste estudo é indicado para avaliar o consumo de carotenoides. Recomenda-se a sua posterior validação em relação a biomarcadores. / Dietary antioxidants are essential in the diet by their capacity to fight oxidative stress. Some of these substances, such as vitamins E, C and carotenoids are present in fruits, vegetables, grains and other food products. To estimate the ingestion of these nutrients, this study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate the intake of vitamins E, C and carotenoids in an adult population in the city of Pelotas, RS. The FFQ was developed from the food sources of these nutrients, selected from 24 hour dietary recall (24hR) applied in the population. To assess the instrument reproducibility, the FFQ was applied twice within a 15 days distance. The validity of the FFQ was tested trough the comparison to two 3-day food records (3d food records). Concordance Correlation Coefficients (CCC) were calculated to test the reproducibility and validity of the FFQ. All analyses were energy adjusted, obtained according to the 3d food records information. The ingestion was categorized in thirds, comparing the FFQs and the mean of the two 3d food records, using weighted Kappa coefficient. The CCC for reproducibility of the nutrients was 0,165 for vitamin C, for vitamin E was 0,474 and for carotenoids was 0,413. In the validity assessment, the values found were 0,399 for vitamin C, for carotenoids were 0,191 and for vitamin E, was observed a negative CCC (-0,075). The agreement between the instruments showed that among the FFQs more than 40% of the individuals were correctly classified into the same third of ingestion. Yet, comparing the FFQ and the food records, mostly were classified in adjacent thirds of ingestion. The FFQ showed fair reproducibility to evaluate the intake of vitamin E and carotenoids and good validity for vitamin C and carotenoids. The proposed FFQ is indicated to assess carotenoids consumption. It’s recommended a validation against biomarkers.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-04T17:45:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese.Maria Inês Machado.pdf: 1755709 bytes, checksum: e4832900f39993c29a1573433a9d0c93 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-11T20:26:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese.Maria Inês Machado.pdf: 1755709 bytes, checksum: e4832900f39993c29a1573433a9d0c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T20:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese.Maria Inês Machado.pdf: 1755709 bytes, checksum: e4832900f39993c29a1573433a9d0c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-16 / Sem bolsa / O mercado brasileiro para produtos de frutas de clima temperado é bastante promissor, porém existem desuniformidades na qualidade de frutas, falhas no processamento, que favorecem o desperdício tanto no campo quanto na indústria, gerando a necessidade na correção de lotes defeituosos. Assim como outros frutos, o pêssego apresenta compostos bioativos, mas que ainda pouco têm se estudado, principalmente a estabilidade destes compostos frente ao processamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do processamento de pêssego sobre o conteúdo de compostos bioativos em pêssego em calda e pessegada e avaliar a estabilidade destes compostos durante o período de estocagem destes produtos. Para isto foram utilizadas três cultivares de pêssegos (Prunus pérsica): Santa Áurea, Esmeralda e Maciel, frutos provenientes de cinco produtores da região de Pelotas/RS, e cultivados sob sistema de rastreabilidade da fruta, sendo avaliados durante duas safras consecutivas. Os pêssegos foram processados na forma de doce em calda e de pessegada, estocados e posteriormente avaliados. Foram realizadas as análises de pH, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS), relação SS/AT, total de carotenoides, carotenoides individuais, total de compostos fenólicos, compostos fenólicos individuais, vitamina C e total de antocianina s. A cultivar Esmeralda destacou-se entre as demais estudadas demonstrando relação SS/AT:20; representando excelente qualidade para processamento, seguido da cultivar Santa Áurea e Maciel. Ocorreram perdas significativas de compostos bioativos durante a elaboração e estocagem de pêssego em calda, sendo a vitamina C (40% perdas) e os carotenoides (77%perdas) os componentes mais instáveis. Após elaboração de pessegada não foram verificadas perdas significativas de compostos fenólicos sendo intensificadas durante o período de estocagem, atingindo valores acima de 57% de perdas. A escolha de cultivares para elaboração de pêssego em calda e doce em massa apresentou valorização das características sensoriais, físico-químicas e bioativas. / The Brazilian market for products of temperate climate fruits is very promising, but there is no uniformity on fruit quality, processing failures that favor waste in the field and in the industry, generating correction of defective lots. As other fruits, peach presents bioactive compounds, but so far still not studied, mainly the stability of these compounds against processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of peach processing on the content of bioactive compounds in peach compotes and in sweet peach mass, and evaluate the stability of these compounds during the storage of these products. For this, three cultivars of peach (Prunus persica L.) were used: Santa Áurea, Esmeralda and Maciel, fruits were obtained from five producers of Pelotas / RS, and grown under fruit traceability system, being evaluated during two consecutive harvests. The peaches were processed as sweet peach mass and peach compote, stored and later evaluated. Analyzes of pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), SS / TA, total carotenoids, individual carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, individual phenolic compounds, vitamin C and total anthocyanin were analysed. The Esmeralda cultivar stood out among the others showing SS / TA ratio: 20; representing excellent quality for processing, followed by cv. Santa Aurea and Maciel. Significant losses of bioactive compounds during the preparation and storage of peaches compotes were observed, with vitamin C (40% loss) and carotenoids (77% loss) the most unstable components. After sweet peach mass processing, no significant losses of phenolic compounds was observed, but the losses were intensified during storage period, where values above 57% losses were observed. The choice of cultivars for preparation of peaches compotes and sweet peach mass, enhanced the sensory, physicochemical and bioactive characteristics.

