Atualmente, os processos de remoção biológica de nitrogênio e fósforo tem especial importância no âmbito brasileiro e mundial. Dentre os processos existentes, o Processo UCT Modificado é um dos principais processos capazes de realizar estas atividades. Este processo tem por característica básica possuir uma câmara anaeróbia para formação de ácidos orgânicos voláteis e duas câmaras anóxicas para a etapa de desnitrificação. Com o intuito de avaliar possíveis melhorias neste processo, operou-se uma planta piloto nos moldes de um UCT modificado porém com a câmara anaeróbia chicaneada e em uma segunda etapa introduziu-se microaeração nas câmaras anóxicas. Foi mantida idade do lodo em 10 dias e relação Alimento/microrganismos (A/M) entre 0,18 e 0,40 kg DBO5,20/kgSSV d. De acordo com os resultados obtidos não foi possível observar gerações de AOVs (ácido orgânico voláteis) na câmara anaeróbia. Com relação à atividade de microaeração das câmaras anóxicas foram observadas melhoras no processo de remoção biológica de nitrogênio se compara à operação sem microaeração. Em termos de remoção de matéria orgânica os resultados mostraram eficiências semelhantes a outros autores que desenvolveram sistemas semelhantes ao aqui estudado. / Now a days, nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes have been having a particular importance to Brazil and all the World. Considering the existing processes, Modified UCT is one of the main technologies capable of achieving this taks. This process has the characteristic of having one anaerobic tank aimed at producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and two anoxic tanks for denitrification. This paper tried to evaluate possible improvements in this process, operated a pilot plant with a compartmented anaerobic tank and later introduced microaeration to the anoxic tanks. Slugde age was maintained in 10 days and food/microorganisms rate (F/M) was maintained between 0,18 and 0,40 kg BOD/kg VSS d. According to the results, there was no clue of VFAs formation in the anaerobic tank. After the introduction of microaeration to the anoxic tanks it was shown an improvement in nitrogen removal. In terms of organic removal rates the plant had similar efficiency to other authors metioned in this paper.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a produção de gases pela digestão in vitro do capim-Marandu [(Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. RICH) STAPF], quando submetido a quatro intensidades de pastejo, representadas pelas ofertas de forragem (OF) 5, 10 15 e 20% (kg de MSV/100 kg de peso animal/dia). O experimento foi realizado na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos - FZEA/USP, no município de Pirassununga/SP, Numa pastagem formada com Brachiaria brizantha. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com 4 repetições. A área de 25,2 ha foi dividida em 16 unidades experimentais de 1,575 ha, subdivididas em 5 piquetes de 3150 m2, a fim de permitir um ciclo de pastejo de 35 dias, (sendo sete dias de ocupação e 28 dias de descanso). Os animais utilizados foram bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus L.) com peso médio inicial de 250 kg e aproximadamente 15 meses de idade. Para a técnica de produção de gases, os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com a técnica semi-automática. Os dados acumulativos da produção de gases foram gerados usando um transdutor de pressão e um \"data logger\" (PDL800, LANA/CENA/USP, Piracicaba/SP, Brazil). O substrato foi utilizado em triplicata com líquido ruminal de bovinos como inoculo. Três fêmeas bovinas fistuladas adultas da raça holandesa foram utilizadas como doadoras de inoculo. No preparo do inoculo utilizou-se 50% da fase líquida e 50% da fase sólida do conteúdo ruminal. As medições de gases foram realizadas às 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas após a inoculação. Foram realizadas as determinações de Ácidos Graxos Voláteis (acético, propiônico e butírico),por cromatografia gasosa. A degradabilidade da material seca in vitro foi determinada após 24 horas, juntamente com o fator de partição (FP). As amostras que foram utilizadas como substrato durante os ensaios laboratoriais foram colhidas durante seis ciclos de pastejo durante o ano de 2004, mais especificamente janeiro, fevereiro, março, maio, julho e agosto. Para as estações do ano (EA), os ciclos dos meses de janeiro e fevereiro foram designados como verão, os ciclos dos meses de março e maio como outono e os ciclos dos meses de julho e agosto como inverno. Um comportamento linear foi observado para os valores de Produção total de gases, Matéria Orgânica Digestível (MOD) e Matéria Seca Digestível (MSD) e os coeficientes de determinação obtidos foram 0,96, 0,94, 0,81 respectivamente. O volume de metano em mL/g de MSD e MOD produzido durante a fermentação foi semelhante, considerando as OF, no entanto, para as EA percebe-se aumento na produção de metano do verão (MSD - 46,5 e MOD - 51,9) para o inverno (MSD - 75,94 e MOD - 76,28, P = 0,0001). As médias do FP foram diferentes entre as estações do ano, sendo crescentes do verão (2,92) para o inverno (3,52). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para as OF em e para as EA para as percentagens molares dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico e também para a relação acético:propriônico e pH. O manejo do pastejo, considerando a OF e as EA, pode ser uma ferramenta importante de manipulação da MSD e MOD. A produção de metano é estimulada quando se intensifica a utilização da forragem produzida durante o verão. No inverno há maior eliminação do metano produzido considerando a MSD e MOD. No inverno verifica-se avaliando o FP que há maior atividade microbiana. / This study aimed to analyze the gas production by in vitro digestion Marandu palisadegrass [(Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich) Stapf], when subjected to four grazing intensities, represented by herbage allowance (HA) 5 , 10 15 and 20% (kg DM/100 kg live weight / day). The experiment was conducted at the Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos - FZEA / USP in Pirassununga / SP, in a pasture with Brachiaria brizantha. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The area of 25.2 ha was divided into 16 experimental units of 1.575 ha, divided into 5 paddocks of 3150 m2, in rotationally stocked pasture under a 35 day of grazing cycle (seven days of occupation and 28 days of rest). The animals used were Nellore cattle, with initial body weight of 250 kg and approximately 15 months of age. For the gas production, testing were according to the semi-automatic technique. The data from cumulative gas production were generated using a pressure transducer and a data logger (PDL800, LANA / CENA / USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil). The substrate used in triplicate with bovine rumen fluid as inoculum. Three fistulated Holstein cows were donors of inoculum. To prepare the inoculum was used 50% of the liquid phase and 50% of the solid phase of rumen contents. Measurements gases were at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after inoculation. The analysis of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric acids) by gas chromatography. Degradability of dry mater in vitro was determined after 24 hours, together with the partition factor (PF). Samples were used as substrate during laboratory tests were collected for six grazing cycles during 2004, specifically January, February, March, May, July and August. The seasons (SE), the cycles of months of January and February were designated as summer, the cycles of months of March and May and autumn and the cycles ofmonths of July and August and winter. A linear behavior was observed for values Total production of gas, organic matter digestible (OMD) and dry matter digestible (DMD) and the determination coefficients obtained were 0.96, 0.94, 0.81 respectively. The volume of methane in mL / g and DMD OMD produced during fermentation was similar, whereas the OF, however, for EA sees an increase in methane production of summer (DMD - OMD and 46.5 - 51.9) for winter (DMD - 75.94 and OMD - 76.28, P = 0.0001). The averages of PF were different between the seasons, and growing summer (2.92) for the winter (3.52). There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) for the HA and in the SE to the molar percentages of acetic, propionic and butyric acids as well as for the Acetic:Propionic and pH . Grazing management, considering the HA and the SE may be an important tool of manipulation of DMD and OMD. Methane production is stimulated when it enhances the use of forage produced during the summer. In winter there is a greater elimination of methane produced considering the DMD and OMD. In the winter occurs evaluating the PF that there is greater microbial activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas _Torres.pdf: 3616129 bytes, checksum: a4f03d06a9a51441bb0fbfebd263c6b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Hydrogen is naturally formed in intermediate stages of anaerobic digestion and is subsequently consumed to generate products such as methane and hydrogen sulphide. So, in order to increase the energetic efficiency of gases produced in the system, it was necessary to separate hydrogen. It is essential to interrupt hydrogen consumption by methanogenic and sulphidegenic phases of anaerobic digestion process. As the effluent from cassava processing presents high concentration of sugars, there may be some possibility to favor the acidogenic digestion process, which provides better conditions to produce hydrogen gas and inhibit methanogenic archaea. Thus, this trial aims at evaluating hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the cassava manufacturing process in an upflow anaerobic reactor, where bamboo was used as support medium. Four experimental runs (R1, R2, R3 and R4) were carried out in a 3.0 L plexiglass reactor, operated at 0.75 h-1 flow rate and Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) of 4 hours. The assays were inoculated with 10% of the effective volume of an anaerobic sludge digester installed on a cassava industry at 95 °C for 15 min to eliminate microorganisms that produce methane. The cassava pH adjustment was managed to 6.0, but only at the R1 run. In R2, R3 and R4 runs, without any pH change, the values ranged from 3.74 to 4.47. The reactors showed a consumption average from total sugar superior at 80%, whose COD removals were 55.26, 15.27, 46.16 and 40.42% for R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectively. It was also observed that biogas flow decreasing provided greater biomass accumulation in the reactor. Thus, the results of HDT values were obtained by hydrodynamic essay of 3.75, 1.08, 1.83 and 2.43 for R1, R2 R3 and R4, respectively. It can also be observed that the process of hydrogen generation was associated with the metabolic route to generate butyric acid, since the increase of this product from acidogenesis resulted in higher amounts of hydrogen. It was also pointed out that the peak incidences of lactic and propionic acid concentrations in the effluent occurred simultaneously to the decreased production, which could indicate H2 consumption. The use of cassava without pH correction in R2, R3 and R4 resulted in lower productions of H2 maybe as a result of solventogenesis possibility that was recorded by the increase in butanol and ethanol production, which matched to the hydrogen flow reduction. The highest molar flow rates of H2 were observed in R1, with maximum value of 10.6mmolH2.h-1. R2 essay showed the highest percentages of hydrogen in biogas (45.37%) and maximum flow of 3.37 mmolH2.h-1, whose highest concentrations of calcium in cassava lots were used in that period. However, R3 and R4 reactors showed the highest flows (0.99 and 1.80 mmolH2.h-1). Thus, it should be highlighted the importance of correcting pH of cassava industry wastewater and monitoring alcohols and volatile fatty acids generated during this process. / O hidrogênio é naturalmente formado em etapas intermediárias da digestão anaeróbia e é posteriormente consumido para geração de produtos como o metano e o ácido sulfídrico. Para possibilitar a separação do hidrogênio, em busca do aumento da eficiência energética dos gases gerados no reator, torna-se necessária a interrupção do consumo do hidrogênio pelas fases metanogênica e sulfetogênica do processo de digestão anaeróbia. Como o efluente do processamento da mandioca apresenta elevada concentração de açúcares, pode ocorrer o favorecimento do processo de digestão acidogênica, que proporciona melhores condições para a geração do gás hidrogênio e inibição das arqueias metanogênicas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a produção de hidrogênio a partir da digestão anaeróbia de efluente do processo de fabricação de fécula de mandioca (manipueira), em reator anaeróbio de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente, utilizando hastes de bambu como meio suporte. Foram realizados 4 ensaios experimentais (R1, R2, R3 e R4) em reator de plexiglass com 3,0 L de volume útil, operados com vazão de 0,75 L.h-1 e tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 horas. Os ensaios foram inoculados com 10% do volume útil de lodo anaeróbio de um biodigestor instalado em uma fecularia, previamente aquecido a 95 °C por 15 minutos para eliminação de microrganismos produtores de metano. O ajuste do pH da manipueira foi realizado para 6,0 somente no ensaio R1. Nos ensaios R2, R3 e R4, sem alterações do pH, os valores variaram de 3,74 a 4,47. Os reatores apresentaram média de consumo de açúcares totais superiores a 80%, com remoções de DQO de 55,26; 15,27; 46,16 e 40,42% para R1, R2, R3 e R4, respectivamente. Foi observado que a redução das vazões de biogás proporcionou maior acúmulo de biomassa no reator. Os resultados dos valores de TDH foram obtidos pelo ensaio hidrodinâmico de 3,75, 1,08, 1,83 e 2,43 para R1, R2, R3 e R4, respectivamente. Foi possível verificar que o processo de geração de hidrogênio estava associado à via metabólica de geração de ácido butírico, uma vez que o aumento deste produto da acidogênese proporcionou elevação dos valores de hidrogênio. Observou-se também que os picos de concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico no efluente ocorreram simultaneamente às reduções de produtividade e podem indicar o consumo de H2. A utilização da manipueira, sem correção de pH em R2, R3 e R4, resultou em menores produtividades de H2, possivelmente resultantes do favorecimento da solvetogênese, verificada pela elevação das produções de butanol e etanol, que coincidiram com a redução das vazões de hidrogênio. As maiores vazões molares de H2 foram observadas em R1, com valor máximo de 10,6 mmolH2.h-1. O ensaio R2 apresentou as maiores percentagens de hidrogênio no biogás (45,37%) e vazão máxima de 3,37 mmolH2.h-1, em que foram observadas as maiores concentrações de cálcio nos lotes de manipueira, utilizados naquele período. Os reatores R3 e R4 apresentaram vazões máximas de 0,99 e 1,80 mmolH2.h-1. Dessa forma, destaca-se a necessidade da correção dos valores de pH do efluente de fecularia e monitoramento dos álcoois e ácidos graxos voláteis gerados no processo.

