Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julius Blum.pdf: 529195 bytes, checksum: f22e38fddc3f7dc09890ece44ddbb80b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gypsum applied on the soil surface reduces subsoil Al3+ toxicity and increases the Ca2+ and S-SO42- levels, promoting better development of plant roots. Gains in productivity has observed with the use of gypsum in annual and perennial crops, but lacking studies regarding to gypsum application on grapevines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gypsum on soil chemical attributes and the production of the ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape. A field trial was carried out in a 8 years old orchard, on a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox at Ponta Grossa, Parana State, Brazil. The soil had low acidity and sufficient nutrient levels in the top soil (0-20 cm), and high concentration of exchangeable Al3+ in subsurface. A randomized block design was used and five gypsum rates were surface applied (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 t ha-1), with four replications. After 8 months of the application, there was an increase in soil pH below 20 cm and decrease in the Al3+ content. These effects were intensified after 20 months. Was an increase in Ca2+ and S-SO42- levels in all soil profile after gypsum application. Movement of Mg2+ from the top soil to deeper layers occurred after 8 months, and this effect was intensified after 20 months. The improvement on soil fertility had no effect on grape nutrition in the first year. There was a decrease in leaf magnesium concentration at the second year. Gypsum application had negative effect on fruit production due to leaching of exchangeable Mg2+ from the topsoil. Chemical changes at layer 0-20 cm depth were better correlated with the plant nutrition. There was correlation between the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio, and saturation and concentration of Mg2+ in the soil with foliar concentration of magnesium and grape productivity. The critical level of Mg2+ in the soil (90 of relative production) was 42 mmolc dm-3. The Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio and the percentage of Mg2+ in CEC at pH 7 were more appropriate than just the concentration of Mg2+ for the diagnosis of the nutrient in the soil. A Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio of 1.9 and 25 of magnesium in CEC at pH 7 were established for 90 relative production. The Ca/Mg ratio was better to nutritional diagnosis on plants than the magnesium concentration. A 2 Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in leaves was the critical level for 90 relative production. The application of gypsum caused increase in soluble solids in the berries, ameliorating grape quality. / O gesso agrícola, quando aplicado na superfície do solo, diminui a toxicidade de Al3+ e aumenta a disponibilidade de Ca2+ e S-SO42- no subsolo, melhorando o ambiente para o desenvolvimento das raízes das plantas. Ganhos na produtividade têm ocorrido com o uso do gesso agrícola em culturas anuais e perenes, mas faltam estudos relacionados à aplicação do produto na videira. O estudo objetivou de verificar o efeito do gesso nos atributos químicos do solo e na produção da videira cv. Niagara Rosada em pomar de 8 anos, conduzido em latada, em um Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa do município de Ponta Grossa (PR). O solo tinha baixa acidez e teores suficientes de nutrientes na camada de 0-20 cm, e concentração superior a 8 mmolc dm-3 de Al3+ em subsuperfície. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1 de gesso agrícola na superfície em delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Após 8 meses da aplicação, o gesso aumentou o pH do solo em profundidades abaixo de 20 cm, que foi acompanhado de diminuição no teor de Al3+ trocável. Esses efeitos foram intensificados após 20 meses da aplicação de gesso. As concentrações de Ca2+ e S-SO42- aumentaram em todo o perfil de solo estudado (0-80 cm). Houve movimentação de Mg2+ trocável da camada de 0-20 cm para a camada de 60-80 cm de profundidade após 8 meses da aplicação e das camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm para a de 60-80 após 20 meses. A melhoria na disponibilidade de Ca2+ e S-SO42- e a diminuição do Al3+ trocável no subsolo não foi refletida na nutrição das plantas no primeiro ano de avaliação. No segundo ano de avaliação ocorreu diminuição no teor foliar de magnésio em decorrência da lixiviação de Mg2+ trocável na camada superficial do solo, com reflexos negativos na produção de uva. As alterações químicas da camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade foram mais bem correlacionadas com a nutrição das plantas. Houve correlação entre a relação Ca2+/Mg2+, concentração e saturação de magnésio no solo com a concentração foliar de magnésio e a produtividade de uva. O nível crítico de Mg2+ no solo (produção relativa de 90 foi de 42 mmolc dm-3. A relação Ca2+/Mg2+ e a porcentagem de Mg2+ trocável na CTC a pH 7 foram mais adequados que a concentração isolada do nutriente para o diagnóstico de magnésio no solo. A relação Ca2+/Mg2+ de 1,9 ou 25 de Mg2+ da CTC a pH 7 resultaram em produção relativa de 90. A relação Ca/Mg também se mostrou mais adequada para o diagnóstico de magnésio na planta, com nível critico 2 para produção relativa de 90. A aplicação de gesso agrícola melhorou a qualidade da uva ocasionando aumento de sólidos solúveis na baga.