A lavagem das mãos é reconhecida como uma das medidas mais importantes para prevenir as Infecções Hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a execução e verificar a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos por alunos dos 2º, 3º e 4º anos de um Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem. A amostra constituiu-se de 113 alunos que estavam cumprindo estágio em instituições de saúde do município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação direta para a qual foi utilizado um instrumento em forma de “check-list" com os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, conforme recomendação do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os resultados foram estatisticamente trabalhados, permitindo constatar que: a) os alunos dos 2º e dos 3º anos obtiveram melhor desempenho na execução da técnica de lavagem das mãos, com diferença estatisticamente significante, quando comparados ao 4º ano nos passos da técnica: “retirou jóias", “esfregou palma com dorso", “esfregou espaços interdigitais", “esfregou polegar" e “esfregou unhas". Apenas no item “fechou a torneira com papel toalha" o 4º ano apresentou-se melhor que os 2º e 3º anos; b) a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos dos alunos de todos os anos do curso foi muito baixa, pois na metade dos passos que compõe a técnica, os alunos apresentaram adesão menor que 50%; c) A porcentagem de alunos que executou TODOS OS PASSOS da técnica de lavagem das mãos CORRETAMENTE foi muito baixa, apenas 8,8%. Concluiu-se que os alunos do 4º ano obtiveram o pior desempenho e adesão muito baixa em quase todos os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, quando comparados aos dos 2º e 3º anos / Handwashing is known as one of the most important measures in preventing hospital-acquired Infections. This study had the objective of comparing the performance and verifying the adhesion of students from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of the Graduation nursing course to the steps of this technique. The sample was made of 113 students who were under the internship program in health institutions in the city of Sao Paulo. The data were collected through unobtrusive observation based on an instrument in a check-list form with all the steps of the hands-washing technique, as suggested by the Brazilian Health Ministry. The results were statistically treated showing that: a) the students from the 2nd and 3rd years had better results in the execution of the handwashing technique, with a significant statistical difference, when compared to the students from the 4th year considering the steps: “jewelry-removing", “rubbed the palm of the hand with its back", "rubbed spaces between fingers", “rubbed thumb" and “rubbed nails". Considering the item “closing the faucet with a paper towel" the students from the 4th year were better than the ones from the second and third years; b) the students from all years of graduation the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years showed low adhesion to the hands-washing technique steps, once they presented the adhesion to less than 50% of the steps; c) The percentage of students who performed ALL THE STEPS of the handwashing technique CORRECTLY was very low, only 8.8%. It was concluded that the students from the 4th years in almost all had the worst performance and the lowest adhesion to the hands-washing technique when compared to the students from the 2nd and 3rd years

Varicose veins is a condition, which affects numerous people. The condition is mostly not harmful but aesthetically unappreciated. Therefore many people choose to have them surgically removed. After the surgery is completed, the leg is bandaged, this for creating an ideal healing environment, without any complications occurring. It is important that a uniform pressure is distributed evenly along the bandaged leg, because high or low pressure can cause complications which prolongs healing. During the bandaging it is difficult to achieve an even pressure since the pressure varies due to the shape of the leg and who is bandaging the leg. PressCise has developed a compression bandage with a guide along the bandage, so that each bandaging will give the same pressure upon the leg. The bandage is designed after a specific mathematical formula that is derived from the law of Laplace. This means that no matter how thick or thin the leg is at different points, the pressure will distribute itself evenly over the entire bandaged leg. PressCise aims to obtain a CE-mark for the product before a launch. An analysis of demands and a wide test study therefor needs to be carried out. Demands and requirements for the product from different laws and regulations have been observed in order to determine which tests are necessary to execute. At this stage PressCise also needs to evaluate different parameters. To begin with, they need to see how the bandage behaves in different types of treatments, and secondly they need to evaluate the properties in order to give the correct information concerning usage and durability advices. In this report, a survey of the competitors was conducted in order to estimate which standards and tests the competitors are marketing their products with. An examination of the requirements of the product from the PressCise, CE marking and laws will be study, to see which demands and regulations lies upon the bandage. In this report a minor test study will be executed, where the product will go through a washing test, an abrasion test and a hysteresis test. The report will conclude with a requirement specification for the current product and its launching. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No cenÃrio brasileiro, os resÃduos de EstaÃÃes de Tratamento de Ãgua (ETAs) sÃo normalmente lanÃados in natura em corpos hÃdricos, apresentando-se como potencialmente danosos ao meio ambiente, sendo necessÃrio tratÃ-los para que sejam descartados conforme os aspectos legais. Estudos demonstram que a tecnologia da FlotaÃÃo por Ar Dissolvido (FAD) tem sido viÃvel para este fim. Acredita-se que a incorporaÃÃo da floculaÃÃo em cortinas numa mesma unidade de flotaÃÃo possa promover elevada eficÃcia ao sistema, traduzindo-se como uma inovaÃÃo tecnolÃgica: o Floco-Flotador por Ar Dissolvido (FFAD). Uma unidade piloto de FFAD foi construÃda para o tratamento da Ãgua de lavagem dos filtros da ETA GaviÃo, pertencente à Companhia de Ãgua e Esgoto do Cearà (CAGECE). Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo quantificar e verificar o atendimento da Ãgua de lavagem dos filtros (ALF) desta ETA e da Ãgua clarificada via FFAD aos padrÃes de lanÃamento de efluentes conforme as ResoluÃÃes n 430/11 e 357/05 do CONAMA e Portaria n 154/2002 da SEMACE. Estudos de tratabilidade da ALF em Jartest foram realizados para avaliar a influÃncia da dosagem de polÃmeros catiÃnicos e a viabilidade de gradientes de velocidade decrescente (35 a 5,6 s-1) a serem empregados no equipamento de FFAD desenvolvido. Ensaios de flotaÃÃo foram realizados a fim de avaliar a dosagem do polÃmero e os parÃmetros de processo como taxas de recirculaÃÃo (TR) e taxas de aplicaÃÃo superficial (TAS). ApÃs definidos estes parÃmetros, ensaios de FFAD foram realizados em triplicata para coleta da AC a fim de comparÃ-la com os principais padrÃes de lanÃamento de efluente em corpos hÃdricos classe II. Somente os parÃmetros pH, Fluoreto, AmÃnia, E. coli e SÃlidos dissolvidos da ALF atenderam aos padrÃes de lanÃamento. Ao aplicar polÃmero a 1 mg.L-1, taxa de recirculaÃÃo de 15%, gradientes de velocidade decrescente (19,3 a 5,6 s-1), taxa de aplicaÃÃo superficial de 57 m3.m-2.d-1 com tempo de detenÃÃo hidrÃulico de 22 minutos no FFAD, os resultados alcanÃaram elevada eficiÃncia na remoÃÃo de turbidez (superior a 98%) mesmo enfrentando variaÃÃes bruscas na qualidade da ALF (94,4 a 410 UT). Observou-se tambÃm significativa eficiÃncia mÃdia na remoÃÃo de coliformes totais (98,5%), cor aparente (97,6%), DQO (92,6%) e remoÃÃo de alumÃnio (84,1%). Diante destes resultados, constatou-se que a ALF da ETA GaviÃo tratada via Floco-flotaÃÃo por ar dissolvido atendeu aos referidos padrÃes de lanÃamento em corpos hÃdricos. / In Brazil the filter backwash wastewater is normally released in to the water resources without proper treatment, representing a potential danger to the environment. Thus, it is necessary to treat this wastewater in order to dispose it in accordance to federal and state environmental laws. Studies show that Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) technology has been feasible for this purpose. It is believed that the incorporation of flocculation in curtains and air dissolved flotation system in the same unit can promote high efficiency and significant size reduction, which translates in a technological innovation: the Floculator - Dissolved Air Flotation (FFAD) unit. A FFAD pilot unit was built to evaluate the treatment of GaviÃo Water Treatment Plant filter backwash wastewater, owned by the Water and Wastewater Company of Cearà (CAGECE). This research had as main objective to quantify and verify the compliance of the filter backwash wastewater parameters to the Resolution No. 430/11 and 357/05 of CONAMA and Ordinance No. 154/2002 of SEMACE. Treatability studies were performed with filter backwash wastewater using Jartest to evaluate the influence of cationic polymer dosages and the feasibility of decreasing flocculation velocity gradients (35 to 5.6 s-1) in the FFAD. Experimental runs of the flocculation - flotation system were performed to evaluate the best polymer dosage and the process parameters such as recirculation rates (TR) and surface application rates (TAS). These parameters were compared by observing the lower residual turbidity and best removal efficiency in the clarified water (AC). The treated wastewater was again characterized using physicalchemical and bacteriological parameters and compared to the specific legislation. The results showed that the use of 1 mg.L-1 of polymer, recirculation rate of 15% and surface application rate of 57 m3.m-2.d-1, presented the highest turbidity efficiency removal (> 98%) and a very stable performance against sudden changes in the influent quality (94.4 to 410UT). It should be noted that the unity showed also a high average efficiency total coliforms removal (98.5%), apparent color removal (97.6%), DOC removal (92.6%), of aluminum (84.1%) removal and turbidity (99.2 %) removal. Given these results, it was concluded that the AC coming from the treatment of ALF by ETA WTP GaviÃo FFAD met the discharge parameters listed for water resources.