Foram estudados os efeitos da flavomicina ou da monensina sobre a fermentação e digestão ruminal e total em bovinos. Doze fêmeas bovinas não gestantes e não lactantes, portadoras de fístula ruminal, pesando em média 736 kg, foram distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso em três grupos experimentais: controle (ausência de antibiótico), tratado com flavomicina (antibiótico não-ionóforo) e outro tratado com monensina (antibiótico ionóforo). Foram administradas doses de 20mg e 300mg/animal/dia, de flavomicina e monensina, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um período experimental de 21 dias, sendo os 16 primeiros destinados à adaptação dos animais à dieta, composta de 60% de concentrado (milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral) e 40% de volumoso (basicamente de cana-de-açúcar). O 21° dia foi utilizado para avaliação do consumo de MS e colheitas de líquido ruminal, realizadas às 0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 e 12 horas após a primeira refeição. Os 10 últimos dias foram destinados à aplicação do marcador (15g de óxido crômico/animal/dia), e os 5 últimos, destinados à avaliação do consumo de MS, colheita de fezes, amostragem dos alimentos e também à avaliação da digestão ruminal (degradabilidade in situ), pela técnica dos sacos de nylon, incubando-se cana-de-açúcar, milho em grãos ou farelo de soja. A monensina diminuiu a proporção molar de ácido acético e aumentou a de propiônico (27,2%), em relação ao grupo controle, e aumentou a degradabilidade efetiva ruminal do amido dos grãos de milho, em relação à flavomicina. A flavomicina diminuiu a taxa de degradação da PB do farelo de soja, em relação ao controle e monensina. Nenhum dos antibióticos testados alterou a concentração total dos AGVs, ácido butírico, pH, concentração ruminal de N-NH3 ou consumo de MS. Tão pouco foram alteradas a degradabilidade efetiva da FDN da cana-de-açúcar, CMS digestível, digestibilidade da MS, PB, EE, EÑN, FB, FDA, FDN, EB, amido ou o NDT da dieta. / The effects of flavomycin or monensin on ruminal fermentation and ruminal and total digestion in bovines were investigated. Twelve non-pregnant and non-lactating rumen-fistulated cows (736 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control (no antibiotic), flavomycin-treated (non-ionophore antibiotic) and monensin-treated (ionophore antibiotic). Treatment doses were 20 and 300mg/animal/day of flavomycin and monensin, respectively. Twenty-one day subperiod was used, the first sixteen for diet adaptation. Diet was composed by 60% concentrate (corn, soybean meal and mineral mixture) and 40% roughage (basically sugar cane). The 21st day was used for the evaluation of DMI and for ruminal fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after the first meal. The last 10 days were used for external marker administration (15g of chromic oxide/ animal/day), and the last 5 days, for DMI evaluation, feces collection, feed sampling and evaluation of ruminal degradability using the nylon bag technique. Bags containing corn grain, soybean meal or sugar cane were incubated through the rumen fistula from the 17th up to the 21st day. Monensin decreased the molar proportion of acetic acid and increased the propionic acid in 27.2%, compared to control group and increased the effective degradability of corn grain starch, compared to flavomycin. Flavomycin decreased the degradation rate of soybean meal crude protein compared to control and monensin groups. Total VFA concentrations, molar proportion of butyric acid, pH, ammoniacal-N concentration or DMI were not influenced by the addition of either antibiotics; neither were the effective degradability of sugar cane NDF, digestible DMI or DM, CP, EE, NFE, CF, ADF, NDF, GE and starch digestibility nor the TDN of the diet.

As funções metabólicas dos bubalinos ainda não estão bem descritas, como em outros ruminantes e há carência de informação sobre o comportamento digestivo. A sincronização da degradação ruminal de proteína e amido propõe incrementar a produção de proteína microbiana no rúmen e a eficiência de utilização de energia, uma vez que as bactérias ruminais necessitam destes dois elementos disponíveis simultaneamente. Quatro búfalos fistulados no rúmen foram utilizados com objetivo avaliar os efeitos de dietas com diferentes níveis de milho em grãos moídos (0, 22, 37 e 49% na MS) em substituição ao feno de coast-cross, com ênfase na relação proteína:carboidratos não estruturais (1,02; 0,39; 0,30; 0,26), sobre o metabolismo ruminal. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: ingestão de matéria seca (IMS); degradabilidade da matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro do feno de coast-cross e da matéria seca e proteína bruta do milho em grãos moído; concentração de amônia; produção de ácidos graxos voláteis (acético, propiônico e butírico); taxa de passagem de líquido; volume ruminal e pH no rúmen. Os animais foram delineados em Quadrado Latino (4x4). Houve aumento linear na IMS com aumento de milho em grãos na dieta. Foram observadas diferenças no metabolismo ruminal envolvendo a produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, pH, taxa de passagem do líquido ruminal e volume do rúmen entre os tratamentos e pouca influência dos tratamentos na produção de amônia e na cinética de degradabilidade ruminal. Os resultados permitiram concluir que, no geral, os bubalinos apresentam boa capacidade tamponante no rúmen com ligeira queda do pH com aumento da ingestão de milho em grãos moídos e que provavelmente os microrganismos ruminais dos búfalos têm boa capacidade em se adaptar a ambientes ruminais com diferentes relações PB:CNE. / The metabolic functions of the buffaloes not yet are well described, as in other ruminants and have information lack on the digestive behavior. The synchronization of the ruminal degradation of protein and starch considers to increase the rumen microbial protein production and the efficiency of energy use, since the rumen bacteria needs of these two available elements simultaneously. Four rumen fistulated buffalos were used with objective to evaluate the effect of diets with different levels of ground grain corn (0, 22, 37 and 49% in the DM) in substitution to the coast-cross hay, with emphasis in the relation protein:no structural carbohydrates (1,02; 0,39; 0,30; 0,26) on the ruminal metabolism. The following parameters had been evaluated: dry matter intake (DMI); DM and NDF degradability of DM and NDF of the coast-cross hay and DM and CP of the ground grain corn; ammonia concentration; production of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric); outflow rate; ruminal volume and rumen pH. The animals were delineated in Latin Square (4x4) experiment. There was linear increase in the DMI with increasing level ground grain corn in the diet. Differences in the ruminal metabolism were observed involving the production of acid VFA, pH, liquid outflow rate and rumen volume among the treatments and small influence of the treatments in the ammonia production and the kinetic of ruminal degradability were observed. The results had allowed to conclude that, in the general, the buffaloes present good rumen buffering capacity with light fall of pH with increasing of the ingestion ground grain corn and that probably the microorganisms in the rumen of the buffalos have good capacity to adapt in the environments with different relations CP:NSC.