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:17:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final (1).pdf: 1606741 bytes, checksum: 01f63a4e690a8f3143c6fd2940d71195 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-28T20:11:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação final (1).pdf: 1606741 bytes, checksum: 01f63a4e690a8f3143c6fd2940d71195 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T20:11:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação final (1).pdf: 1606741 bytes, checksum: 01f63a4e690a8f3143c6fd2940d71195 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A Região da Campanha Gaúcha vêm se destacando na produção de uvas Vitis vinifera L. para a elaboração de vinhos finos. Estendendo-se ao longo da fronteira com o Uruguai, tem como principais referências os municípios de Candiota, Bagé, Dom Pedrito e Santana do Livramento. Entre as atividades de grande importância no manejo cultural da vitivinicultura podemos destacar a poda seca. Normalmente realizada no período de repouso que abrange os meses de julho a setembro, a poda seca exige uma grande demanda de mão de obra. Portanto é necessário coletar todas as informações possíveis sobre o ciclo fenológico da cultura facilitando o manejo e escalonando a mão de obra disponível. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento fenológico e a qualidade pós colheita das cultivares Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon e Tannat sobre diferentes épocas de poda seca. O experimento foi conduzido em um vinhedo comercial localizado no município de Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul na safra 2015/2016. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado constando de quatro tratamentos e três repetições, onde os tratamentos foram as diferentes épocas de poda seca realizadas em maio, junho, julho e agosto, compondo os tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 4 respectivamente. As avaliações fenológicas observadas ao longo do ciclo da cultura foram: brotação, floração, frutificação e início da maturação. Após a colheita as variáveis avaliadas no mosto foram os sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares, acidez titulável, pH e densidade. Para o cálculo de produção foram avaliados o número total de cachos por tratamento, número de cachos por planta, massa total dos cachos por tratamento e massa média dos cachos por planta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (Anova) e comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A videira „Tannat‟ podada em agosto teve um comportamento fenológico mais tardio em relação aos demais tratamentos. Após a brotação, as plantas podadas em junho desenvolveram-se mais rápidas que as demais. As diferentes épocas de poda seca não interferiram na produção. Quando a poda seca for realizada no mês de agosto a colheita da „Tannat‟ pode ser mais tardia. Para „Cabernet Sauvignon‟ a poda antecipada do mês de maio permanece mais tempo em dormência, brotando ao mesmo tempo que as plantas podadas em julho. A poda realizada em junho antecipa a brotação podendo provocar prejuízos ocasionados pelas geadas primaveris. A poda realizada no mês de agosto obteve maior rendimento por planta quando comparada a época tradicional no mês de julho. A poda seca em diferentes épocas não influenciou nas características analíticas do mosto. Na videira „Merlot‟, a poda seca realizada no mês de junho antecipou a brotação e quando realizada no mês de agosto obteve número total e massa total de cachos superior à realizada no mês de junho. As diferentes épocas de poda seca não diferenciaram os resultados das variáveis físico-químicas da „Merlot‟. / The Campanha Gaucha region has been highlighted due to production of Vitis vinifera L. grape to make fine wines. This region extends along the border of Brazil and Uruguay whose main cities are Candiota, Bagé, Dom Pedrito and Santana do Livramento. Between the activities of utmost importance in management of viticulture activity, the dry pruning can be emphasized. In general, the dry pruning is performed in rest period, i. e. between the months of July and September, and requires a high labor demand. Thus, it is necessary to collect all the obtainable information on the phenological cycle of this culture to make easier the management and scaling of the available labor. The work aims to evaluate the phenological behavior and the quality of postharvest of the cultivars Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Tannat, in different periods of dry pruning. The experiments were carried out in a commercial vineyard located in the city of Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul, during the harvest 2015/2016. The experimental design was a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and three replications, where the treatments were the different dry pruning times performed in May, June, July and August, composing treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The phenological evaluations observed during the crop cycle were: sprouting, flowering, fruiting and beginning of maturation. After the harvest the variables evaluated in the wort were the total soluble solids, sugars, titratable acidity, pH and density. The total number of bunches per treatment, number of bunches per plant, total mass of bunches per treatment and average mass of bunches per plant were evaluated for the production calculation. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (Anova) and comparison of means by the Tukey test at 5%. The 'Tannat' vine pruned in August had a later phenological behavior in relation to the other treatments. After sprouting, the plants pruned in June developed faster than the others. The different seasons of dry pruning did not interfere with production. When dry pruning is performed in August, the 'Tannat' harvest may be later. For 'Cabernet Sauvignon' the early pruning of the month of May remains longer in dormancy, sprouting at the same time as the plants pruned in July. The pruning done in June anticipates the sprouting and can cause damages caused by the spring frosts. The pruning done in August obtained higher yield per plant when compared to the traditional season in July. Dry pruning at different times did not influence the analytical characteristics of the must. In the 'Merlot' grapevine, the dry pruning carried out in the month of June anticipated the sprouting and when it was carried out in the month of August it obtained a total number and a total mass of bunches higher than the one realized in the month of June.The different seasons of dry pruning did not differentiate the results of the physical-chemical variables of 'Merlot'.

