Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-19T15:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4833847 bytes, checksum: c5b249254b5217e6dc5089861dca6aaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4833847 bytes, checksum: c5b249254b5217e6dc5089861dca6aaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to investigate the role of mental imagery on teaching and vocal placement domain in lyrical singers. Our first methodological approach consisted in bibliographic research, through which we could observe the importance the resource of mental imagery occupies in human activities as whole, being increasingly scientifically approached in several areas of knowledge; we noted, likewise, the way the issue of vocal placement has been approached in methods, treaties, books and articles since 18th century to nowadays. Afterwards, we used another method, the field research as semi-structured interview, which was applied to seven lyrical singers in different stages of formation and practice, who professionally act such as singers and singing teachers. We aimed to understand the peculiar views of each interviewed about the use of the mental imagery on their activities as singers and teachers, focusing on vocal placement. We concluded that mental imagery are considered an important technical and didactic resource, widely disseminated and accepted among singers and singing teachers as regards vocal placement. We verified, likewise, that these activities are widely supported by the literature, where we can find many studies about the relationship between mental imagery and many aspects of classical singing. / Por meio desta pesquisa investigamos o papel das imagens mentais no ensino e domínio da colocação vocal por parte de cantores líricos. Nossa primeira abordagem metodológica consistiu na pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio da qual pudemos constatar a importância que o recurso de imagens mentais ocupa nas atividades humanas como um todo, sendo cada vez mais abordado cientificamente em várias áreas do conhecimento; constatamos, ainda, a maneira pela qual a questão da colocação vocal foi e vem sendo tratada em métodos, tratados, livros e artigos desde o século XVIII até nossos dias. A seguir empregamos outro método, a pesquisa de campo na forma de entrevista semiestruturada, a qual foi aplicada a sete cantores líricos em diferentes estágios de formação e atuação, que atuam profissionalmente tanto como cantores quanto professores de canto. Buscamos compreender as visões particulares de cada entrevistado acerca da utilização de imagens mentais em suas práticas como cantores e professores, com particular foco na questão da colocação vocal. Concluímos que as imagens mentais constituem um recurso técnico-didático de grande importância, sendo amplamente disseminado e aceito entre cantores e professores de canto, que o utilizam cotidianamente mesmo nos casos em que não o conhecem por este nome, aplicando-o como auxiliar na construção não só da interpretação, mas também da construção técnica, particularmente no que se refere à colocação vocal. Verificamos, ainda, que tal prática é amplamente amparada pela literatura, na qual já podemos encontrar um considerável volume de escritos sobre as relações entre imagens mentais e diversos aspectos do canto lírico.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the uses of the falsetto voice in training the male singer. Developing the upper voice is one of the most difficult problems facing the male singers. A most controversial approach to solving this problem is the use of the falsetto. The falsetto has been a subject of mystery among singers and vocal teachers for centuries. Some authorities have ignored it; some have denounced; others have greatly extolled this vocal enigma. Many myths and misconceptions surround the subject of falsetto. Even in the present age of scientific research and knowledge, there is little understanding of the falsetto--of its value and its use. The material dealing with falsetto is very brief and inconclusive in most pedagogy books. Therefore, there seemed to be a need for a systematic collection of pedagogical ideas concerning the male falsetto. This report will attempt to present all sides of the controversy.,

In this study of vocal chamber duets the various approaches used in duet writing from the late sixteenth century through the nineteenth are examined. Various meanings attributed to the terms "vocal duet" and "chamber duet" are considered, and an appropriate delineation of the genre is determined. The study begins with examination of bicinia, dialogues, and concertato madrigals of the late sixteenth century, three kinds of works related to the continuing lines of interest in duets of later centuries: pedagogical duets, dialogue duets, and duets shaped by general musical trends. After a foundation has been laid in the sixteenth century, examples of duets of various kinds for the next three centuries are considered. It is seen that a discontinuity in the history of the vocal chamber duet occurs during the Classical period. Operatic and chamber duets prior to this time show great similarities in style. Operatic and chamber duets of the nineteenth century show distinct differences in style. At the same time that differences between operatic and chamber duets were increased, the differences between solo and duet chamber works by the same composer were decreased.