Dans le cadre du projet européen « Optimized Products for Elderly Populations (OPTIFEL) » (ou « produits optimisés pour des gens âgés »), des produits alimentaires sont conçus pour les besoins particuliers des personnes âgées. Puisque cette population est souvent mal-nourrie, l’objectif du projet consistait à produire des aliments riches en nutriments et appétants. Ce but a été mis en œuvre en enrichissant des produits à base de fruits et légumes avec des protéines, des minéraux et vitamines, dont la vitamine C et les folates. Cependant, les deux dernières vitamines sont connues pour être fragiles et pour être rapidement perdues lors du chauffage. Pour atteindre le but de la supplémentation, c’est-à-dire augmenter l’absorption des nutriments, l’étude de leur stabilité est d’une grande importance. Ce travail, en particulier, a été dédié à l’étude de la stabilité de la vitamine C et des folates lors du réchauffage des aliments. Le réchauffage des aliments nécessite de respecter une température minimum de 60°C afin d’éviter la croissance des bactéries sporulées. Une deuxième contrainte, qui se démarque des méthodes de cuisson, est la durée du maintien en température. Selon que le réchauffage se déroule à la maison ou dans un système de restauration collective en liaison chaude, le temps de réchauffage est de courte durée ou peut atteindre quelques heures. La pomme et la carotte ont été choisies en tant qu’exemple d’un fruit et un légume pour le projet OPTIFEL et aussi pour le travail présent. La pomme et la carotte sont des produits qui sont appréciés à travers l’Europe et contiennent des quantités naturelles négligeables en vitamine C et folates. La stabilité de la vitamine C a fait objet de nombreuses études dans la littérature. Cependant, les facteurs qui impactent sa stabilité ont été principalement examinés en solution modèle et leur importance respective dans un vrai aliment manque d’études. Bien que la disponibilité de l’oxygène ait un impact primordial, et qu’il soit connu que l’oxygène est soluble jusqu’à 100°C, sa disponibilité dans le milieu alimentaire est très mal connue pendant le chauffage à des températures intermédiaires. L’acide folique est un vitamère synthétique, qui est habituellement utilisé pour la supplémentation mais qui a l’inconvénient de pouvoir masquer un déficit en vitamine B12. C’est pourquoi le vitamère naturellement abondant, l’acide 5-méthyltétrahydrofolate, a été proposé comme alternative pour l’enrichissement. Son inconvénient majeur, outre le prix, est qu’il est fragile et se dégrade rapidement en l’absence de réducteurs. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat consistait à comprendre la stabilité de la vitamine C et de l’acide 5-méthyltétrafolique à des températures intermédiaires. Une attention particulière a été portée à la stabilité dans des matrices alimentaires et à la disponibilité de l’oxygène. Dans un premier temps, la stabilité de la vitamine C et de l’acide 5-méthyltétrahydrofolique a été étudiée à une échelle laboratoire. Ensuite, l’impact des différentes méthodes de réchauffage a été examiné. Le travail a été divisé en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre a été consacré à l’étude de la stabilité de la vitamine C. Dans le deuxième chapitre, la disponibilité de l’oxygène a été étudiée. La troisième étude a été dédiée à la stabilité de l’acide 5-méthyltétrahydrofolique. Et dans le quatrième chapitre, trois méthodes de réchauffage ont été comparées. / The European project « Optimized Products for Elderly Populations (OPTIFEL) » was launched to ameliorate elderlies’ nutritional status. Since this population often suffers from malnutrition, it was envisaged to conceive food products based on fruit and vegetables, with a dense nutritive value. Therefore, products were enriched with important nutrients, among vitamin C and folates. To comply with the intention of supplementations consisting in an increased intake of nutrients, the study of their stability, especially of easy degradable molecules, is of utmost importance. The present work in particular, was dedicated to the stability of vitamin C and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate when food is warmed-up that is heated at an intermediate temperature range (60-80°C). It turned out that the deterioration pace of vitamin C is principally influenced by the filling volume of recipients on a lab-scale. A negligible effect was found for the food matrix meaning that products based on apples and carrots can interchangeably be used for fortifications. Concentration adaptions are easy to control as the degradation loss per time in the concentration range 2-5 mmol/kg, is independent of the initial concentration. Increasing temperature in the range 60-80°C, does not have an impact in a real food matrix either. The latter indicates that another factor, probably oxygen, becomes limiting as enhancing the supply of energy does not increase degradation