Les réserves de pétrole sont sur le déclin, les prix des ressources fossiles fluctuent et le CO 2 dégagé par leur consommation contribue inéluctablement au réchauffement climatique. Ce phénomène, conduit notre société vers l'utilisation accrue de biomasse pour la génération d'énergie, de composés chimiques et de matériaux. La réduction des déchets est considérée comme indissociable de cette transition énergétique et en opposition aux préjugés, l’accroissement des déchets organiques peut être bénéfique dans cette recherche de solutions alternatives. En effet, cela conduit à la génération de grandes quantités de matières qui peuvent représenter de potentielles ressources. De plus, changer le statut des déchets en coproduits pour la production de bioénergies n’entre pas en concurrence avec les filières alimentaires et cela constitue un des principaux enjeux des biotechnologies. Sous certaines conditions, les bioconversions anaérobies représentent des procédés d’ingénierie prometteurs pour accomplir le double enjeu de la valorisation des coproduits et de la production de molécules d’intérêt énergétique et chimique (biocarburants, chimie verte...). En revanche, l’innovation dans les biotechnologies blanches est nécessaire pour la production robuste, performante, rentable et environnementalement acceptable de biomolécules à partir de ressources renouvelables. Dans ce contexte, la société AFYREN a été pensée et créée pour répondre à ce défi mondial via sa technologie « tout en un », AFYNERIE, qui s’inspire de la nature et des sciences. L’objectif premier de ce travail de thèse, cœur du procédé AFYNERIE, était d’étudier les performances de microorganismes anaérobies, sous forme de souches pures ou de consortia pour la valorisation de substrats plus ou moins complexes via un processus de méthanogenèse avortée. Pour cela, il était nécessaire de considérer, déjà à l’échelle du laboratoire, une projection dans le monde industriel. Nous avons alors démontré les capacités de la diversité microbienne à produire des molécules plateformes à partir de coproduits agro-industriels réels en mode stérile puis non stérile. Cette étude s’est appuyée en parallèle sur la caractérisation et la dynamique des populations microbiennes mises en jeu. Ensuite, l’accumulation des métabolites, à la fois inhibiteurs et d’intérêt, dans les milieux fermentaires en mode discontinu et avec des rendements compétitifs, a débouché sur la nécessité de surpasser ces limitations par le passage à un mode continu. Pour ce faire, un procédé d’extraction biocompatible des synthons issus de l’opération de fermentation a été mise en œuvre selon différents mode de réalisations. Ce couplage des opérations unitaires, sous forme de fermentation extractive, a livré des résultats prometteurs tout en étant bâtit dans un cadre de bioraffinerie et d’écologie industrielle qui tend vers le « zéro déchet ». Enfin, à l’inverse des autres technologies émergentes, pour se placer dans une approche de drop-in, la biologie et la chimie ont été associées. Le but a été d’illustrer la multipotence des acides gras volatils (AGVs) en termes d’applications industrielles et de réaliser la preuve de concept de la transformation de la biomasse non alimentaire en biomolécules d’intérêt énergétique et chimique. Ces travaux ont permis de soulever les points clés du changement d’échelle du procédé AFYNERIE et d’entrevoir des perspectives tant fondamentales qu’appliquées. Cette brique technologique, de par sa philosophie multi-intrants/multi-produits, couplant fermentation-extraction-synthèse, permet d’initier la transition au stade pilote d’un procédé innovant compatible avec une future économie biosourcée. / Fossil oil reserves are decreasing, oil prices are fluctuating, and the CO 2 released by oil consumption contributes to global warming. These are driving our society towards increased use of biomass for energy, chemical compounds and other materials. Minimizing waste has been seen as a concern associated with alternative energy efforts. Contrary to expectation, increasing organic waste can be beneficial for alternative energy efforts, because it would result in large amounts of organic resources that can be potential raw materials. Moreover, using waste as a resource for bioenergy production does not compete with human or animal food or agricultural surfaces, and that is one of the greatest challenges facing biotechnology. Using waste as a resource for biomolecule production would thus be an interesting approach to reducing waste in the environment and producing renewable materials. Under specific conditions, detrital biomass can be converted into biomolecules of interest by microorganisms. Anaerobic fermentation techniques represent promising engineering processes for accomplishing the dual goals of waste reduction and renewable biomolecule production for biofuel and green chemistry markets. On the other hand, innovative fermentation processes are necessary for the strong, successful, cost-effective and eco-friendly production of bulk chemicals from renewable resources. In this context, AFYREN company was thought and founded to answer this world challenge through its “all in one” technology, AFYNERIE, which is inspired from the nature and sciences. The first objective of this thesis, heart of the AFYNERIE process, was to study the performances of anaerobic microorganisms, in the form of pure strains or of consortia for the valorization of more or less complex substrata via a process of failed methanogenesis. For that purpose, it was necessary to consider, already at the laboratory scale, a projection in the industrial world. Then, we demonstrated the capacities of the microbial diversity to produce platform molecules from real agro-industrial by-products in sterile and then non sterile mode. This study leaned in parallel on the characterization and the dynamics of involved microbial populations. Then, the accumulation of metabolites, which are at the same time inhibitory and of interest, in fermentative