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The vowel systems of five selected Iranian Balochi dialects are investigated in this study, which is the first work to apply empirical acoustic analysis to a large body of recorded data on the vowel inventories of different Balochi dialects spoken in Iran. The selected dialects are spoken in the five regions of Sistan (SI), Saravan (SA), Khash (KH), Iranshahr (IR), and Chabahar (CH) located in the province Sistan and Baluchestan in southeast Iran. The aim of the present fieldwork-based survey is to study how similar the vowel systems of these dialects are to the Common Balochi vowel system (i, iː, u, uː, a, aː, eː, oː), which is represented as the vowel inventory for the Balochi dialects in general, as well as how similar these dialects are to one another.  The investigation shows that length is contrastive in these dialects, although the durational dif-ferences between the long and short counterparts are quite small in some dialects. The study also reveals that there are some differences between the vowel systems of these dialects and the Com-mon Balochi sound inventory. The Common Balochi short /i/ vowel is modified to short /e/ in these dialects, and a strong tendency for the long /eː/ and /oː/ to become the diphthongs ie and ue, respec-tively, is observed in some of the investigated dialects, specifically in KH, which shows heavier diphthongization than the other dialects. It is also observed, especially in SI, SA, and CH, that the short /u/ shows strong tendencies to shift towards a lower position of an [o] vowel. In SI and SA, this shift seems to be a correlate of syllable structure, with lowering occurring mostly in closed syllables. It is possible that Persian, as the dominant language in the area, has had an influence on these dialects and caused a lowering tendency among the higher vowels.  The vowel systems in these dialects differ slightly from each other. Phonemically, the pairs e/eː, a/aː, u/uː, and the long vowels /iː/ and /oː/ are suggested for IR; the pairs a/aː, u/uː, the short /e/ and the long /iː/ as well as the diphthongs /ie/ and /ue/ substituted for the long /eː/ and /oː/, respectively, are suggested for KH; and finally the pairs e/eː, a/aː, o/oː, and the long vowels /iː/ and /uː/, which make a more symmetrical inventory, are suggested for the SI, SA, and CH dialects. In general, the vowels in these dialects show a range of phonetic variations. In addition, processes of fronting, which is most common in coronal contexts, and nasalization, which mostly occurs in nasal envi-ronments, are observed in the data researched.

Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζει στην περιγραφή του φωνηεντικού συστήματος των Μιστιώτικων, - μιας Καππαδοκικής ποικιλίας που μιλιόταν στην περιοχή του Μιστί-, όπως αυτό διαμορφώνεται στις μέρες μας από διαφορετικές γενιές ομιλητών σε ένα μικτό προσφυγικό χωριό της Βόρειας Ελλάδας. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποείται μια σύγκριση ανάμεσα στο σημερινό φωνηεντικό σύστημα σε σχέση με το παλαιό της Καππαδοκικής διαλέκτου, όπως το έχει περιγράψει ο Dawkins (1916), και προτείνεται μια υπόθεση, η οποία έχει ως στόχο να εξηγήσει τις διαφορές που αναδεικνύονται μεταξύ τους, λαμβάνοντας υπ’όψιν τους γλωσσικούς μηχανισμούς και την επαφή διαλέκτων. Σύμφωνα με τον Dawkins (1916), το φωνηεντικό σύστημα της Καππαδοκικής διαλέκτου αποτελούνταν από οκτώ φωνήεντα. Εκτός από τα φωνήνετα [i,e,a,o,u], που έχει και η ελληνική, πραγματώνονταν και τα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ], εξαιτιας της επαφής της διαλέκτου με την τουρκική γλώσσα. Αυτά τα φωνήεντα εμφανίζονταν κυρίως σε τούρκικα δάνεια, π.χ. Τ. karı 'γυναίκα'> [karɯ]• T. tütün > ‘καπνό’ [tytyn] (Janse 2009;2015), ενώ η παρουσία τους σε ελληνικές λέξεις ήταν σπάνια. Όμως, σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας, φάνηκε ότι το τωρινό φωνηεντικό σύστημα αποκλίνει σημαντικά από αυτό που περιγράφουν προηγούμενες μελέτες. Τα τούρκικα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ] έχουν σχεδόν εξαφανιστεί, κυρίως από την ομιλία των νέων. Την ίδια στιγμή όμως, ένα νέο φωνήεν έδειξε να έχει ενσωματωθεί στο σύστημα, το φωνήεν [æ], το οποίο εντοπίστηκε στο λόγο τόσο των ηλικιωμένων όσο και των νέων πληροφορητών. Με σκοπό να δωθεί μια εξήγηση για αυτές τις αλλαγές που παρατηρήθηκαν, υποστηρίζουμε ότι είναι αποτέλεσμα διαδικασιών γλωσσικής και διαλεκτικής επαφής. Συγκεκριμένα, θεωρούμε ότι τα φωνήεντα [y,œ,ɯ] βρίσκονται σε μια φάση εξάλειψης εξαιτίας της ενεργοποίησης του μηχανισμου εξομοίωσης, καθώς τα Μιστιώτικα ήρθαν σε επαφή με τα Ελληνικά και τα Ποντιακά μετά την ανταλλαγή των πληθυσμών και τα τούρκικα χαρακτηριστικά θεωρούνται γενικά στιγματιζμένα εδώ και δεκαετίες. Επιπρόσθετα, το φωνήεν [æ] υποθέτουμε ότι μπορεί να έχει υιοθετηθεί ως ένα εξέχων χαρακτηριστικό από την Ποντιακή διάλεκτο, κάτι που επίσης εκλαμβάνεται ως μια άλλη μορφή εξομοίωσης. / The aim of this study is to present the vowel system of Mišotika, –a varierty of Cappadocian that was spoken at Misti-, as it is spoken by different generations in a mixed refugee village in Northern Greece at the present day. Moreover, we compare this vowel system with the Cappadocian vowel system that has been described by Dawkins (1916), and we propose a hypothesis that aims to explain the differences that appear between these hundred years, taking into consideration mechanisms of language and dialect contact. According to Dawkins (1916), the vowel system of Cappadocian dialect consisted of eight vowels. Besides the Greek vowels [i,e,a,o,u], the dialect also had the vowels [y,œ,ɯ], presumably due to contact with the Turkish language. These vowels appeared mainly in Turkish loans, e.g. Turk. karı 'woman'> [karɯ]• Turk. tütün > ‘tobacco’ [tytyn] (Janse 2009;2015), while their presence in Greek words was rare. However, according to the results of our research, the current vowel system diverges significantly from what earlier studies have described. The vowels [y,œ,ɯ] are almost extinct, especially at the casual speech of the young adults. At the same time, a new realisation has emerged, i.e. the vowel [æ], which is evident in the speech of elders and young adults. In order to explain the above changes, we argue that they are result of language and dialect contact processes. In particular, the Turkish vowels [y,œ,ɯ] are in the process of elimination due to mechanism of levelling, as Mišótika has been in contact with Modern Greek and Pontic since the population exchange of the 1920s, and Turkish features were highly stigmatized for many decades. Similarly, the vowel [æ] has been adopted as a salient feature of the Pontic variety, which is also considered as another aspect of levelling.

Submitted by Leonardo Lima (leonardoperlim@gmail.com) on 2017-01-30T13:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MONTEIRO, Carolina Reis.pdf: 1411968 bytes, checksum: b727b71bb1886a742ee620ff84810031 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T15:52:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Carolina Reis.pdf: 1411968 bytes, checksum: b727b71bb1886a742ee620ff84810031 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T15:56:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Carolina Reis.pdf: 1411968 bytes, checksum: b727b71bb1886a742ee620ff84810031 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T15:58:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Carolina Reis.pdf: 1411968 bytes, checksum: b727b71bb1886a742ee620ff84810031 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-07 / Sem bolsa / Esta tese situa-se no campo de pesquisas sobre a relação entre fonologia e aquisição da escrita a partir da ideia de que o inventário fonológico da criança pode ser modificado com a apropriação do sistema escrito. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é descrever e analisar os dados relacionados à grafia das vogais do PB na escrita inicial, a fim de contribuir para com a discussão relativa à constituição e à representação fonológica do sistema vocálico do português, a partir do Modelo Representacional com base em Restrições de Clements (2001). Os objetivos específicos são a) descrever e analisar os erros relacionados à grafia das vogais extraídos de produções escritas de crianças brasileiras que cursam os anos iniciais; b) discutir os dados de escrita comparando-os com os resultados obtidos nos estudos sobre o processo de aquisição fonológica do sistema vocálico do PB; c) discutir os dados de escrita comparandoos com os resultados obtidos em estudos referentes à variação linguística observada em relação ao funcionamento do sistema vocálico; d) discutir a relação entre os dados de escrita e os dados obtidos a partir de análises acústicas referentes às vogais do PB; e) refletir sobre a constituição e a representação do sistema vocálico a partir das relações estabelecidas entre a escrita inicial e a fonologia. Os dados de análise foram obtidos por meio de constituição de 3 amostras. A primeira amostra é composta de dados de escrita espontânea de crianças pertencentes à escola pública e à escola particular. A segunda são dados de escrita controlada obtidos por instrumentos de coletas específicos que permitiram a produção de palavras com as vogais nas diferentes posições átonas. A última amostra é composta por dados de produção oral de crianças de escola pública e particular com o objetivo de analisar a produção das vogais pretônicas suscetíveis ao alçamento sem motivação aparente ou resultante de harmonia vocálica. Os resultados obtidos na análise de dados de escrita mostram que a maioria dos erros se relacionam à grafia da vogal coronal em se comparando com a vogal dorsal e que com o avanço das séries há uma diminuição geral no número de erros. Nos dados de produção oral foi observado que as crianças se utilizam, inicialmente, de vogais altas e intermediárias para produzir o processo de alçamento e que, com o avanço nas séries, passam em alguns casos a produzir uma vogal média. A partir do Modelo de Economia Representacional com Base em Restrições de Clements (2001), pode-se perceber que o sistema pretônico da criança é constituído inicialmente de vogais altas e baixas, ou seja, ela teria observado o que é distintivo na sua língua. Posteriormente, com a aquisição da escrita, aconteceria uma atualização desse conhecimento e a crianças perceberia na variação a existência de vogais médias, constituindo, assim, um sistema pretônico de cinco vogais. / This thesis is situated in the research field on the relation between phonology and writing acquisition from the idea that the phonological inventory of the child can be modified with the appropriation of the written system. The main objective of this present study is to describe and analyze data related to the spelling of vowels in the PB initial writing in order to contribute to the discussion concerning the formation and the phonological representation of the vowel system of the Portuguese from the Representational Model based on Restrictions Clements (2001 ) . The specific objectives are a) to describe and analyze the related spelling errors of vowels extracted from written productions of Brazilian children who attend the early years of school ; b ) discuss the written data by comparing them with the results obtained in studies on the process of acquisition of phonological vowel system of PB ; c ) discuss the written data comparing them with the results obtained in studies relating to linguistic variation in relation to the functioning of the vowel system ; d ) discuss the relationship between the written data and data obtained from acoustic analysis regarding the members of the PB ; e) reflect on the constitution and representation of the vowel system from the relationship established between the initial writing and phonology . The analyzed data were obtained by incorporation of 3 samples . The first sample data is consisted from spontaneous writing of children in the public school and private school. The second data is controlled through specific writing instruments that allowed the production of words with different vowels in unstressed positions . The final sample consists of oral production data of children from public and private schools with the aim to analyze the production of pretonic vowels susceptible to raising no apparent cause or result of vowel harmony . The results obtained in the analysis of written data show that most of the spelling errors are related to the coronal vowel in comparison with the dorsal vowel and with the advancement of the early primary grades must be a general decrease in the number of errors . In oral production data was observed that children initially use high and intermediate vowels to produce the process of lifting device and that , with the advancement in the series ,the students start to pronounce the sound of a mid vowel . From The Model -Based Economy Representational Restrictions Clements (2001 ) , one can notice that the pretonic child system is initially made up of high and low vowels , ie he/she would have observed what is distinctive in his/her language . Later on, with the acquisition of writing, an update knowledge would happen and children would understand the existence of variation in the middle vowels, thus forming a system of five pretonic vowels.

This thesis is a comparative study of Pai and Swati. The Pai language is spoken in the easten1 parts of the Mpumalanga Province of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on the correspondences and differences of the speech sounds of these two languages and reference is also made to the morphology. The previous comprehensive work on Pai was by Ziervogel (1956) where he classified the Pai language as one of the three dialects of Eastern Sotho. He also considered the Swati elements present in Pai to be merely borrowings. The present investigation into the history of the Pai people indicates that Pai may have had links with languages other than those belonging to the Sotho group and, from the evidence, an Nguni connection has become a distinct possibility. The speech sounds of Pai are described in detail in chapter two and corresponding speech sounds in Swati are included. The vowels of both languages receive special attention because Pai apparently has a seven-vowel system and Swati a five-vowel system. The corresponding consonants in these two languages soon points towards a relationship that is based on more than just borrowed items. In chapter three the Ur-Bantu sounds of Meinhof and their reflexes in Swati and Pai are described and compared. The wide variety of attestations in Pai and the instability of some phonemes are indicative of a language that has been subjected to many outside influences and that is at the moment in a state of flux. In chapter four some aspects of the morphology are described in order to highlight the peculiar characteristics of Pai as an individual language. The relationship with Swati is again emphasized by the findings in this chapter. A statistical analysis of the speech sounds of Pai and Swati in chapter five indicates that an Nguni core of sounds exists that is shared by both these languages. A re-classification of Pai within the language context of that area may therefore be necessary. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis is a comparative study of Pai and Swati. The Pai language is spoken in the easten1 parts of the Mpumalanga Province of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on the correspondences and differences of the speech sounds of these two languages and reference is also made to the morphology. The previous comprehensive work on Pai was by Ziervogel (1956) where he classified the Pai language as one of the three dialects of Eastern Sotho. He also considered the Swati elements present in Pai to be merely borrowings. The present investigation into the history of the Pai people indicates that Pai may have had links with languages other than those belonging to the Sotho group and, from the evidence, an Nguni connection has become a distinct possibility. The speech sounds of Pai are described in detail in chapter two and corresponding speech sounds in Swati are included. The vowels of both languages receive special attention because Pai apparently has a seven-vowel system and Swati a five-vowel system. The corresponding consonants in these two languages soon points towards a relationship that is based on more than just borrowed items. In chapter three the Ur-Bantu sounds of Meinhof and their reflexes in Swati and Pai are described and compared. The wide variety of attestations in Pai and the instability of some phonemes are indicative of a language that has been subjected to many outside influences and that is at the moment in a state of flux. In chapter four some aspects of the morphology are described in order to highlight the peculiar characteristics of Pai as an individual language. The relationship with Swati is again emphasized by the findings in this chapter. A statistical analysis of the speech sounds of Pai and Swati in chapter five indicates that an Nguni core of sounds exists that is shared by both these languages. A re-classification of Pai within the language context of that area may therefore be necessary. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)