rates anymore. Thus, by heating products at 80°C, the microbial safety margin can be increased while the nutritional value is kept as if heated at 60°C. From literature it is known that degradation at this temperature range only proceeds via the aerobic degradation pathway. It has been shown in the present work that in food products, the oxygen availability decreases down to anaerobic conditions, also near the surface, during heat treatments at 80°C while oxygen in model solutions stays abundant. Hence, the headspace gains in importance during long warm holding of real food products and dynamics of oxygen and ascorbic acid might determine degradation paces. However, oxygen is not alone responsible for the degradation initiation since ascorbic acid in ultrapure water does not degrade at 80°C during 8 h, even if oxygen is abundant during the whole length of time. An additional trigger, as Fe3+ ions or maybe also other constituents in food matrices, must be present. An interaction between oxygen and the trigger might result in the generation of reactive oxygen species that finally deteriorate the vitamin. For complete stabilization of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the amount of ascorbic acid is crucial in contrast to the food matrix that is used for supplementation. The protective effect of ascorbic acid is however time-limited even if it remains in excess. The duration of complete stability can be prolonged by increasing the initial ascorbic acid concentration. Heat treatments under real conditions that is when food products are warmed-up by a microwave, an Actifry ® device or held warm by a water bath, lead to minor to negligible vitamin losses. These are good news for the project since the vitamin amount that is added, is preserved during warming-up of products and must not be controlled. The results indicate the complexity of vitamin degradation since the stability depends crucially on the experimental set-up. It can be concluded that predictive modeling should be performed under real conditions. Vitamin C and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which are generally referred to be very susceptible to oxygen and heat, are fairly stable under reheating conditions in real food products.

Les compléments alimentaires sont de plus en plus consommés en France depuis le début des années 2000. Cependant, l’effet de la prise de compléments alimentaires sur la santé, notamment à long terme, n’est pas clairement établi. Les compléments en vitamine D et en vitamine C font partie des compléments les plus consommés en France, et à des doses généralement beaucoup plus élevées que celles apportées par l’alimentation. Plusieurs études expérimentales suggèrent que la vitamine D et la vitamine C pourraient avoir une influence sur le risque de cancer du sein, le cancer actuellement le plus fréquent chez la femme dans le monde. Cependant, les études épidémiologiques disponibles ne permettent pas de conclure sur cette relation. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier la relation entre prise de complément en vitamine D ou vitamine C et risque de cancer du sein dans la cohorte E3N à partir de données répétées sur la prise de complément alimentaire, et d’étudier si cette relation pourrait être influencée par l’ancienneté de la prise de complément alimentaire et par de potentielles interactions avec certains facteurs spécifiques liés au mode de vie. La prise de compléments alimentaires a été estimée à partir de plus de 55 000 femmes ménopausées de la cohorte E3N suivies entre 1995 et 2008. Nous avons observé que le prise de complément en vitamine D pourrait réduire l’augmentation de risque de cancer du sein associée à la prise de traitement hormonal de la ménopause, mais pourrait être délétère chez les femmes n’ayant jamais utilisé de traitement hormonal de la ménopause et n’étant pas en surpoids, et donc étant peu exposées aux hormones. Concernant la prise de complément en vitamine C, nous avons observé une augmentation de risque chez les femmes ayant déjà des apports alimentaires en vitamine C élevés. Nos résultats ont un impact potentiel en termes de santé publique, mais devront d’abord être confirmés par des études ayant des données répétées et quantitatives sur la prise de compléments alimentaires. Cependant, ces résultats appellent à la prudence quant à l’utilisation de compléments alimentaires tels que la vitamine C en l’absence de déficience nutritionnelle avérée. / The use of dietary supplements has been steadily increasing since the early 2000s. However, little is known on the effect, especially the long-term effect, of dietary supplement use on health. Single vitamin D and vitamin C supplements are widely consumed in France, at doses that generally largely exceed dietary intakes. Experimental studies have suggested potential effects of vitamin D and vitamin C on breast cancer risk, the currently most common cancer in women worldwide. However, data