Diabetes mellitus é uma doença caracterizada por hiperglicemia crônica, resultando em desequilíbrio metabólico e estresse oxidativo e promovendo dano tecidual. Fitoquímicos bioativos, como os polifenóis presentes na uva e seus subprodutos, especialmente quando cultivada sem agrotóxicos, representam alternativa terapêutica para prevenção das alterações metabólicas e oxidativas em indivíduos diabéticos. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de extrato aquoso de folhas de videira, da variedade Bordô (Vitis labrusca), produzida por cultivo orgânico, sobre parâmetros metabólicos e de estresse oxidativo em ratos diabéticos. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos (n = 88), pesando cerca de 300 g, randomicamente divididos em grupos de não diabéticos (CTR) e diabéticos (STZ), sendo o diabete induzido pela administração única de 60 mg/kg de estreptozotocina via intraperitoneal. Os animais receberam doses diárias de salina (grupos: CTR0 e STZ0) ou extrato aquoso da folha da videira orgânica, nas concentrações de 50 mg/kg (grupos: CTR50 e STZ50), 100 mg/kg (grupos: CTR100 e STZ100) ou 200 mg/kg (grupos: CTR200 e STZ200) administrados via gavagem, por 30 dias. No 30o dia, após 30 minutos da última administração, os animais foram decapitados e o sangue troncular coletado para a determinação da glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e frações, bem como ureia, creatinina e transaminases (AST e ALT). A resposta metabólica pelo uso do extrato foi avaliada pelo teste oral de tolerância à glicose (28o dia) e variações no consumo alimentar, hídrico e ganho de peso. Os tecidos cardíaco, renal e hepático foram dissecados e homogeneizados para avaliação da lipoperoxidação (TBARS) e da oxidação proteica (quantificação carbonilas), bem como para determinação das concentrações de antioxidantes não enzimáticos (sulfidrilas totais) e da atividade de antioxidantes enzimáticos como superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). Nossos resultados mostraram que o diabete aumentou a ingestão hídrica e alimentar, bem como reduziu os depósitos de gordura corporal e o peso corporal. Adicionalmente, o diabete aumentou parâmetros séricos como, glicose, triglicerídeos, HDL-C, ureia, AST e ALT. A administração do extrato, na dose de 200 mg/kg, preveniu a perda de gordura epididimal e a redução de peso corporal nos animais diabéticos. Na dose de 50 mg/kg, o extrato reduziu a concentração sérica de LDL-C, ureia e cretinina nos ratos diabéticos. As doses de 50 e 100 mg/kg do extrato preveniram o aumento na atividade da AST. Em relação aos parâmetros oxidativos, o diabete promoveu lipoperoxidação, evidenciado pelo aumento de TBARS no fígado e no coração. A administração do extrato de folha de videira, nas três diferentes doses, reduziu a concentração de TBARS no fígado dos ratos diabéticos. Ainda, o diabete aumentou a concentração de carbonilas, e reduziu os níveis de sulfidrilas totais em todos os tecidos avaliados. Para a oxidação de proteínas, observamos que a administração do extrato, em todas as doses testadas, reduziu a concentração de carbonilas no coração e rins dos ratos diabéticos. No fígado, essa redução ocorreu apenas para as doses de 100 e 200 mg/kg. Houve aumento das defesas antioxidantes não enzimáticas (sulfidrilas totais) no fígado dos ratos diabéticos após administração de qualquer dose de extrato. No entanto, esse aumento foi observado no coração apenas nas doses de 100 e 200 mg/kg e no rim apenas na dose de 50 mg/kg. O diabete aumentou a CAT no fígado e no coração e a SOD no rim de ratos, enquanto que o extrato reduziu a atividade da CAT no fígado na dose de 50 mg/kg e no coração, na dose de 100 mg/kg. No entanto, o extrato reduziu a atividade da SOD no rim de ratos diabéticos apenas na dose de 50 mg/kg. Com base nos nossos resultados podemos concluir que a administração do extrato aquoso de folha de videira orgânica possui potencial terapêutico nos animais diabéticos, evidenciado pela proteção contra perda de peso e do depósito de tecido adiposo, bem como efeito hipocolesterolêmico, hepatoprotetor, cardioprotetor, nefroprotetor e antioxidante. / Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting in metabolic imbalance, and oxidative stress, promoting tissue damage. Bioactive phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, present in grapes and their sub-products, especially when they are cultivated without pesticides, represent a therapeutic alternative for preventing metabolic and oxidative damage in diabetic individuals. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of vine leaves, from the Bordô varietal (Vitis labrusca), produced by organic culture method, on metabolic parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats (n=88), weighting around 300 g, were randomized in non-diabetic (CTR) and diabetic (STZ) groups, with diabetes induced by streptozotocin, 60 mg/kg, via intraperitoneal. The rats were given daily doses of saline (CTR0 and STZ0 groups) or organic vine leaves aqueous extract at concentrations of 50 mg/kg (CTR50 and STZ50 groups), 100 mg/kg (STZ100 and CTR100 groups), or 200 mg/kg (STZ200 and CTR200 groups), by oral gavage, for 30 days. On the 30th. day, 30 min from the last administration, rats were decapitated and trunk blood was collected to determine fasting glycemia, triglycerides, total and fractions cholesterol, as well as urea, creatinine, and transaminases (AST and ALT). The effect of the organic vine leaves aqueous extract on metabolic response in rats was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test (28th. day) and intake of food, water and weight gain. Heart, liver and kidney were dissected and homogenized to evaluate the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation (carbonyl quantification), as well as the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (free sulfhydryl) and the concentration of enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes activity. Our results showed that diabetes increased water and food intake, and reduced body fat deposits, and body weight in rats. Additionally, diabetes increased serum glycemia, triglycerides, HDL-C, urea, and transaminases. The administration of the extract at dose of 200 mg/kg, prevented the loss of epididymal fat and body weight reduction in diabetic animals. At a dose of 50 mg/kg, the extract reduced the serum concentration of LDL-C, urea, and creatinine in diabetic animals. The doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of the extract prevented the increase in the AST activity in diabetic rats. As to oxidative parameters, diabetes promoted lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by the increase in TBARS in liver and heart. The administration of the extract of vine leaf, in three different doses, reduced the concentration of TBARS in the liver of diabetic rats. Also, diabetes increased the concentration of carbonyl but reduced levels of free sulfhydryl in all the tissues analyzed. For the oxidation of proteins, it was observed that the administration of the extract at all doses tested reduced the concentration of carbonyls in the heart and kidney of diabetic rats. In the liver, this reduction was observed only for doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. There was increase non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses (sulfhydryl) in the liver of diabetic rats after administration of any doses of extract. However, this increase was observed in the heart only at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and in the kidney, only at doses of 50 mg/kg. Diabetes increased the CAT in the liver and in the heart and it increased the SOD in the kidney of rats. The extract reduced CAT activity in the liver at a dose of 50 mg/kg and in the heart, at a dose of 100 mg/kg. However, the extract reduced SOD activity in the kidney of diabetic rats only at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Based on our results we concluded that the administration of aqueous leaves extract of organic vine presents therapeutic potential in diabetic individuals, as evidenced by protection against weight loss and deposit of adipose tissue, as well as hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, nephroprotective and antioxidant effects.

