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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Natural honey as a cryoprotectant to improve viability of vitrified bovine oocytes

2012 January 1900 (has links)
The main objective of this study was to investigate if natural honey can be used as a cryoprotecting agent (CP) in vitrification medium to improve the viability of vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes. The first study was conducted to investigate the dehydration capability of natural honey compared with sucrose, and to determine the proper concentration of honey-based medium and the optimum time for sufficiently safe dehydration of bovine oocytes. Matured cumulus-oocyte complexs (COCs) were denuded and introduced individually into different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 M) of honey and sucrose-based medium followed by rehydration in control media (TCM). Video images were recorded during dehydration and rehydration, and oocyte images were captured at 12 time intervals to calculate oocyte-volume changes during dehydration and rehydration. Results demonstrated that, in honey-based media, the maximum oocyte shrinkage was achieved after 60 sec exposure in 0.25M, 0.5M and 1.0M concentrations; while at higher concentrations 1.5M and 2.0M, the maximum dehydration occurred at 30 and 20 seconds respectively. In sucrose-based medium, the maximum oocyte shrinkage was achieved after 60 sec exposure in 0.25 or 0.5M concentrations. However, at higher concentrations (1M, 1.5M or 2M), the maximum dehydration occurred at 30, 20 and 10 sec. For rehydration, oocytes dehydrated in honey or sucrose-based medium were able to regain their original volume within 60-120 sec. However, oocytes dehydrated in higher concentrations (2M honey, and 1.5M and 2M sucrose) were rehydrated back to their original volume within 20 sec. This study concluded that natural honey and sucrose caused similar cell dehydration. Only oocytes dehydrated in 1M honey-based media reached maximal dehydration after 60 sec and equally regained original volume. Therefore, 1M of honey-based medium is suggested for sufficient and safe oocyte dehydration during vitrification. The second study was conducted to determine in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryonic development of bovine oocytes vitrified in honey-based vitrifcation media. In Experiment 1, bovine COCs were randomly distributed in control group (non-vitrified; G1), 0.5M sucrose group (second control; G2), and 0.5M, 1M and 1.5M honey groups (G3, G4 and G5 respectively). The COCs were exposed to equilibration solution 1 (VS1) at ~ 22 oC for 5 min and to vitrification solution 2 (VS2) for 1 min, mounted on Cryotops and plunged into LN2. COCs were warmed in TCM and honey/sucrose medium at 38.5oC for 1 min, washed, matured in vitro (IVM), denuded, and immunostained to evaluate maturation. Maturation rate was significantly higher (80.7%) in control group (G1) than in vitrified groups (56, 52, 55 and 51% in G2, G3, G4 and G5, respectively) (P<.0001), whereas there was no significant difference among the vitrified groups (P>0.05). In Experiment 2, bovine COCs distributed in control (not vitrified, G1) and vitrified groups using 1M honey and 0.5M sucrose (G2 and G3 respectively), underwent for IVM, IVF and in vitro culture (IVC) for 9 days. Cleavage rate was significantly higher (P<.0001) in the control group (74%, G1, n=183) than rates of vitrified groups (51% in G2, n=137; and 42% in G3, n=131), whereas no differences among vitrified groups (P=0.0723). Rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher (34%) in G1 than in the vitrified groups (P<.0001); however, blastocyst formation rates in the honey group were significantly higher (P=0.0026) than in the sucrose group (13% and 3% respectively). Addition of natural honey (1.0M; or 21.7%w/v) in vitrification medium can safely and sufficiently dehydrate bovine oocytes during vitrification procedure. The vitrification of bovine oocytes in 1M honey improved their post-warming maturation abtility and embryonic development.
22

Efeitos da congelação lenta e vitrificação sobre a qualidade e viabilidade de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro

Prado, Fabrício Rasi de Almeida [UNESP] 29 April 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:24:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_fra_dr_jabo.pdf: 264327 bytes, checksum: dd7379d7711c643e9ed9087d9e75a42d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / objetivo deste estudo foi contribuir para o conhecimento da técnica de criopreservação de embriões in vitro. Oócitos (n=965) foram maturados durante 24h em TCM-199 suplementado com 0,2mM de piruvato, 25 mM de bicarbonato de sódio e 75 mg/ml de gentamicina. Os zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOFm suplementado com 0,5% BSA e FCS 2,5%. Culturas foram realizadas a 38,5°C em 5% de CO2 no ar umidificado, em 100 μl de meio de gotículas recuperado com óleo mineral. No sétimo dia da cultura, os embriões (n = 387) foram marcados e apenas blastocistos excelente a boa qualidade foram criopreservados (10 embriões / palheta 0,25 ml). Os seguintes grupos experimentais foram concebidos, nomeado de acordo com a solução de crioprotetor utilizado: glicerol 1,0 M de etileno glicol em PBS (G); glicerol 1,0 M + 0,3 M de sacarose em PBS (GS); etilenoglicol 1.5 M em PBS (E) e 1,5 M + 0,3 M de sacarose em PBS (ES). Após o descongelamento, os embriões foram re-cultivadas em 100 ml de meio de gotas SOFm a 38,5 º C e 5% de CO2 no ar por 72 h. Os dados demonstraram que a qualidade do embrião, avaliada pelo escore de embriões e número de células embrionárias, parece ser melhor no grupo E e ES. No processo de vitrificação, 300 embriões de excelente qualidade morfológica, Bi e Bl foram vitrificados, e foram sincronizadas 500 receptoras de embriões, divididas em 3 grupos de 150 animais cada grupo. O diagnóstico de gestação nas receptoras após a inovulação dos embriões foram realizados após 42 dias. A taxa de concepção variou entre os grupos, sendo que no grupo I obteve 6 gestações (18,75%) de receptoras que receberam embriões da raça Nelore, 9 gestações (26,47%) de receptoras que receberam embriões da raça Brangus e 12 gestações (35,3%) de receptoras que receberam embriões da raça Brahman... / The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the technique of cryopreservation of embryos in vitro. Oocytes (n = 965) were matured for 24h in TCM- 199 supplemented with 0.2 mM pyruvate, 25 mM sodium bicarbonate and 75 mg / ml of gentamicin. Zygotes were cultured in medium supplemented with 0.5% SOFm BSA and 2.5% FCS. Cultures were performed at 38.5 ° C in 5% CO2 in humidified air in 100 l of medium droplets recovered with mineral oil. On the seventh day of culture, the embryos (n = 387) were scored and only good quality excellent blastocysts were cryopreserved (10 embryos / straw 0.25 ml). The following experimental groups were designed, named according to the cryoprotectant solution used: glycerol 1.0 M ethylene glycol in PBS (G) 1.0 M glycerol + 0.3 M sucrose in PBS (GS), ethylene glycol 1.5 M PBS (E) and 1.5 M + 0.3 M sucrose in PBS (ES). After thawing, the embryos were re-grown in 100 ml of medium SOFm drops to 38.5 º C and 5% CO2 in air for 72 h. The data demonstrated that embryo quality was evaluated by scoring the number of embryos and embryonic cells, seems to be better in group E and ES. In the process of vitrification, 300 embryos of excellent morphology, Bi and Bl, were vitrified, and 500 were synchronized embryo recipients were divided into 3 groups of 150 animals each group. Pregnancies after embryo transfer in recipient embryos were performed after 42 days. The conception rate varied between the groups, whereas in group I had six pregnancies (18.75%) of recipients that received embryos Nellore, 9 pregnancies (26.47%) of recipients that received embryos of Brangus and 12 pregnancies (35.3%) of recipients that received embryos from Brahman ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
23

Incorporacao de residuo galvanico em vidro silicato obtido a partir de finos de silica

SILVA, ANTONIO C. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09674.pdf: 5668874 bytes, checksum: 2354e277c07618372ccf5f8088dde3b7 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
24

Incorporacao de residuo galvanico em vidro silicato obtido a partir de finos de silica

SILVA, ANTONIO C. da 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09674.pdf: 5668874 bytes, checksum: 2354e277c07618372ccf5f8088dde3b7 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
25

Developmental plasticity and transgenerational reprogramming following vitrified embryo transfer in Oryctolagus cuniculus