Existe uma gama de pesquisas destinada à análise digital da voz, cujo intento é o de propiciar ferramentas que possam auxiliar no processo diagnóstico e terapêutico. O intercâmbio entre engenharia e áreas da saúde, como medicina e fonoaudiologia, tem apresentado expansiva importância para um melhor entendimento e aprimoramento de um “saber" mais comum, onde a aplicabilidade de dados quantitativos associados a dados qualitativos acresce conhecimentos nestas duas vertentes. O intuito deste trabalho é o de utilizar dados quantitativos através de uma ferramenta de análise acústica da voz e avaliar sua acuracidade. Para tanto, fez-se exames clínicos e avaliações perceptivas em 130 voluntários. Os resultados obtidos conjuminam com a proposição deste estudo, sendo expressivamente promissores com a exatidão da inter-relação dos achados, com o qual pode-se concluir a veracidade da ferramenta utilizada / The diagnosis and therapeutic process of the voice has incorporated digital voice analysis as a useful tool for the specialists. The interchange between engineering and health sciences has improved the understanding of this interface area and the association between quantitative data and qualitative evaluation enhanced both. The purpose of this work is to use the acoustical analysis of voice in order to evaluate how accurate is that tool compared with clinical and perceptual diagnostics. A set of 130 subjects was used to evaluate this comparison. The results are consistent and match favorably the clinic and perceptual achievements

A partir de estudos sobre o controle endócrino do comportamento reprodutivo em anuros sabemos que diversos aspectos do comportamento vocal e das interações agonísticas nestes animais encontram-se associados a alterações dos níveis hormonais de testosterona e corticosterona. Dentre as espécies de anuros neotropicais de grande interesse para estudos a respeito do controle endócrino do comportamento reprodutivo destaca-se Hypsiboas faber, uma espécie de hilídeo caracterizada pela presença de machos territorialistas, cujas interações agonísticas abrangem uma diversidade de padrões vocais com agressividade escalar, podendo culminar em embate físico, além da construção de ninhos para oviposição e comportamento facultativo de guarda deste ninho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi entender as inter-relações entre os níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona e testosterona, e os comportamentos de vocalização e defesa territorial em machos de H. faber durante a atividade reprodutiva. Tais interrelações foram investigadas através da observação do comportamento durante as atividades vocais, seguidas de coleta de sangue para dosagem hormonal. Contamos adicionalmente com uma abordagem experimental, que consistiu no uso de gravações do coaxo de anúncio (playback), simulando a invasão de outro macho no território dos indivíduos focais, seguida de observação comportamental e coleta de sangue para dosagem hormonal. O estímulo experimental não surtiu qualquer efeito sobre os níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona e testosterona, nem sobre a maior parte das variáveis comportamentais. Conseguimos identificar um padrão de variação sazonal nos níveis de corticosterona e testosterona, bem como uma correlação positiva entre estes hormônios. Adicionalmente, indivíduos que vocalizam a taxas mais altas apresentam níveis mais elevados de corticosterona durante o início da temporada reprodutiva, enquanto níveis mais elevados de testosterona aparecem nos indivíduos mais responsivos a estímulos provindos do entorno social. / From studies on the endocrine control of reproductive behavior in anurans, we know that many aspects of vocal behavior and agonistic interactions of these animals are related to changes in plasma levels of testosterone and corticosterone. Among the species of neotropical frogs of great interest for studies on the endocrine control of reproductive behavior stands out Hypsiboas faber, a hylid characterized by the presence of territorial males, whose agonistic interactions cover a variety of vocal patterns with aggressiveness scale, which may culminate in physical conflict. Males of H. faber also build nests for oviposition and presents optional guard of the nests with eggs. The aim of this study was to understand the interrelationships between plasma levels of corticosterone and testosterone with calling behavior and territorial defense in males of H. faber during reproductive season. These relationships were investigated by focal observations during the vocal activities, followed by blood sampling for hormonal assay. We additionally used an experimental approach, which consisted of using recorded advertisement calls (playback), simulating an invasion of another male in the territory of the focal subjects, followed by behavioral observation and blood sampling for hormonal assay. The experimental stimulus had no effect on plasma levels of corticosterone and testosterone, neither on the majority of behavioral variables. We can identify a pattern of seasonal variation in levels of corticosterone and testosterone, as well as a positive correlation between these hormones. Additionally, individuals who vocalize at higher rates have higher levels of corticosterone during the beginning of reproductive season, while higher levels of testosterone appear in individuals more responsive to stimuli from the social environment.