Both the physiological and biochemical control of budburst in the grapevine, Vitis Vinifera L. were investigated. It was found that the accuracy of a predictive model for grapevine budburst based on ambient temperature was limited under the experimental conditions. There was a significant correlation of 4.7 ± 0.3 days between the days of maximal xylem exudation and budburst over the 3 years of investigation. The co-relationships between daily xylem exudate volume and a range of environmental parameters were considered. It was found that soil temperature was highly correlated against daily xylem exudation. Ambient temperature and soil moisture were significantly correlated with xylem exudation, however the coefficients of correlation were much lower than that of soil temperature. Rainfall showed only a very limited correlation with daily xylem exudate flow. Seasonal variations in the pH and the carbohydrate and inorganic nutrient concentrations of xylem exudate were investigated. Exudate carbohydrate concentrations fell from 660 µM before the day of maximal xylem exudation to zero levels within 4 weeks. Xylem exudate pH was found to consistently fall to a minimum at the time of maximal exudate flow. Exudate concentrations of the metallic cofactors Ca, K, Mg, Mn and Zn varied directly with daily exudate flow, suggesting some sort of flow-dependent mobilisation of these nutrients. A growth promontory oligosaccharide fraction was prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of grapevine primary cell wall material. This fraction significantly increased control growth of the Lemna minor L. bioassay over a limited ‘window’ of bioactivity. A growth inhibitory oligosaccharide fraction, similar in activity to abscisic acid was isolated from grapevine xylem exudate prior to budburst. The exudate concentration or efficacy of this substance declined after budburst such that there was no apparent growth inhibition. A model is proposed for grapevine budburst whereby an oligosaccharide growth inhibitor is gradually removed from the xylematic stream under the effects of soil temperature, allowing the surge of metabolic activity and vegetative growth that constitute budburst.

La presente tesis se realizó en el Instituto de Investigación, Producción y Extensión Agraria “INPREX” – Tacna, de la Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann.El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de los niveles de fertilización nitrogenada y potásica en el rendimiento del cultivo de vid (Vitis vinífera L.) Cv. Malbec. Para cada elemento se manejaron cuatro niveles de aplicación: n1=50, n2=100, n3=150 y n4=200; k1=50, k2=150, k3=250 y k4=350. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el diseño Completamente Aleatorizado con arreglo factorial 4 x 4, teniendo un total de 16 tratamientos, producto de la combinación de elementos con sus correspondientes niveles de nitrógeno y potasio, con tres repeticiones por cada tratamiento. Para el rendimiento, el nivel óptimo para el factor nitrógeno fue de 156,183 kg/ha y para el factor potasio no se hallo significación estadística, con lo que se logró alcanzar un rendimiento de 18,50 t/ha. Respecto a la variable evaluada de peso unitario del fruto (baya), el nivel de fertilización óptima para el factor nitrógeno fue de 126,25 kg/ha con lo que se logró alcanzar un peso de 2,56 g, con respecto factor potasio no se halló significación estadística. Para la variable peso unitario de racimo, el nivel óptimo para factor nitrógeno fue de 146,803 kg/ha, con que se obtuvo un peso optimo de 280,492 g para el factor potasio no se hallo significación estadística, expresando que no influyeron directamente en el peso del racimo. En lo referente a las variables evaluadas del diámetro polar y ecuatorial de la baya, se determinaron que los niveles óptimos de nitrógeno que fue 126,42 kg/ha y 130,714 kg/ha respectivamente, con lo que se logro alcanzar 1,64 cm de diámetro polar y 1,59 cm de diámetro ecuatorial de la baya, cave resaltar que en el factor potasio no se encontraron significación estadística.