García Domínguez, Ximo 22 July 2021 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las tecnologías de reproducción asistida suponen un cambio drástico en el entorno natural del embrión, al no conseguir imitar las condiciones maternales óptimas, por lo que su aplicación implica consecuencias para el desarrollo del organismo. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue estudiar los efectos a largo plazo y transgeneracionales del estrés provocado durante un procedimiento de transferencia de embriones vitrificados, utilizando el conejo como modelo animal. En el Capítulo I, demostramos que la transferencia de mórulas tempranas o compactas resulta en tasas de supervivencia al parto > 70% en fresco y > 55% tras la vitrificación. La facilidad con la que se pueden realizar estos procedimientos, el elevado número de descendientes que podemos obtener y el corto ciclo de vida del conejo, fomentaron y facilitaron los siguientes estudios. En el Capítulo II, se compararon las diferencias en el desarrollo a corto y largo plazo entre los animales nacidos de embriones transferidos en fresco (FT) o tras su vitrificación (VT), utilizando una población concebida de forma natural (NC) como referencia. Tanto las tasas de supervivencia prenatal, como el rendimiento del crecimiento postnatal, se redujeron significativamente a medida que aumentó la manipulación embrionaria (NC<FT<VT). Además, comparamos el efecto de dos dispositivos de vitrificación, observando que, aunque el cryotop ejerció un efecto positivo sobre la supervivencia fetal, implicó mayores desviaciones fenotípicas (rendimiento de crecimiento y lactancia) postnatalmente que el dispositivo de la ministraw. Sin embargo, todas las progenies fueron sanas y fértiles. Por lo tanto, estos resultados demostraron la gran plasticidad del embrión de mamífero. El objetivo del Capítulo III fue evaluar los efectos del procedimiento de transferencia de embriones vitrificados (VET) en el desarrollo, comparando animales VT y NC. Así, detectamos que los animales VT presentaron alteraciones del peso al nacer y del patrón de crecimiento, viéndose los machos más afectados que las hembras. En la edad adulta, los machos VT presentaron un menor peso corporal, del hígado y del corazón. Un análisis proteómico hepático mostró cambios en relación con la fosforilación oxidativa y el metabolismo de los lípidos y el zinc. Mediante un análisis de sangre, se comprobó que el estado de salud entre los animales VT y NC fue comparable. En el Capítulo IV, se constituyó un modelo de tres generaciones (F1, F2 y F3) para evaluar los efectos transgeneracionales del VET. Los resultados mostraron que los efectos directos (F1) del VET fueron intergeneracionales (F2) y transgeneracionales (F3), ya que las progenies VT mostraron alteraciones en el crecimiento, peso corporal adulto y peso hepático. Un estudio molecular (transcriptómico y metabolómico) del tejido hepático reveló alteraciones en el metabolismo del zinc y los ácidos grasos insaturados a través de las generaciones, correlacionado con el fenotipo VT. No obstante, la fertilidad fue similar entre los machos VT y NC en cada generación, denotando un buen estado de salud. Finalmente, en el Capítulo V, mediante un enfoque comparativo multi-ómico (metabolómico, proteómico y epigenómico) del tejido hepático entre animales F3-VT y F3-NC, se demostró una alteración global de la fisiología molecular en los animales VT, relacionada principalmente con el metabolismo de los lípidos (ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, esteroides, hormonas esteroides...). Además, se detectaron amplios cambios en el epigenoma hepático, demostrando la herencia transgeneracional de los cambios moleculares inducidos por el VET en los embriones de la F1. El estado de salud fue similar entre los animales VT y NC. A lo largo de esta tesis se ha demostrado, por primera vez, que el VET induce una reprogramación embrionaria del desarrollo que persiste hasta la edad adulta y en las generaciones posteriores. Se cree que los mecanismos epigenéticos median esta plasticidad del desarrollo y su herencia transgeneracional, un hecho también avalado por nuestros resultados. Por lo tanto, los diferentes campos que actualmente se nutren de la criopreservación y transferencia de embriones, como la medicina y la producción animal, deberían evaluar cómo estos procedimientos pueden afectar a la eficiencia o la consecución de sus objetivos. / [EN] Assisted reproductive technologies involve the furthest change from the natural environment by failing to mimic optimal maternal conditions, and thereby entail consequences for late development. The general aim of this thesis was to study the long-term and transgenerational effects of the in vitro stressors occurring during a vitrified embryo transfer procedure on the rabbit model. In Chapter I, we prove that transferring early or compact morula leads to rates of survival at birth >70% in fresh and >55% after vitrification. The ease of performing both embryo cryopreservation and embryo transfer procedures, the high numbers of descendants that we are able to obtain and the short life cycle of the rabbit encouraged and facilitated the following studies. Chapter II was designed to compare the short and long-term developmental differences between animals born from fresh-transferred (FT) and vitrified-transferred (VT) embryos, using a naturally conceived (NC) population as control reference. Both prenatal survival rates and growth performance were significantly reduced as embryo manipulation was increased (NC<FT<VT). In addition, we compare the effect of two vitrification devices, noting that although cryotop exerted a positive effect on foetal survival, incurred higher phenotypic (growth and lactation performances) deviations postnatally than the straw device. Then, the choice of vitrification device is not trivial. However, all progenies were healthy and fertile. Therefore, these results demonstrated the high developmental plasticity of the mammalian embryo under different in vitro stressors. The aim of Chapter III was to evaluate the effects of the entire vitrified embryo transfer procedure (VET) on development, detecting that VT animals have modifications of the birth weight and growth pattern, but males were more affected than females. At adulthood, VT males were smaller and showed a significantly lower liver and heart weight than NC males. A comparative proteomic analysis showed changes in relation to oxidative phosphorylation and dysregulations in the zinc and lipid metabolism. However, a blood analysis (haematological and biochemical) revealed that health status was comparable between VT and NC animals. In Chapter IV, a three generation (F1, F2 and F3) model was constituted in order to assess the transgenerational effects of the VET. The results showed that direct (F1) effects of the VET were also intergenerational (F2) and transgenerational (F3), as VT progenies exhibited alterations in the growth velocity, adult body weight and liver weight in each generation. A comparative molecular (transcriptomic and metabolomics) study in the liver tissue unveiled alterations in the zinc and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism across the generations, which can be correlated with the VT phenotype. Nonetheless, similarities in the fertility between VT males and their NC counterparts in each generation denote that VET did not seem to impair the health status in the VT animals. Finally, in Chapter V, a comparative multi-omic (metabolomic, proteomic and epigenomic) approach was performed in the liver tissue between F3-VT and F3-NC animals. Both metabolomic and proteomic analyses showed global alteration in the hepatic metabolism of VT animals, mainly related to lipid metabolism (e.g. polyunsaturated fatty acids, steroids, steroid hormones¿). In addition, broad methylation changes were detected in the hepatic epigenome, involving genes related with lipid metabolism and apoptosis. These data demonstrated the transgenerational inheritance of the changes induced by VET in ancestors' embryos. The healthy status was similar between VT and NC animals. Through this thesis, it has been demonstrated for the first time that VET induces a developmental reprogramming that persists until adulthood and in subsequent generations, incurring long-term consequences for the phenotype and the molecular physiology of the