Recentemente, uma mudança de paradigma vem impactando toda a engenharia e manufatura na forma de se planejar, projetar, testar e construir produtos. A forma mais tradicional de desenvolvimento, que se caracterizava pelo processo seriado de múltiplos ciclos de design-construção-teste, vem sendo substituída gradativamente por processos de desenvolvimento guiados por simulação computacional. Decorrentes disso, os primeiros protótipos físicos são freqüentemente capazes de atingir os objetivos quando testados. Esta mudança, chamada também de projeto baseado em simulação, permite reduzir drasticamente o tempo de desenvolvimento de produtos e trazer a inovação para o mercado. Este trabalho apresenta uma forma computacional, via técnica de multicorpos, para se analisar a dinâmica de uma lavadora de eixo vertical. É proposto um protótipo virtual no software ADAMS, para estudo dinâmico de uma lavadora durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. O modelo virtual é posteriormente confrontado com dados experimentais, para sua validação. Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada, com a intenção de capturar as técnicas mais usuais de modelamento e estudo dinâmico em lavadoras, bem como de compreender melhor o papel de seus componentes durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. / Recently a paradigm shift has impacted the engineering and manufacturing in the way of planning, designing, testing and building products. The most traditional way of product development, characterized by multiple cycles of design-build-test, has been substituted by a process based on computational simulation, where the first physical prototypes are capable of delivering the desired performance. This new way of developing products is called simulation based design and allows organizations to reduce drastically the product lead time and bring innovation to the market. This work presents a computational way to analyze the dynamic behavior of a top load washing machine using multibody system (MBS). It\'s proposed a virtual prototype developed in the ADAMS software, for dynamic study of a commercial washing machine during spin cycle. The virtual model is compared to experimental data for validation. An extensive research in the literature has been done in order to find the most usual ways of modeling and analyzing washing machine dynamics during spin.

The purpose of this study was to teach four preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to wash their hands independently using a video modeling-based intervention package. A research questions was asked: Is there a functional relation between a video modeling-based intervention package and increases in level and trend for washing hands independently? A multiple probe across participants design was used to answer this question. Results indicated that the intervention package had functional relation with the increase in level and trend of the three participants’ performance in washing hands. The intervention package of video modeling and least-to-most prompting was found to be effective to teach the participants the skills taught.

This thesis focuses on the development of a novel Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (surface and interior types) in the constant torque region with the help of cost-effective hall-effect sensors. This method requires no DC-link sensing, which is a mandatory matter in the conventional DTC drives, therefore it reduces the cost of a conventional DTC of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor and also removes common problems including; resistance change effect, low speed and integration drift. Conventional DTC drives require at least one DC-link voltage sensor (or two on the motor terminals) and two current sensors because of the necessary estimation of position, speed, torque, and stator flux in the stationary reference frame. Unlike the conventional DTC drive, the proposed method uses the rotor reference frame because the rotor position is provided by the three hall-effect sensors and does not require expensive voltage sensors. Moreover, the proposed algorithm takes the acceleration and deceleration of the motor and torque disturbances into account to improve the speed and torque responses. The basic theory of operation for the proposed topology is presented. A mathematical model for the proposed DTC of the PMSM topology is developed. A simulation program written in MATLAB/SIMULINK® is used to verify the basic operation (performance) of the proposed topology. The mathematical model is capable of simulating the steady-state, as well as dynamic response even under heavy load conditions (e.g. transient load torque at ramp up). It is believed that the proposed system offers a reliable and low-cost solution for the emerging market of DTC for PMSM drives. Finally the proposed drive, considering the constant torque region operation, is applied to the agitation part of a laundry washing machine (operating in constant torque region) for speed performance comparison with the current low-cost agitation cycle speed control technique used by washing machine companies around the world.