Los hongos de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae causan daños en la madera de la vid en regiones vitícolas de todo el mundo. Para caracterizar las distintas enfermedades de madera de la vid en planta adulta y para conocer el impacto de estos patógenos en Cataluña, se llevó a cabo un muestreo en viñedos afectados de diferentes denominaciones de origen catalanas. Los resultados confirmaron la existencia en Cataluña de las tres enfermedades de la vid más comunes en planta adulta (yesca, eutipiosis y BDA [black dead arm]), y evidenciaron asimismo la dificultad para diagnosticarlas, debido a la múltiple y frecuente concurrencia de éstas sobre una misma planta. Las especies fúngicas aisladas con mayor frecuencia fueron Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Eutypa lata y distintas especies de Botryosphaeriaceae. Dentro de esta familia se identificaron seis especies, siendo por orden de abundancia Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, Dothiorella viticola, Botryosphaeria dothidea, N. luteum y N. vitifusiforme. La controversia taxonómica que presenta la familia Botryosphaeriaceae, debido a las similitudes morfológicas entre taxones, se resolvió con el estudio combinado de la morfología de los conidios de los anamorfos y la información molecular de distintas regiones del ADN. Mediante la técnica de la PCR-cooperativa y el empleo posterior de una sonda de hibridación específica, se desarrolló una herramienta molecular de gran sensibilidad para la detección rápida y rutinaria de las especies de Botryosphaeriaceae. La sonda se diseñó sobre la región nuclear del ITS (espaciadores internos de transcripción) del ARNr, e identificó de forma específica a un grupo de siete especies de Botryosphaeriaceae (las seis aisladas de vides catalanas más Diplodia mutila). Profundizando en la caracterización de la familia, se estudió la capacidad de cinco especies (B. dothidea, Di. seriata, Do. viticola, N. luteum y N. parvum) para producir micotoxinas. Todos los aislados estudiados produjeron compuestos hidrofílicos fitotóxicos, aunque N. luteum y N. parvum destacaron por la fitotoxicidad que también mostraron sus compuestos lipofílicos. Esto corroboró los resultados de las pruebas de patogenicidad, en las que N. luteum y N. parvum mostraron una gran virulencia. Dothiorella viticola, N. vitifusiforme y Di. seriata mostraron una virulencia débil o nula, mientras que B. dothidea mostró un carácter patogénico intermedio. Sobre la susceptibilidad del hospedador a los distintos patógenos, se observó que el portainjerto Ru140 fue el menos susceptible y el 41B el más susceptible, mientras que las seis variedades de uva ensayadas (Cabernet-Sauvignon, Garnacha, Macabeo, Parellada, Tempranillo y Xarel·lo) no mostraron diferencias claras de susceptibilidad. Se constató que algunas especies vegetales que comparten su hábitat con la vid, como almendros, encinas, jaras, melocotoneros y nogales, son susceptibles a algunas especies de Botryosphaeriaceae, y que por tanto podrían actuar como hospedadores alternativos de los patógenos. De los factores abióticos que podrían afectar al desarrollo de las enfermedades se estudió el estrés hídrico. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que tanto el estrés hídrico como el patógeno N. parvum alteraron parámetros fisiológicos y de crecimiento de la vid, aunque no se observó un efecto combinado de ambos sobre la planta. Además, la longitud de las necrosis vasculares causadas por N. parvum no aumentó significativamente con el estrés hídrico, confirmando que N. parvum es un patógeno primario y no un patógeno de debilidad. / Species in the fungal family Botryosphaeriaceae are known for causing grapevine trunk diseases in grape-producer regions worldwide. Declining vineyards were surveyed in Catalonia (NE Spain) to characterize those diseases on adult plants and to identify their causing agents. Most comon grapevine trunk diseases (esca, Eutypa dieback and black dead arm disease) were confirmed to occur in Catalonia. However, concurrence of symptoms in the same plant, belonging to at least two different diseases, often difficults disease diagnosis. Most frequently isolated fungal pathogens were Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Eutypa lata and several species of Botryosphaeriaceae. Six botryosphaeriaceous species were identified, in decreasing abundance order: Diplodia seriata, Neofusicoccum parvum, Dothiorella viticola, Botryosphaeria dothidea, N. luteum and N. vitifusiforme. The controversy in the taxonomy of Botryosphaeriaceae due to confusing morphological similarities among the species was resolved by combining the study of conidial morphology and multigene nucleotide data. A sensitive tool for a rapid detection of Botryosphaeriaceae species was developed based on the co-operational PCR technique and the use of a hybridization probe. The probe was designed to target the ITS region (internal transcribed spacers) of the rRNA repeat. It identified specifically the above Botryosphaeriaceae species isolated from grapevine plus Diplodia mutila. Five botryosphaeriaceuos species were tested for mycotoxin production, namely B. dothidea, Di. seriata, Do. viticola, N. luteum and N. parvum. All species produced hydrofilic phytotoxic compounds, and N. luteum and N. parvum were also shown to produce low-weight lipophilic toxins. These results support the high virulence showed by N. luteum and N. parvum in the patogenicity test. Virulence of Dothiorella viticola, N. vitifusiforme and Di. seriata was weak to low, while B. dothidea showed an intermediate virulence. In terms of host susceptibility, rootstock 140Ru was the less susceptible to the botryosphaeriaceous fungi tested while 41B was the most susceptible one. However, no great differences in susceptibility were observed among the six grapevine varieties tested (Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, Macabeo, Parellada, Tempranillo and Xarel·lo). Some plant species from the surroundings of vineyards, namely almond, peach and walnut trees, holm oak and rockroses, were shown to be susceptible to some Botryosphaeriaceae species. It is hypothesized that these species could act as alternative hosts for those pathogens. Hydric stress in combination with N. parvum infection was studied as a potential factor that could affect disease development. Physiological and growth parameters of grapevine were modified by both hydric stress and N. parvum main effects, but no combined effects were detected. Vascular necroses were similar in both stressed and non-stressed grapevines, therefore N. parvum is not considered as a weakness pathogen.