resultant offspring. / [CA] Les tecnologies de reproducció assistida suposen un canvi dràstic en l'entorn natural de l'embrió, al no aconseguir imitar les condicions maternals òptimes, per la qual cosa la seua aplicació implica conseqüències per al desenvolupament de l'organisme. L'objectiu general d'esta tesi va ser estudiar els efectes a llarg termini i transgeneracionals de l'estrés provocat durant un procediment de transferència d'embrions vitrificats, utilitzant el conill com a model animal. En el Capítol I, demostrem que la transferència de mórules primerenques o compactes resulta en taxes de supervivència al part > 70% en fresc i > 55% després de la vitrificació. La facilitat amb què es poden realitzar aquests procediments, l'elevat nombre de descendents que podem obtindre i el curt cicle de vida del conill, van fomentar i van facilitar els següents estudis. En el Capítol II, es van comparar les diferències en el desenvolupament a curt i llarg termini entre els animals nascuts d'embrions transferits en fresc (FT) o després de la seua vitrificació (VT), utilitzant una població concebuda de forma natural (NC) com a referència. Tant les taxes de supervivència prenatal, com el rendiment del creixement postnatal, es van reduir significativament a mesura que va augmentar la manipulació embrionària (NC<FT<VT). A més, es va comparar l'efecte de dos dispositius de vitrificació, observant que, encara que el cryotop va exercir un efecte positiu sobre la supervivència fetal, va implicar majors desviacions fenotípiques (rendiment de creixement i lactància) postnatalment que el dispositiu de la ministraw. No obstant això, totes les progènies van ser sanes i fèrtils. Per tant, estos resultats van demostrar la gran plasticitat de l'embrió de mamífer. L'objectiu del Capítol III va ser avaluar els efectes del procediment de transferència d'embrions vitrificats (VET) en el desenvolupament, comparant animals VT i NC. Així, vam detectar que els animals VT van presentar alteracions del pes al nàixer i del patró de creixement, veient-se els mascles més afectats que les femelles. En l'edat adulta, els mascles VT van presentar un menor pes corporal, del fetge i del cor. Un anàlisi proteòmic hepàtic va mostrar canvis en relació amb la fosforilació oxidativa i el metabolisme dels lípids i el zinc. Per mitjà d'un anàlisi de sang, es va comprovar que l'estat de salut entre els animals VT i NC era comparable. En el Capítol IV, es va constituir un model de tres generacions (F1, F2 i F3) per a avaluar els efectes transgeneracionals del VET. Els resultats van mostrar que els efectes directes (F1) del VET van ser intergeneracionals (F2) i transgeneracionals (F3), ja que les progènies VT van mostrar alteracions en el creixement, pes corporal adult i pes hepàtic. Un estudi molecular (transcriptòmic i metabolòmic) del teixit hepàtic va revelar alteracions en el metabolisme del zinc i els àcids grassos insaturats a través de les generacions, correlacionat amb el fenotip VT. No obstant això, la fertilitat va ser semblant entre els mascles VT i NC en cada generació, denotant un bon estat de salut. Finalment, en el Capítol V, per mitjà d'un enfocament comparatiu multi-òmic (metabolòmic, proteòmic i epigenòmic) del teixit hepàtic entre animals F3-VT i F3-NC, es va demostrar una alteració global de la fisiologia molecular en els animals VT, relacionada principalment amb el metabolisme dels lípids (àcids grassos poliinsaturats, esteroides, hormones esteroides...) . A més, es van detectar amplis canvis en l'epigenoma, demostrant l'herència transgeneracional dels canvis moleculars induïts pel VET en els embrions de la F1. L'estat de salut va ser semblant entre els animals VT i NC. Al llarg d'esta tesi s'ha demostrat, per primera vegada, que el VET indueix una reprogramació embrionària del desenvolupament que persisteix fins a l'edat adulta i en les generacions posteriors. [CA] Les tecnologies de reproducció assistida suposen un canvi dràstic en l'entorn natural de l'embrió, al no aconseguir imitar les condicions maternals òptimes, per la qual cosa la seua aplicació implica conseqüències per al desenvolupament de l'organisme. L'objectiu general d'esta tesi va ser estudiar els efectes a llarg termini i transgeneracionals de l'estrés provocat durant un procediment de transferència d'embrions vitrificats, utilitzant el conill com a model animal. En el Capítol I, demostrem que la transferència de mórules primerenques o compactes resulta en taxes de supervivència al part > 70% en fresc i > 55% després de la vitrificació. La facilitat amb què es poden realitzar aquests procediments, l'elevat nombre de descendents que podem obtindre i el curt cicle de vida del conill, van fomentar i van facilitar els següents estudis. En el Capítol II, es van comparar les diferències en el desenvolupament a curt i llarg termini entre els animals nascuts d'embrions transferits en fresc (FT) o després de la seua vitrificació (VT), utilitzant una població concebuda de forma natural (NC) com a referència. Tant les taxes de supervivència prenatal, com el rendiment del creixement postnatal, es van reduir significativament a mesura que va augmentar la manipulació embrionària (NC<FT<VT). A més, es va comparar l'efecte de dos dispositius de vitrificació, observant que, encara que el cryotop va exercir un efecte positiu sobre la supervivència fetal, va implicar majors desviacions fenotípiques (rendiment de creixement i lactància) postnatalment que el dispositiu de la ministraw. No obstant això, totes les progènies van ser sanes i fèrtils. Per tant, estos resultats van demostrar la gran plasticitat de l'embrió de mamífer. L'objectiu del Capítol III va ser avaluar els efectes del procediment de transferència d'embrions vitrificats (VET) en el desenvolupament, comparant animals VT i NC. Així, vam detectar que els animals VT van presentar alteracions del pes al nàixer i del patró de creixement, veient-se els mascles més afectats que les femelles. En l'edat adulta, els mascles VT van presentar un menor pes corporal, del fetge i del cor. Un anàlisi proteòmic hepàtic va mostrar canvis en relació amb la fosforilació oxidativa i el metabolisme dels lípids i el zinc. Per mitjà d'un anàlisi de sang, es va comprovar que l'estat de salut entre els animals VT i NC era comparable. En el Capítol IV, es va constituir un model de tres generacions (F1, F2 i F3) per a avaluar els efectes transgeneracionals del VET. Els resultats van mostrar que els efectes directes (F1) del VET van ser intergeneracionals (F2) i transgeneracionals (F3), ja que les progènies VT van mostrar alteracions en el creixement, pes corporal adult i pes hepàtic. Un estudi molecular (transcriptòmic i metabolòmic) del teixit hepàtic va revelar alteracions en el metabolisme del zinc i els àcids grassos insaturats a través de les generacions, correlacionat amb el fenotip VT. No obstant això, la fertilitat va ser semblant entre els mascles VT i NC en cada generació, denotant un bon estat de salut. Finalment, en el Capítol V, per mitjà d'un enfocament comparatiu multi-òmic (metabolòmic, proteòmic i epigenòmic) del teixit hepàtic entre animals F3-VT i F3-NC, es va demostrar una alteració global de la fisiologia molecular en els animals VT, relacionada principalment amb el metabolisme dels lípids (àcids grassos poliinsaturats, esteroides, hormones esteroides...) . A més, es van detectar amplis canvis en l'epigenoma, demostrant l'herència transgeneracional dels canvis moleculars induïts pel VET en els embrions de la F1. L'estat de salut va ser semblant entre els animals VT i NC. Al llarg d'esta tesi s'ha demostrat, per primera vegada, que el VET indueix una reprogramació embrionària del desenvolupament que persisteix fins a l'edat adulta i en les generacions posteriors. Es creu que els mecanismes epigenètics medien aquesta plasticitat del desenvolupament i la seua herència transgeneracional, un fet també avalat pels nostres resultats. Per tant, els diferents camps que actualment es nodreixen de la criopreservació i transferència d'embrions, com la medicina i la producció animal, haurien d'avaluar com aquests procediments poden afectar l'eficiència o la consecució dels seus objectius. / García Domínguez, X. (2020). Developmental plasticity and transgenerational reprogramming following vitrified embryo transfer in Oryctolagus cuniculus [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149562 / Compendio
26