This thesis focuses on the development of a novel Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (surface and interior types) in the constant torque region with the help of cost-effective hall-effect sensors. This method requires no DC-link sensing, which is a mandatory matter in the conventional DTC drives, therefore it reduces the cost of a conventional DTC of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor and also removes common problems including; resistance change effect, low speed and integration drift. Conventional DTC drives require at least one DC-link voltage sensor (or two on the motor terminals) and two current sensors because of the necessary estimation of position, speed, torque, and stator flux in the stationary reference frame. Unlike the conventional DTC drive, the proposed method uses the rotor reference frame because the rotor position is provided by the three hall-effect sensors and does not require expensive voltage sensors. Moreover, the proposed algorithm takes the acceleration and deceleration of the motor and torque disturbances into account to improve the speed and torque responses. The basic theory of operation for the proposed topology is presented. A mathematical model for the proposed DTC of the PMSM topology is developed. A simulation program written in MATLAB/SIMULINK® is used to verify the basic operation (performance) of the proposed topology. The mathematical model is capable of simulating the steady-state, as well as dynamic response even under heavy load conditions (e.g. transient load torque at ramp up). It is believed that the proposed system offers a reliable and low-cost solution for the emerging market of DTC for PMSM drives. Finally the proposed drive, considering the constant torque region operation, is applied to the agitation part of a laundry washing machine (operating in constant torque region) for speed performance comparison with the current low-cost agitation cycle speed control technique used by washing machine companies around the world.

Fluorescence spectroscopy was examined as a potential technique for identifying aerosol particles like bacterial spores. This technique was used for laboratory measurements on some common biological agent simulants. We have measured the intrinsic steady-state fluorescence emission spectra as a function of the excitation wavelength for several bacterial spores (washed and unwashed) in dry and aqueous suspensions at room temperature using excitation wavelengths from 200 to 600 nm. These measurements were compared to those of common, naturally occurring biological components like fungal spores and pollen and non spore samples like ovalbumin. The spectra of samples were combined into fluorescence profiles or fluorescence fingerprints. Different substrates were used for collection and detection of spores. Each bacterium produces a unique in vitro fluorescence profile when measured in dried and aqueous suspension and exhibits a strong maximum in its fluorescence emission spectrum near 330-340 nm. The fluorescence profiles were reproducible. The complexity of microorganisms made the interpretation of their spectral signature a difficult task. Principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were done as a data reduction technique for detection and identification from different backgrounds. PCA illustrates that linear combination of detected fluorescence intensities, which are present in different ratios in each of samples studied, can be used to discriminate biological agent simulants from other biological samples. The hydration effects, washing effects and the role of tryptophan on spore fluorescence were also investigated. The emission spectra of the dried spores showed a maximum near 330 nm, suggesting a hydrophobic environment for its tryptophan residues. The aqueous solution of tryptophan showed fluorescence shifted to 360 nm and in ethanol solution the maximum was shifted to 340 nm, suggesting a rather more polar average location of the tryptophan. To find the limit of detection we measured the quantum efficiency (QE) of a few samples. We concluded that spectroscopy techniques coupled with effective interpretation models are applicable to biological simulants agents. Index Heading: Bacteria; Spores; Identification; Fluorescence; Fluorescence Quantum Efficiency; Principal Components Analysis; Cluster Analysis.