from epidemiologic studies are still inconclusive. The objective of this project was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D or vitamin C supplement use and breast cancer risk in the E3N cohort using regularly updated data on dietary supplement use, and to investigate a potential effect modification by recency of dietary supplement use and by other specific lifestyle factors. The use of dietary supplements has been estimated using data collected from 55 000 postmenopausal women of the E3N cohort followed between 1995 and 2008. We observed that vitamin D supplement use could reduce the increased risk of breast cancer associated with menopausal hormone therapy use, but could be associated with an increased breast cancer risk in women with low hormonal exposure, i.e. women who never used menopausal hormone therapy and are not overweight. Concerning vitamin C supplement use, we observed an increased risk of breast cancer in women who already had high dietary vitamin C intakes. Our results have a potential public health impact, but must be first confirmed by further studies with repeated and quantitative data on dietary supplement use. However, caution can already be advocated towards using dietary supplements such as vitamin C in the absence of clear deficiency in these nutrients.

This master´s thesis deals with the study of the incorporation of low and high molecular weight substances into liposomal systems. The aim of the work was to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the active substance and the influence of individual components of the liposomal system on EE. Liposomes were prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. They were stabilized by cholesteroland and phosphatidic acid was added to give a negative charge. Stealth properties gain the binding of polyethylene glycol and other trimethyl chitosan we enabled the entry of liposomes into the bloodstream by the paracellular pathway. Vitamin C and the enzyme bromelain were used for incorporation into liposomes. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used to determine the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes prepared by combining the individual components. It has been suggested that vitamin C and the enzyme can be incorporated into liposomes, but an enzyme with a higher EE. Furthermore, phosphatidic acid and trimethyl chitosan have been found to affect EE, which increases the EE of vitamin C and decreases the EE of the enzyme.

Diploma thesis deals with currant (Ribes L.) and substances which currants contain especially anthocyanin pigments, vitamin C and antioxidants. In theoretical part is described basic characteristic about plant, including varieties of currants. The following chapters include a list of active substances which the fruit contains and also the list of some possibilities of processing and utilization of currant especially in the food industry. Big attention is given to anthocyanins, their characteristics, utilization in the food industry, factors that affect their stability and especially methods of determination. In conclusion, the theoretical part describes importance and methods of determination of vitamin C and antioxidant capacity. Selected nutritional parameters were determined in fifteen known and in three unknown varieties of currants. Anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically and determined by HPLC in color samples. By pH differential method was evaluated a content of monomeric and polymeric pigments. By HPLC method were identified individual anthocyanin pigments contained in fruits. Also, content of ascorbic acid was determined by HPLC in all varieties. Antioxidant capacity of white currants measured by DPPH was compared.

Presented diploma thesis deals with the analysis of juices of selected red and white currant varieties. The theoretical part is dedicated to the characteristics of a currant, biologically active substances of its fruits, its growing proces and the utilization of currants in the food industry. The analyzed parameters of currants - phenolics, anthocyanins and vitamin C are also characterized in the theoretical part with possibůe methods of their determination. The experimental part is devoted to the preparation of samples and the working practices of individual analysis. Six selected varieties of white and eleven varieties of red currant from Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. and six varieties of white and ten varieties of red currant from private grower were used for the analysis. Total phenolics and anthocyanins were determined spectrophotometrically, the content of vitamin C was determined by HPLC. Higher values of these compounds were measured mainly in the varieties of Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. Varieties of red currants contained higher amounts of total phenolics and anthocyanins while white currants contained higher amounts of vitamin C.