Molecular mechanism of the synergistic effects of vitrification solutions on the stability of phospholipid bilayers

Hughes, Zak, Mancera, R.L. 13 March 2019 (has links)
No / The vitrification solutions used in the cryopreservation of biological samples aim to minimize the deleterious formation of ice by dehydrating cells and promoting the formation of the glassy state of water. They contain a mixture of different cryoprotective agents (CPAs) in water, typically polyhydroxylated alcohols and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which can damage cell membranes. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the behavior of pure DPPC, pure DOPC, and mixed DOPC-β-sitosterol bilayers solvated in a vitrification solution containing glycerol, ethylene glycol, and DMSO at concentrations that approximate the widely used plant vitrification solution 2. As in the case of solutions containing a single CPA, the vitrification solution causes the bilayer to thin and become disordered, and pores form in the case of some bilayers. Importantly, the degree of thinning is, however, substantially reduced compared to solutions of DMSO containing the same total CPA concentration. The reduction in the damage done to the bilayers is a result of the ability of the polyhydroxylated species (especially glycerol) to form hydrogen bonds to the lipid and sterol molecules of the bilayer. A decrease in the amount of DMSO in the vitrification solution with a corresponding increase in the amount of glycerol or ethylene glycol diminishes further its damaging effect due to increased hydrogen bonding of the polyol species to the bilayer headgroups. These findings rationalize, to our knowledge for the first time, the synergistic effects of combining different CPAs, and form the basis for the optimization of vitrification solutions. / Australian Research Council linkage grant No. LP0884027; Alcoa Australia Ltd.; BHP Billiton Worsley Alumina Pty. Ltd.
27