Nesta dissertação apresentaremos um m´método para detecção automática da quantidade de carga adicionada em uma lavadora de roupas para que esta possa adequar o seu nível de água e ciclo de lavagem. A máquina na qual este algoritmo foi desenvolvido é uma máquina de eixo vertical (abertura na parte de cima) e utiliza um motor síncrono trapezoidal (BPM do inglês Brushless Permanent Magnet). O algoritmo que será descrito aqui utiliza uma rede neural para inferir a quantidade de carga baseado em informações disponíveis nesta m´máquina como, corrente do motor, velocidade do cesto e tensão de alimentação, entre outros, essas informações estão disponíveis na maioria dos modelos de máquinas de lavar roupas que utilizam esse tipo de motor. A utilização de um algoritmo para detectar automaticamente e de forma precisa a quantidade de roupas é muito importante, pois dessa forma evita-se o desperdício de insumos e, principalmente, água no processo de lavagem. Além disso apresentaremos os resultados que mostram a diferença entre o uso da rede neural e o método linear chamado planejamento de experimento (DOE do inglês Design of Experiments). / In this dissertation a method for automatic load size detection will be presented, so the water level and the washing cycles can be chosen by a washing machine. The machine where this algorithm was developed is a top load washing machine that uses a brushless permanent magnet motor (BPM motor). The algorithm that is going to be described here uses a neural network to deduce the load size based on information available on this machine such as, motor current, basket speed, power supply voltage and others. These signals are available on most washing machines that uses this kind of motor. The use of an algorithm that detects automatically and precisely the load amount is very important in order to avoid the waste of soap, bleach and softner and, more importantly, water during the wash task. Moreover the use of the neural network will be compared with a linear methods called DOE (design of experiment). Finally, results showing the difference between both methods are presented.

A lavagem das mãos é reconhecida como uma das medidas mais importantes para prevenir as Infecções Hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a execução e verificar a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos por alunos dos 2º, 3º e 4º anos de um Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem. A amostra constituiu-se de 113 alunos que estavam cumprindo estágio em instituições de saúde do município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação direta para a qual foi utilizado um instrumento em forma de “check-list” com os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, conforme recomendação do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os resultados foram estatisticamente trabalhados, permitindo constatar que: a) os alunos dos 2º e dos 3º anos obtiveram melhor desempenho na execução da técnica de lavagem das mãos, com diferença estatisticamente significante, quando comparados ao 4º ano nos passos da técnica: “retirou jóias”, “esfregou palma com dorso”, “esfregou espaços interdigitais”, “esfregou polegar” e “esfregou unhas”. Apenas no item “fechou a torneira com papel toalha” o 4º ano apresentou-se melhor que os 2º e 3º anos; b) a adesão aos passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos dos alunos de todos os anos do curso foi muito baixa, pois na metade dos passos que compõe a técnica, os alunos apresentaram adesão menor que 50%; c) A porcentagem de alunos que executou TODOS OS PASSOS da técnica de lavagem das mãos CORRETAMENTE foi muito baixa, apenas 8,8%. Concluiu-se que os alunos do 4º ano obtiveram o pior desempenho e adesão muito baixa em quase todos os passos da técnica de lavagem das mãos, quando comparados aos dos 2º e 3º anos / Handwashing is known as one of the most important measures in preventing hospital-acquired Infections. This study had the objective of comparing the performance and verifying the adhesion of students from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of the Graduation nursing course to the steps of this technique. The sample was made of 113 students who were under the internship program in health institutions in the city of Sao Paulo. The data were collected through unobtrusive observation based on an instrument in a check-list form with all the steps of the hands-washing technique, as suggested by the Brazilian Health Ministry. The results were statistically treated showing that: a) the students from the 2nd and 3rd years had better results in the execution of the handwashing technique, with a significant statistical difference, when compared to the students from the 4th year considering the steps: “jewelry-removing”, “rubbed the palm of the hand with its back”, ”rubbed spaces between fingers”, “rubbed thumb” and “rubbed nails”. Considering the item “closing the faucet with a paper towel” the students from the 4th year were better than the ones from the second and third years; b) the students from all years of graduation the 2nd, 3rd and 4th years showed low adhesion to the hands-washing technique steps, once they presented the adhesion to less than 50% of the steps; c) The percentage of students who performed ALL THE STEPS of the handwashing technique CORRECTLY was very low, only 8.8%. It was concluded that the students from the 4th years in almost all had the worst performance and the lowest adhesion to the hands-washing technique when compared to the students from the 2nd and 3rd years