La composició antociànica és un caràcter fenotípic fortament diferenciat i característic de cada varietat vinífera, de manera que pot utilitzar-se com a identificador varietal. En la present tesi s'han caracteritzat 8 varietats negres (Cabernet sauvignon, Carinyena, Garnatxa, Merlot, Monstrell, Pinot noir, Syrah i Ull de llebre) de Vitis vinifera a partir de la seva composició en antocians. Tanmateix, una sèrie de factors poden modificar aquesta composició. En condicions in vitro, en situacions en què s'inhibeix el creixement, com són la limitació de nutrients (estrès nitrogenat), o la limitació d'aport d'aigua (estrès hídric), s'aconsegueix generalment incrementar la síntesi cel.lular d'antocians, i fins i tot en pot variar la composició final, promovent la reacció d'acilació de l'antocià. En camp, efectes equivalents es manifesten segons l'anyada i la climatologia, i per pràctiques com la irrigació de les vinyes. Aquelles condicions que limiten el vigor de la planta condueixen normalment a majors acumulacions d'antocians, i a un major percentatge d'acilació dels mateixos. És, doncs, un fenomen anàleg a l'observat in vitro, tot i que en camp les variacions són molt menors, i sovint no són estadísticament significatives. De la mateixa manera que hi ha una composició antociànica varietal, també hem caracteritzat les varietats a partir de les proantocianidines dels pinyols. La composició tànica del raïm és força més complexa que la d'antocians. En antocians, només estan descrits 5 antocianidin-monoglucòsids i els corresponents derivats acilats. En canvi, entre les proantocianidines hi ha un gran espectre de molècules (dímers, trímers, tetràmers, polímers). En la present tesi, hem analitzat l'evolució dels dímers al llarg de la maduració en els pinyols, i establert un grau de polimerització mitjà que augmenta amb la maduració. Els antocians, per les seves propietats cromàtiques; i les proantocianidines, per la seva tanicitat, juguen un paper clau en la qualitat dels vins negres. Per això resulten clau els rendiments que se n'obtinguin en el procés de maceració. En la present tesi hem constatat com, per a diferents varietats, l'extracció d'antocians és diferent. L'extracció és depenent de l'estructura química de l'antocià. L' eficient extracció de la malvidina-3-glucòsid, fruit de ser el compost majoritari en la pell del raïm, unit a la seva relativament baixa reactivitat, implica que, en la majoria de vins elaborats amb Vitis vinifera, sigui l'antocià majoritari. Els mostos obtinguts en sistemes tradicionals de maceració es revelen com a empobrits en el contingut d'antocians p-cumarilats. Són importants pel color del vi els processos de copigmentació intramolecular, així com les reaccions d'estabilització del color per la formació de noves estructures. En la tesi s'han abordat aquestes temàtiques mitjançant solucions model. Alguns d'aquests processos els mitjança l'acetaldehid, que en proves amb vins joves ha mostrat una evolució del color cap a tonalitats teula similars a les dels vins envellits. L' acetaldehid pot també conduir a la formació de pigments de condensació entre antocians i catequines, en una reacció afavorida a pH àcid. Això condueix a una evolució en la composició fenòlica en el vi i a una conseqüent evolució del color. Per altra banda, s'ha vist com diverses molècules, entre les quals destaquen els àcids fenòlics i l'àcid làctic, promouen efectes hipercròmics i modulen la tonalitat dels vins.A l'hora d'investigar sobre els factors que influeixen en la composició fenòlica, les suspensions cel.lulars de Vitis conformen una eina útil de treball, ja que constitueixen un sistema aïllat i controlat, i de senzilla manipulació. Tanmateix, els resultats obtinguts poden divergir respecte la situació de la planta completa. Així, per exemple, els nivells d'expressió del gen de la fenilalanina amonio liasa, descrit com a clau en la síntesi de compostos fenòlics, són relativament baixos en el cas dels cultius. / Anthocyanic composition is a phenotypic characteristic that differs for each variety, which can be used to identify varieties. In this thesis 8 Vitis vinifera varieties (Cabernet sauvignon, Carinyena, Garnatxa, Merlot, Monastrell, Pinot noir, Syrah i Ull de llebre) have been characterized by their anthocyanic composition. But some other factors can modify this composition. In vitro, those conditions that constitute a limitation for cellular growth, like depletion of nutrients (nitrogen stress) or water stress, lead generally to an increase in the anthocyans synthesis. In these conditions, even the composition of individual anthocyanins can be changed, with the promotion of the anthocyanin acylation. In vivo, similar effects take place depending on the year, the climate, and the irrigation of vines. Those conditions limiting the plant vigor lead to higher accumulations of anthocyans, and also to a higher