media in batch mode and with competitive yields, resulted in the necessity of surpassing these limitations by the passage in a continuous mode. To do this, a process consisted of a biocompatible extraction of synthons stemming from the operation of fermentation was implemented according to different mode of realizations. This coupling of single operations, in the form of extractive fermentation, delivered promising results while builds in a frame of biorefinery and industrial ecology which tightens towards a “zero waste”. Finally, contrary to the other emergent technologies, to take place in a drop-in approach, biology and chemistry were associated. The purpose was to illustrate the versatility of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in terms of industrial applications and to realize the proof of concept of the transformation of the non-food biomass in biomolecules of energy and chemical interest. These works allowed to underline key points of the scale-up of AFYNERIE process and to glimpse perspectives fundamental as well as applied perspectives. This technological brick, due to its multi-inputs / multi-products philosophy, coupling fermentation-extraction-synthesis, allows to introduce the transition to the pilot stage of an innovative process compatible with a future biobased economy.

Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are serious pathogens of potato plants worldwide. Several management practices can control Pratylenchus spp.; however, they all have shown some limitations. Therefore, environmentally-safe, low-cost, and effective control strategies are needed as possible alternative to currently used strategies. This thesis was designed to assess if liquid hog manure (LHM) holds such potential. The objectives of this thesis were to determine: (i) the prevalence and identity of species of Pratylenchus spp. in Manitoba potato fields, (ii) if short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) in LHM are the constituents responsible for the manure’s toxicity to Pratylenchus spp. using solution exposure experiments (iii) the effectiveness of LHM in killing Pratylenchus spp. in soil, and (iv) the impact of LHM on nematode communities. Pratylenchus spp. were detected in 39% of 31 potato fields surveyed in Manitoba with population densities ranging, for positive fields, from 45 to 631 nematodes kg-1 fresh soil. Morphometrics of female nematodes and molecular diagnosis (using species-specific PCR primers) showed that the species of Pratylenchus present in the potato fields to be P. neglectus. Potato, cv. Russet Burbank, showed to be a poor host to two populations of Pratylenchus spp. from Manitoba potato fields. Accordingly, P. neglectus does not seem to be a limitation to potato production in Manitoba; thus, P. penetrans, the most widely spread and damaging species to potato was used in the successive studies of assessing the use of LHM to control Pratylenchus spp. in potato fields. VFA (acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, isovaleric, and n-caproic acids) accounted for the majority of the lethal effect of LHM to P. penetrans under acidic conditions. VFA in LHM killed Pratylenchus spp. in soil and acidification seemed to enhance its ability when VFA concentration in the manure is low. LHM did not act as a soil fumigant eliminating soil trophic interactions but increased bottom-up food web interactions. VFA in LHM persisted in the soil for four days with biological degradation being their mode of loss. In conclusion, LHM is potentially an effective and low-cost strategy to control Pratylenchus spp. and its efficacy can be improved by acidification. / October 2009

Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are serious pathogens of potato plants worldwide. Several management practices can control Pratylenchus spp.; however, they all have shown some limitations. Therefore, environmentally-safe, low-cost, and effective control strategies are needed as possible alternative to currently used strategies. This thesis was designed to assess if liquid hog manure (LHM) holds such potential. The objectives of this thesis were to determine: (i) the prevalence and identity of species of Pratylenchus spp. in Manitoba potato fields, (ii) if short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) in LHM are the constituents responsible for the manure’s toxicity to Pratylenchus spp. using solution exposure experiments (iii) the effectiveness of LHM in killing Pratylenchus spp. in soil, and (iv) the impact of LHM on nematode communities. Pratylenchus spp. were detected in 39% of 31 potato fields surveyed in Manitoba with population densities ranging, for positive fields, from 45 to 631 nematodes kg-1 fresh soil. Morphometrics of female nematodes and molecular diagnosis (using species-specific PCR primers) showed that the species of Pratylenchus present in the potato fields to be P. neglectus. Potato, cv. Russet Burbank, showed to be a poor host to two populations of Pratylenchus spp. from Manitoba potato fields. Accordingly, P. neglectus does not seem to be a limitation to potato production in Manitoba; thus, P. penetrans, the most widely spread and damaging species to potato was used in the successive studies of assessing the use of LHM to control Pratylenchus spp. in potato fields. VFA (acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, isovaleric, and n-caproic acids) accounted for the majority of the lethal effect of LHM to P. penetrans under acidic conditions. VFA in LHM killed Pratylenchus spp. in soil and acidification seemed to enhance its ability when VFA concentration in the manure is low. LHM did not act as a soil fumigant eliminating soil trophic interactions but increased bottom-up food web interactions. VFA in LHM persisted in the soil for four days with biological degradation being their mode of loss. In conclusion, LHM is potentially an effective and low-cost strategy to control Pratylenchus spp. and its efficacy can be improved by acidification.

Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp., are serious pathogens of potato plants worldwide. Several management practices can control Pratylenchus spp.; however, they all have shown some limitations. Therefore, environmentally-safe, low-cost, and effective control strategies are needed as possible alternative to currently used strategies. This thesis was designed to assess if liquid hog manure (LHM) holds such potential. The objectives of this thesis were to determine: (i) the prevalence and identity of species of Pratylenchus spp. in Manitoba potato fields, (ii) if short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFA) in LHM are the constituents responsible for the manure’s toxicity to Pratylenchus spp. using solution exposure experiments (iii) the effectiveness of LHM in killing Pratylenchus spp. in soil, and (iv) the impact of LHM on nematode communities. Pratylenchus spp. were detected in 39% of 31 potato fields surveyed in Manitoba with population densities ranging, for positive fields, from 45 to 631 nematodes kg-1 fresh soil. Morphometrics of female nematodes and molecular diagnosis (using species-specific PCR primers) showed that the species of Pratylenchus present in the potato fields to be P. neglectus. Potato, cv. Russet Burbank, showed to be a poor host to two populations of Pratylenchus spp. from Manitoba potato fields. Accordingly, P. neglectus does not seem to be a limitation to potato production in Manitoba; thus, P. penetrans, the most widely spread and damaging species to potato was used in the successive studies of assessing the use of LHM to control Pratylenchus spp. in potato fields. VFA (acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, n-valeric, isovaleric, and n-caproic acids) accounted for the majority of the lethal effect of LHM to P. penetrans under acidic conditions. VFA in LHM killed Pratylenchus spp. in soil and acidification seemed to enhance its ability when VFA concentration in the manure is low. LHM did not act as a soil fumigant eliminating soil trophic interactions but increased bottom-up food web interactions. VFA in LHM persisted in the soil for four days with biological degradation being their mode of loss. In conclusion, LHM is potentially an effective and low-cost strategy to control Pratylenchus spp. and its efficacy can be improved by acidification.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-01-20T15:03:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ludmilla Geraldo Di Santo (ludmilladisanto@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T18:57:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Ludmilla Geraldo Di Santo.pdf: 3261093 bytes, checksum: d46f60bc493c74390b3bc14fee0f382f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-20T19:30:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 disanto_lg_me_jabo.pdf: 3261093 bytes, checksum: d46f60bc493c74390b3bc14fee0f382f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disanto_lg_me_jabo.pdf: 3261093 bytes, checksum: d46f60bc493c74390b3bc14fee0f382f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estudos sobre processamento de rações e sua influência no metabolismo são escassos para psitacídeos. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e radiográficos de papagaios-verdadeiro após a transição de dieta com alta gordura, baseada em girassol, para alimento balanceado para manutenção de papagaios. Esta formulação balanceada foi processada de modo a se obter três diferentes graus de cozimento do amido: Ração peletizada (PEL) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e peletizados, com 27% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada baixo cozimento (EXTb) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 2mm e extrusados com baixa transferência de energia, com 82% de cozimento do amido; Ração extrusada elevado cozimento (EXTa) - ingredientes moídos com peneira de 0,5mm e extrusados com elevada transferência de energia, com 98% de cozimento do amido. Trinta papagaios-verdadeiro adultos foram mantidos na dieta à base de girassol por 90 dias, para homogeneização do grupo e determinação dos valores basais. Posteriormente foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições (papagaios) por tratamento (rações experimentais) e mantidos nas três dietas por um período de 160 dias. Foram determinados o consumo e a palatabilidade dos alimentos, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis - AGVs (acético, butírico, propiônico, valérico, isovalérico e isobutírico), lactato e amônia das excretas. Ao início e final do experimento foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos, radiográficos e as concentrações plasmáticas de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), albumina, colesterol, triglicérides, glicose e ácido úrico. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). A dieta PEL apresentou maior digestibilidade da gordura e do amido que a EXTa e EXTb (P<0,05), bem como tendência à produção de excretas com maior concentração de ácido acético e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais (P<0,1). Por sua vez, o girassol apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca (81,3%), matéria orgânica (87,4%), extrato etéreo (97,5%), energia bruta (87,3%) e tendência de maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta (84,0%) quando comparada à médias das rações processadas (matéria seca – 67,9%, matéria orgânica – 76,7%, extrato etéreo – 89,9%, energia bruta – 74,6%, proteína bruta – 77,6%) (P<0,05). A transição de uma dieta com elevada gordura (girassol) para ração balanceada promoveu melhor perfil bioquímico sérico, com redução de glicose (242,7 para 216,0 mg/dl), triglicérides (163,9 para 111,1 mg/dl), colesterol (263,6 para 184,1 mg/dl) e AST (190,8 para 113,5 U/L) (P<0,05). O melhor aporte nutricional das rações experimentais proporcionou melhora nos parâmetros hematológicos e imunocompetência dos papagaios, com maiores concentrações de hemácias, hemoglobina, hemoglobina corpuscular média, leucócitos totais, linfócitos e monócitos, quando comparado aos valores mediante ingestão do girassol (p<0,05). Ao exame radiográfico os papagaios apresentaram redução na largura da ampulheta (coração – fígado) e na relação coração fígado (p < 0,05) após o consumo da ração processada. Foi verificado que o cozimento do amido não modificou o metabolismo dos papagaios, mas a transição de dieta com elevado teor de gordura (54,4%), como o girassol, para as rações balanceadas melhorou o metabolismo reduzindo as concentrações séricas de glicose, triglicérides, colesterol e enzima hepática, além de promover aumento de hemácias e linfócitos. / Studies on food processing and its influence on metabolism are scarce for psittacines. The present study evaluated the consumption, digestibility, serum biochemistry, and radiographic parameters of blue-fronted amazon parrots after the transition from high-fat diet, based on sunflower seed, to a balanced formulation for parrot maintenance. This formulation was processed to obtain three different degrees of starch gelatinization: Pelletized food (PEL) - ingredients ground with a 2mm sieve and pelletized, with 27% of starch cooking; Low cooking extruded feed (EXTL) - ingredients ground with 2 mm sieve and extruded with low energy transference, with 82% of starch cooking; High cooking extruded food (EXTH) - ingredients ground with 0.5 mm sieve and extruded with high energy transference, with 98% of starch cooking. Thirty adults blue-fronted amazon parrots were maintained on the sunflower seed based diet for 90 days, for homogenization of the group and determination of baseline values. Later, they were distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 repetition (parrots) per treatment (experimental food) and fed with the diets for a period of 160 days. Food consumption and palatability, apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs - acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, isovaleric and isobutyric), lactate and ammonia of the excreta and, at the beginning and at the end of the experiment hematological, radiographic and plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and uric acid were determined. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey's test (P <0.05). The PEL food presented higher fat and starch digestibility than the EXTL and EXTH (P<0.05) and a tendency for higher excreta concentrations of acetic acid and total short chain fatty acids (P<0.1). On the other hand, sunflower seed presented higher digestibility of dry matter (81.3%), organic matter (87.4%), fat (97.5%), crude energy (87.3%), and crude protein (84.0%) than the mean of the formulated foods (P<0.05; dry matter - 67.9%, organic matter - 76.7%, fat - 89.9%, crude energy - 74.6%, crude protein - 77.6%). The transition from a high fat diet (sunflower seed) to a balanced food improved the serum biochemical profile, reducing the concentrations of glucose (from 242.7 to 216.9 mg/dl), triglycerides (from 163.9 to 111.1 mg/dl), cholesterol (from 263.6 to 184.1 mg/dl) and AST (from 190.8 to 113.6 U/L)(P<0.05). The better nutrient profile of the formulated foods improved blood parameters and immunocompetence, with higher concentrations of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes than when the parrots were fed with sunflower seeds (P<0.05). The radiographic exam showed a reduction in the width of the hourglass (heart - liver) and heart - liver ratio after the intake of the formulated foods (P<0.05). Food processing did not modify the metabolism of parrots, but the transition from a high-fat diet (54.4%), such as sunflower seeds, to balanced diets improved parrot metabolism reducing serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and liver enzyme concentrations, improving the production of red cells and lymphocytes.