Comparison of vitrification protocols in immature equine oocytes

Herrera-Hidalgo, Karla Elena 12 1900 (has links)
La cryoconservation d'ovocytes est une méthode qui faciliterait la conservation du potentiel génétique chez la femelle et permettrait plus de flexibilité dans l'application des techniques de reproduction assistée chez les animaux domestiques et les espèces en voie de disparition. Chez le cheval, le taux de réussite de cette technique est faible comparée à celui obtenu chez d’autres espèces animales. Par conséquent, plus d’études seront nécessaires pour élucider les mécanismes spécifiques responsables du faible taux de succès après la cryopréservation. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer l'effet de la vitrification d'ovocytes équins immatures sur leur taux de maturation, de clivage et le développement de blastocystes en utilisant un protocole de vitrification en trois étapes avec de l’ethylène glycol (EG) et du diméthylsulfoxyde (DMSO), ainsi que comparer l'effet des milieux hors congélation. Le protocole de vitrification utilisé dans la présente étude a été conçu en fonction des résultats obtenus au cours d’études préliminaires. Des ovocytes provenant de follicules immatures de juments ont été conservés pendant une nuit (14-18 heures) à température ambiante (~22⁰C) dans un milieu de maintien. Le lendemain, les ovocytes ont été dénudés et placés dans une solution de base (BS) composée de 20% de sérum de veau foetal (FBS) + M199/Hanks’ salts. Les ovocytes ont ensuite été répartis au hasard dans différents groupes : contrôle, vitrification et exposés aux agents cryoprotecteurs (CPA)-. Les ovocytes du groupe contrôle ont été immédiatement mis en maturation in vitro (IVM). Trois ovocytes ont été exposés à un protocole de vitrification en trois étapes décomposées en (1) solution de pré-vitrification (PVS) 1 (5% EG / 5 DMSO) 40s. (2) PVS 2 (10% EG / 10% DMSO) 40s et enfin, (3) solution de vitrification (VIT) (17,5% EG / 17,5% DMSO / 3 M saccharose) 10s. Le groupe vitrification est plongé dans l'azote liquide alors que les groupes CPA-exposés ont été exposés aux cryoprotecteurs mais n’ont pas été congelés. Les ovocytes ont ensuite été transférés sur un maillage en acier inoxydable stérile puis réchauffés à 42 ° C dans un BS pendant 5 min. Les ovocytes ont ensuite été soumis à l’IVM, fécondés par injection intracytoplasmique d’un spermatozoïde puis mis en culture dans le but de produire des embryons. Les différences en termes de maturation, de clivage et de taux de blastocystes entre les groupes ont été analysées par le test exact de Fisher. Le taux de maturation des deux groupes vitrification et CPA-exposés ne différait pas significativement avec le groupe contrôle. Aucun blastocyste n'a cependant été obtenu des groupes vitrification et CPA-exposés. Ces résultats ont montré que les ovocytes équins immatures peuvent maintenir une viabilité et une compétence méiotique après vitrification similaires à celles du groupe contrôle; de plus, l'exposition aux cryoprotecteurs n'a pas abouti à la formation de blastocystes en comparaison avec le groupe contrôle. Une étude plus approfondie sur la physiologie des ovocytes équins est nécessaire afin de pouvoir optimiser la production d’embryons. / Oocyte cryopreservation would facilitate the conservation of female genetic material and allow more flexibility in the application of assisted reproductive techniques in domestic animals and endangered species. The overall success rate of this technique in the horse is low compared with other species. Therefore, further research is required to elucidate the species-specific mechanisms responsible for poor survivability following vitrification. This study aimed to evaluate the effect on maturation rate, cleavage and blastocyst development of vitrified immature equine oocytes, using a three-step vitrification protocol with ethylene glycol (EG) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and comparing the effect of media without freezing. The vitrification protocol was designed based on the results of preliminary experiments. Oocytes were recovered from immature follicles of live mares. Oocytes were held overnight at room temperature (14-24 hrs) in a holding medium. Oocytes were then denuded and placed in a base solution (BS) composed of 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) + M199/Hanks’ salts. Oocytes were randomly allotted to control, vitrification, and cryoprotectant agents (CPAs)-exposed groups. Control oocytes were cultured directly for in-vitro maturation (IVM). Three oocytes were exposed to a three-step vitrification protocol composed of a pre-vitrification solution (PVS) 1 (5% EG/ 5% DMSO); PVS 2 (10% EG/ 10% DMSO) during 40s each; and finally vitrification solution (VS) (17.5% EG/ 17.5% DMSO/ 3 M sucrose), during 10s. All media were diluted in M199/Hanks’ salts + 20% FBS. Oocytes were then transferred to a 75-μm sterile stainless steel mesh. The oocytes were warmed at 42 °C in the BS for 5 minutes. Oocytes from the vitrified group were plunged into liquid nitrogen, while oocytes from CPA-exposed groups were only exposed to cryoprotectants. Oocytes were then subjected to IVM, fertilization and embryo culture. Fisher's Exact Test analyzed differences in maturation, cleavage and blastocyst rates between groups. The maturation rate of vitrified and CPA-exposed groups did not differ significantly from control oocytes. However, no blastocysts were obtained from CPA-exposed and vitrified groups. Vitrification and control groups showed that immature equine oocytes could maintain viability and meiotic competence; moreover, cryoprotectant exposure did not show any blastocyst formation as compared to control. Further investigation is necessary to understand the overall physiology of equine oocytes in order to optimize the developmental capacity of embryos.
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Risque génotoxique et ovocytes. : Etude sur modèle souris de la génotoxicité des cryoprotecteurs et des protocoles de vitrification ovocytaire / Genotoxic risk and oocytes : mouse oocytes Genotoxicity assessment of cryoprotectant and oocyte vitrification protocols.