percentage of acylation. In this sense, it is a similar effect to that one described in vitro, although the variations are much lower and often there is no statistical difference.Varieties have also been characterized by using the proanthocyanidin composition of seeds. Tannic composition is more complex than the anthocyanic one, because while there are only 5 anthocyanidin-monoglucosides and their correspondent acylated derivatives, there is a great number of proanthocyanidins (dimers, trimers, tetramers, polymers). In this thesis, we have also studied the evolution during maturation of the dimers, and it has been proved that the mean degree of polymerization increases towards the end of maturation.Anthocyans (because of their chromatic properties) and proanthoyanidins (because of their tannicity) determine the quality of a red wine. For this reason, it is very important that satisfactory yields in these molecules are obtained during the maceration. In this thesis it has been observed that the extraction of anthocyans differs depending on the variety and on the anthocyan chemical structure. The efficient extraction of malvidine-3-glucoside, which is besides the main anthocyan in grape skin, implies that it is also normally the main anthocyanin in Vitis vinifera wines. On the contrary, musts obtained by traditional maceration have a lack of p-coumarylated anthocyans.Red wine color also depends on the copigmentation phenomena and on the stabilization of color by formation of new structures. These aspects have been undertaken in this thesis by using model solutions. Some of these processes are promoted by acetaldehyde. In tests with young wines, acetaldehyde has given an evolution of color to similar tonalities to those of old wines. Acetaldehyde can also promote the formation of condensation pigments between anthocyanins and catechins, in a reaction that is faster at acidic pH. That leads to an evolution in wine phenolic composition and, consequently, to a color evolution.Furthermore, it has been observed that some molecules (specially phenolic acids and lactic acid) promote hypercromic effects and have therefore an influence on red wine color.In this thesis several studies have been performed with Vitis cellular suspensions, because they are a useful tool to investigate the factors that have an influence on phenolic composition. Cell cultures are isolated and controlled systems, and their manipulation is easy. But sometimes the results can differ from those of the plant, because of their different complexity. For example, in our experiments it has been observed that the expression levels of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene, which codifies for the key enzyme in the phenolic biosynthesis pathway, are relatively low in cell cultures.

The genus Vitis (the grapevine) is a group of highly diverse, diploid woody perennial vines consisting of approximately 60 species from across the northern hemisphere. To gain insights into the use of wild Vitis species during the past century of interspecific grape breeding and to provide a foundation for marker- assisted breeding programmes, we present a principal components analysis based ancestry estimation method to calculate admixture proportions of hybrid grapes in the United States Department of Agriculture grape germplasm collection using genome-wide polymorphism data. We find that grape breeders have backcrossed to both the domesticated V. vinifera and wild Vitis species and that reasonably accurate genome-wide ancestry estimation can be performed on interspecific Vitis hybrids using a panel of fewer than 50 ancestry informative genetic markers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-158).

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / La presente investigación, de carácter exploratorio, tuvo como principal propósito contribuir al desarrollo de la industria vitivinícola chilena, a partir del análisis de atributos con potencial de mejoramiento genético en Vitis vinifera L. En base a esto, y a los objetivos específicos propuestos, el estudio se subdividió en cuatro niveles, siendo estos: vitivinicultor, enólogo, gerente comercial, y consumidor. En primer lugar, fue necesario identificar los principales problemas asociados al manejo productivo de la vid, y a aquellos presentados en los procesos de vinificación. Para esto, se levantó información por medio de encuestas dirigidas a vitivinicultores y enólogos, con un cuestionario especifico para cada nivel. El segundo objetivo consistió en evaluar la disposición de las viñas por invertir en un plan de mejoramiento genético, para lo cual, se construyó un cuestionario especialmente dirigido a gerentes comerciales. Para finalizar, se caracterizó a los consumidores de vino embotellado, respecto a variables descriptivas de consumo, sociodemográficas, y funcionales en relación al mejoramiento genético.