Introdução: Para o tratamento das disfonias comportamentais associadas à tensão muscular são recomendadas técnicas de relaxamento cervical e laríngeo, concomitantemente à estimulação da onda de mucosa das pregas vocais, bem como adequação do fechamento glótico e suavização da emissão. Nesse sentido, o recurso da Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea (TENS), corrente elétrica aplicada por meio de eletrodos de superfície, tem sido utilizada no tratamento vocal de mulheres com nódulos vocais. Esta prática tem demonstrado bons resultados na qualidade vocal e na redução da dor muscular, porém, verifica-se escassez de comprovação científica dos seus efeitos somados à terapia vocal. Objetivo: verificar a efetividade da TENS de baixa frequência associada à terapia vocal no tratamento de voz em mulheres disfônicas. Método: Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos, número 556.273. Participaram 27 mulheres com nódulos vocais, de 18 a 45 anos de idade (média de 33 anos de idade), divididas, de forma randomizada, em: Grupo Experimental (GE) 13 mulheres que receberam 12 sessões de aplicação de TENS (pulso: 200 μs, frequência: 10 Hz, no limiar motor), com eletrodos posicionados no músculo trapézio - fibras descendentes e na região submandibular, bilateralmente, por 20 minutos, associada a 30 minutos de terapia vocal; e Grupo Controle (GC) 14 mulheres que receberam 12 sessões de aplicação de TENS placebo (mesmas condições do GE, incluindo posicionamento dos eletrodos, porém sem receber o estímulo em forma de corrente elétrica) por 20 minutos, associada a 30 minutos de terapia vocal. Todas foram submetidas à avaliação da qualidade vocal por meio das análises perceptivo-auditiva e acústica da voz; da laringe por meio de análise perceptivo-visual; autopercepção sobre a voz, qualidade de vida por meio do protocolo de Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV); queixas e sintomas vocais/laríngeos e dor musculoesquelética, antes, imediatamente após o tratamento e um mês após. Resultados: Observou-se, após análise estatística, que não houve modificação da qualidade vocal em ambos os grupos tratados. Verificou-se na análise acústica diminuição do parâmetro acústico Índice de Fonação Suave (SPI) imediatamente após tratamento e um mês após, em ambos os grupos. Em relação à laringe, observou-se melhora do tamanho da lesão nas pregas vocais apenas no GE, imediatamente após tratamento e um mês após.Não houve diferença significativa quanto à qualidade de vida em voz, em ambos os grupos. Houve melhora na autopercepção da voz em ambos os grupos, após o tratamento, assim como os sintomas vocais/laríngeos e de dor musculoesquelética se apresentaram em menor ocorrência após tratamento e um mês após. Conclusão: A TENS de baixa frequência associada à terapia vocal foi efetiva em relação à diminuição da lesão das pregas vocais em mulheres disfônicas. A associação da TENS com a terapia vocal produziu resultados semelhantes à terapia vocal, em relação à qualidade da voz, autopercepção e qualidade de vida em voz, sintomas vocais e dor musculoesquelética. / Introduction: For the treatment of the behavior dysphonia associated muscle tension are recommended techniques of cervical and laryngeal relaxation, concurrently with stimulation of the mucosa wave of the vocal folds, such as adequacy of glottal closure and smoothing the emission. Thereby, the use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), electrical current applied through surface electrodes, have been used in the vocal treatment of women with vocal nodules. This practice has shown good results in vocal quality and in reducing muscle pain, however, there are few scientific evidence about their effects added to voice therapy. Proposal: to verify the effectiveness of low frequency TENS associated with voice therapy on vocal quality and laryngeal dysphonic women. Methods: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, number 556.273. Twenty seven women with vocal nodules participated, 18-45 years of age (mean 33 years), divided, randomly into: experimental group (EG) - 13 women who received 12 sessions of application TENS (pulse: 200 μs, frequency 10 Hz, motor threshold), with electrodes placed on the trapezius muscle descending fibers and submandibular area, bilaterally, for 20 minutes, associated with 30 minutes of vocal therapy; and Control Group (CG) - 14 women who received 12 sessions of application TENS placebo (same conditions as EG, including the placed of the electrodes, but without receiving the stimulus in the form of electrical current) for 20 minutes, associated with 30 minutes of vocal therapy. All were submitted to vocal quality through auditory perceptual and acoustic voice analyzes; ENT evaluation through visual perceptual analysis; vocal self-perception; voice-related quality of life through the Voice-Related Quality of Life Protocol (V-RQOL); complaints and vocal/laryngeal and musculoskeletal pain symptoms, before, immediately after treatment and one month after. Results: It was observed, after statistical analysis, that there was no change vocal quality in both treated groups. In the acoustic analysis, there was decrease of the Soft Phonation Index (SPI) parameter, immediately after treatment and one month after, in both groups. In relation to larynx, there was improvement in the size of the lesion on the vocal folds only GE, immediately after treatment and one month after. There was no significant difference in the voice related quality of life, in both groups. There was improvement in the vocal self-perception in both groups after treatment, as well as lower frequency of the voice/laryngeal and musculoskeletal pain symptoms present immediately after treatment and one month after. Conclusion: The low frequency TENS associated with vocal therapy was effective in the reduction of the size of the lesion on the vocal folds in dysphonic women. The association of the TENS with vocal therapy produced similar results to vocal therapy, in relation to vocal quality, self-perception and voice-related quality of life, vocal and musculoskeletal pain symptoms.

A terapia vocal é a opção inicial de tratamento em casos de alterações vocais decorrentes do envelhecimento. Existem poucas propostas de intervenção específicas para esta situação e as análises dos seus efeitos são limitadas. O tratamento ocorre tradicionalmente na frequência de uma ou duas vezes semanais, no entanto algumas propostas sugerem uma abordagem intensiva, não havendo clareza quanto à melhor forma de aplicação. Sendo assim, este estudo tem o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de um programa de Terapia Vocal para idosos (TVI) e se há diferenças entre a administração do tratamento no formato intensivo e convencional. Foram encaminhados para terapia vocal 27 idosos randomizados em dois grupos, sendo que o Grupo Intensivo (GI) realizou 16 sessões quatro vezes por semana e o Grupo Convencional (GC), 16 sessões duas vezes semanais. Para a comparação dos efeitos da terapia foram avaliados os aspectos de qualidade de vida por meio do protocolo Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV), qualidade vocal por meio da avaliação perceptivoauditiva e laríngeos por meio da análise perceptivo-visual dos exames. O profissional que aplicou o tratamento foi cego quanto aos procedimentos de avaliação, realizados na semana anterior ao início dos atendimentos, na semana seguinte ao término do mesmo e um mês após. O programa TVI envolveu exercícios de diversas técnicas com potencial para melhorar os aspectos vocais impactados pelo envelhecimento Finalizaram o tratamento 25 idosos, 13 do GI e 12 do GC. Os resultados evidenciaram melhora quanto a qualidade de vida relacionada a voz e em relação à qualidade vocal, mas não nos aspectos laríngeos. Após um mês foi mantida a melhora no QVV e na qualidade de voz, soprosidade e instabilidade durante emissões sustentadas e qualidade vocal e rugosidade na fala. Não foram observadas diferenças entre a terapia intensiva e convencional à exceção do arqueamento de pregas vocais que diminuiu em 38,46% dos participantes do GI e em nenhum do GC. A conclusão do estudo é de que o programa TVI traz benefício na qualidade de vida relacionada a voz e na qualidade vocal de idosos, de maneira que a melhora é observada imediatamente e um mês após o tratamento. Além disso, a terapia no formato intensivo traz benefícios semelhantes à terapia convencional, porém o modelo intensivo pode trazer mais benefícios em relação ao arqueamento de pregas vocais. Os aspectos individuais de cada paciente devem ser considerados no momento da escolha da frequência do tratamento. / The voice therapy is the initial treatment option in cases of vocal changes due to aging. There are few specifics intervention proposals for these cases and the assessments of its effects are limited. The treatment traditionally occurs at the frequency of once or twice a week, however some methods suggests an intensive approach, there is no clarity as to the best way for applying. Therefore, this study aims to verify the effects of the method Vocal Therapy for Elderlies (VTE) and whether there are differences between the treatment administration in the intensive and conventional format. Underwent the vocal therapy 27 elderly randomized into two groups, whereas the Intensive Group (IG) accomplished 16 sessions four times a week and the Conventional Group (CG) 16 sessions twice a week. For the comparison of the effects of therapy were evaluated aspects of quality of life through the voice-related quality of life (V-RQOL) protocol, vocal quality through the auditory perceptual and laryngeal through the visual perceptive analysis of the exams. The professional who administered the treatment was blind as to the assessment procedures, accomplished in the week before the beginning of the sessions in the week following the end of it and one month after. The VTE method involved exercises of various techniques with potential to improve the vocal aspects impacted by aging. Finished the