Ricou-Berthelot, Anaïs 16 September 2014 (has links)
La toxicologie génétique est une discipline qui vise à détecter des facteurs chimiques ou physiques interagissant avec l'ADN des cellules et qui, en l'absence de réparation fidèle, sont susceptibles de provoquer des mutations géniques et/ou chromosomiques. Le test des comètes est un test court de génotoxicité simple, reproductible et rapide pour étudier la survenue de lésions primaires de l'ADN. Il s'agit d'une technique micro-électrophorétique très sensible permettant la mise en évidence des lésions de l'ADN de cellules eucaryotes individuelles exposées à des agents génotoxiques. En présence de cassures de l'ADN, les fragments d'ADN ainsi formés migrent plus rapidement que l'ADN intact lors de l'électrophorèse, donnant aux noyaux cellulaires l'aspect de comètes. La cryoconservation des ovocytes matures par vitrification a de nombreuses applications: alternative à la congélation d'embryons en FIV, préservation de la fertilité avant traitement gonadotoxique, développement du don d'ovocyte. La vitrification consiste à transformer un liquide en un état vitreux et utilise des agents cryoprotecteurs (CP) à haute concentration. Plusieurs centaines de naissances d'enfants en bonne santé ont été décrites . Néanmoins peu d'études ce sont intéressées aux effets à long terme de cette technique en particulier au plan génétique. L'objectif de ce travail a été dans un premier temps de développer et de valider une technique de test des comètes sur ovocyte de souris, puis d'utiliser ce test pour évaluer la génotoxicité du PrOH sur les ovocytes de souris qu'il soit employé seul ou inclus dans les solutions de vitrifications commercialisées pour la cryoconservation d'ovocytes humains. / Genetic toxicology is a discipline that aims to detect chemical or physical factors interact with the DNA of somatic and / or germ cells and in the absence of accurate repair, are likely to cause gene and / or chromosomal mutations. The comet assay is a simple, reproductive and rapid test to study primary DNA damage. This microelectrophoretic technique, is used to visualize denatured DNA fragments migrating out of the cell nucleus during electrophoresis. The image obtained is a ''comet'' with a distinct head consisting of intact DNA and a tail containing relaxed DNA loops or broken pieces of DNA. Oocyte vitrification techniques is booming in the world, with the key to many applications: alternative to IVF embryo freezing, fertility preservation before gonadotoxic treatment, development of oocyte donation. Oocyte Vitrification traps all the aqueous solutions in a vitreous solid phase, preventing any ice crystal formation, because of very high cooling rates and high cryoprotectants concentrations. vitrification-cryopreservation has led to several hundred live births with reassuring obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. However, little is known about the possible long-term consequences on human live births after oocyte vitrification. The objective of this work was initially to develop and validate a technique comet assay on mouse oocyte, then to evaluate on mature oocytes the genotoxic effects of PrOH solution and finally the genotoxic effects of three oocyte vitrification protocols used in human ART the genotoxic of three oocyte vitrification protocols used in human.
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Photothermal studies on cryoprotectant media / Études photothermiques de milieux cryoprotecteurs

Mathew, Allen 11 July 2018 (has links)
La mise en place, l'étalonnage et l'utilisation d'un nouveau banc expérimental basses températures basé sur une technique photothermique appelée photo pyroélectricité (PPE) sont décrits dans ce manuscrit. Les échantillons que nous avons étudiés en utilisant ce nouvel instrument sont le glycérol, le 1,2 propanediol et leurs mélanges binaires avec l'eau. Ce sont des cryoprotecteurs bien connus (CPAs) utilisés dans la cryoconservation, qui est une technique de préservation des cellules et tissus vivants en les refroidissant à des très basses températures. Le but ultime de la cryoconservation est d'éviter ou de maîtriser la formation de glace et d'atteindre un état vitreux ou amorphe. La vitesse de refroidissement, de chauffage et la concentration des CPAs utilisés sont les paramètres clés qui déterminent la formation de la glace. Par conséquent, l'étude des propriétés thermiques, en particulier près de la transition vitreuse (Tg) des solutions binaires des CPAs avec de l'eau est très importante pour comprendre leur comportement lors du refroidissement. La PPE a été utilisée pour étudier l'effusivité et le temps de relaxation ∝ caractéristique de la transition vitreuse. Le Tg et la fragilité (m) ont été déterminés à partir des données de la PPE en utilisant le modèle d'Havriliak Negami. L'état vitreux présente une très grande viscosité, de l'ordre de 10¹² Pa.s au voisinage du Tg. Le Tg et m peuvent être calculés à partir de l'évolution de la viscosité en fonction de la température ou par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC). Ainsi, des études à l'aide de ces deux techniques ont été menées et les résultats ont été comparés avec les données de la PPE. / The construction, calibration and application of a new low temperature instrument based on a photothermal technique called photo pyroelectricity (PPE) is described in this manuscript. The samples we studied using the new PPE instrument were glycerol, 1,2 propanediol and their binary mixtures with water. These liquids are well known cryoprotectants (CPAs) used in cryopreservation, which is a technique to preserve the living cells and tissues from biological degradation by cooling to sub zero temperatures. The ultimate goal in cryopreservation is to avoid or control the ice formation and attain a glassy or amorphous state.The rate of cooling and heating and the concentration of the CPAs used are the key parameters that determine the ice formation. Therefore, studying the temperature dependent thermal properties especially near their glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binary solutions of CPAs with water at different concentrations are highly important to understand their behavior while cooling. The PPE technique was used to study the effusity and the ∝ relaxation time near the glass transition phenomenon. The Tg and fragility (m) were determined from the PPE data using the Havriliak Negami model. The glassy state has a characteristic property of very high viscosity, of the order of 10¹² Pa.s at Tg. The Tg and m can be calculated from the temperature evolution of viscosity or from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Therefore, viscosity and DSC studies were conducted on the samples and were compared with PPE data.
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Elaboration et caractérisation d'une mousse syntactique à base de résine phénolique pour la protection de conduites en acier dans l'industrie pétrolière

Bouslah, Mounia 15 April 2016 (has links)
Le projet de la thèse a consisté au développement et à l’évaluation des performances d’une mousse syntactique phénolique pour la réalisation d’un système sandwich multicouche (cœur/peau en matériau composite). Il permet d’assurer la protection thermique, mécanique et au feu en particulier contre l’impact d’un feu torche. Un feu torche peut survenir sur un site pétrochimique suite à l’inflammation d’une fuite de fluides inflammables sous pression pouvant être très dévastateur par son effet abrasif et le flux convectif et radiatif intense. Le travail s’est essentiellement axé sur l’étude de l’efficacité de la mousse syntactique phénolique à partir d’une analyse de la relation microstructure-propriété. Les exigences de mise en œuvre ont imposé une maîtrise de la formulation par une bonne compréhension de la réactivité de la résine, notamment par rapport aux différentes transformations physiques (gélification, vitrification) qui ont lieu pendant le processus de réticulation. Il s’agit alors d’optimiser le dosage des différents composés actifs et additifs vis-à-vis des contraintes de mise en œuvre afin de parvenir à des propriétés optimales du matériau final. L’efficacité de ce dernier dans les conditions normales d’utilisation a été déterminée par une phase d’expérimentation complète sur ses propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et thermomécaniques. Des tests au feu ont permis d’étudier son comportement au feu afin de vérifier ses propriétés protectrices sous l’impact d’une flamme issue d’un feu torche. Enfin, un essai instrumenté capable de reproduire en condition réelle une fuite de gaz de propane à haute pression a été mis au point pour évaluer la performance au feu torche d’un prototype industriel complet. En parallèle, un modèle numérique simplifié a été proposé afin de simuler l’impact d’un tel feu. / This work consisted in the development and the evaluation of a phenolic syntactic foam performance for the production of a multilayer sandwich system (core/skin in composite material). It ensures thermal, mechanical and fire protection, in particular against the impact of a jet fire. A jet fire can occur on a petrochemical site resulting from the combustion of a fuel continuously released under pressure. It can be very devastating for its abrasive effect and intense convective and radiative flux. The work focuses mainly on the study of the effectiveness of the phenolic syntactic foam through the analysis of the relationship microstructure-propriety. The manufacturing process requirements imposed to control the elaboration via a good understanding of the reactivity of the resin, especially in relation to various physical transformations (gelation, vitrification) that take place during the curing mechanisms. That involves optimizing the proportions of the various active compounds and additives depending on the working conditions in order to achieve optimal properties of the final material. The effectiveness of this final material under normal conditions of use was determined by a complete testing phase on its mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. Fire tests were also conducted to investigate the material burning behavior to ensure its protective properties under a jet flame impact. Finally, a large-scale instrumented test, reproducing in real conditions a propane gas leak at high pressure, was developed to evaluate the resistance to a jet fire of a complete industrial prototype. In parallel, a simplified numerical model was also proposed to simulate the impact of such a fire.

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