treatment 25 elderly, 13 in IG and 12 of CG. The results showed improvement as the voice related quality of life and in relation to perceptual vocal quality, but not in the laryngeal aspects. After a month was maintained improvement in V-RQOL and general vocal quality, breathiness and instability during sustained vocal emissions and general vocal quality and roughness in speech. No differences were found between the intensive therapy and conventional except the vocal fold bowing that decreased in 38.46% of participants of the IG and in none of the CG. The conclusion of the study is that the VTE method brings the benefit of voice related quality of life and vocal quality, so that the improvement is observed immediately and a month after the treatment. In addition, the therapy in intensive format provides similar benefits to conventional therapy, but the intensive approach can bring more benefits in relation to the vocal fold bowing. The individual aspects of each patient must be considered at the choice moment of the frequency of the treatment.

The purpose of this dissertation is to provide vocal teachers and singers with a reference handbook of twenty-first century art songs for solo voice and piano accompaniment, written in English by composers from the United States. This handbook presents songs composed between the years of 2000-2015 by level of difficulty, from songs appropriate for high school students through collegiate students, and including professional singers. This handbook will familiarize teachers with over two hundred solo songs of seventeen composers, furthering the study and performance of contemporary art songs.

The question of how honesty is maintained in animal communication is a perplexing one, especially in the context of aggressive communication, in which the interests of signalers and receivers are opposed. Relevant information for receivers in aggressive interactions includes the fighting ability of the signaler and its likelihood of attack. Signalers may, however, benefit from manipulation of signals to exaggerate this information. To address questions of signal honesty, this dissertation investigates the use of a performance signal in the song of swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana). Performance signals are ones that are physically demanding to perform and that therefore reveal the signaler’s physical ability. The particular measure of vocal performance examined here is vocal deviation, which refers to the ability of birds to produce trilled songs approaching a performance boundary defined by the tradeoff between song trill rate (the rate at which elements of a song are repeated) and frequency bandwidth (the range of frequencies encompassed in a song). Three questions regarding the adaptive significance of vocal performance were investigated in the swamp sparrow 1) whether vocal performance is used as a signal in male-male communication, 2) whether vocal performance should be classified as an index signal of male quality, and 3) whether vocal deviation serves as a signal of aggressive intent. Results from four studies indicate that vocal performance plays a role in male-male signaling. Signalers appear to use vocal performance as a signal and receivers attend to differences in vocal performance. Evidence also indicates that vocal performance can be classified as an index signal, because males are constrained in their ability to produce high performance song and high vocal performance is correlated with aspects of male quality, such as age and size. Finally, this dissertation does not support classification of vocal performance as a signal of aggressive intent, because vocal performance fails to predict aggressive escalation.

This thesis attempts to discover how and when beatboxers learn this art form, and also if that differs depending on when they were born. My hypothesis was that beatboxers who grew up without the aid of YouTube and similar online resources learned it in a fundamentally different way than those born into the Internet Age. I also wanted to find out if they were happy about the way they learned beatboxing, or if they in general would have preferred a more methodical and pedagogical structure to their learning. I posted a questionnaire on numerous social media forums in addition to personally sending it to many beatboxing friends and acquaintances, receiving 47 replies in total. Most respondents had learned beatboxing in high school or college, but many of the younger beatboxers had learned it earlier, which I believe is due to its increasing popularity. The study found that while approximately a third of the respondents were happy with the way they had learned, nearly half expressed a wish for a more structured, methodical learning process or a teacher to help them progress. I believe the findings of this study highlight a need for beatboxing to be included as a future instrument in music pedagogy education programs to help the next generation of beatboxers in the progression of this art form.