Syftet med detta arbetet är att skapa en förståelse kring vattenförbrukningen på Storsudret, som är beläget på Gotland, samt hur den varierar över året. Detta för att kunna planera för en framtida hållbar vattenförsörjning i ett område där vattenbrist periodvis hotar och klimatförändringar förväntas ge betydande konsekvenser. Genom framtagning av en modell som beräknar vattenförbrukning för fyra kategorier har den totala årsförbrukningen på Storsudret sammanställts. Vattenförbrukningen kan användas som riktlinje vid dimensionering av grundvattendammar som planeras i området för att stärka lagringen av grundvatten. Modellen är skapad i programmet Excel och kategorierna består av hushåll, djurhållning, bevattning och service. Modellen innehåller ett antal parametrar som anges för de olika kategorierna samt vilka månader som antas tillhöra låg-, medel- och högsäsong. Vattenförbrukningen för respektive kategori räknas ut i kubikmeter per månad och år och redovisas i en sammanställning över året. Utöver vattenförbrukningen i dagsläget har två scenarier tagits fram och studerats där Scenario 1 är baserat på strålningsdrivningsscenariot RCP 8.5, framtaget av FN:s Klimatpanel för att bilda en uppfattning om framtidens klimat vid fortsatt höga utsläpp, samt Scenario 2 som är baserat på hur mycket åkermark som bevattnas.  Sammanställningen av vattenförbrukningen för Storsudret framgick till ett värde på 407 000 kubikmeter per år och visade på en kraftig variation över året där vattenförbrukningen var som högst under sommarmånaderna. För vattenförbrukningen i dagsläget antogs att tio procent av Storsudrets åkerareal bevattnas vilket gav det överlägset största bidraget till vattenförbrukningen. I Scenario 2.1 beräknades årsförbrukningen utan bevattning vilken resulterade i 187 000 kubikmeter. Scenario 2.2 innebar full bevattning och resulterade i en mycket stor total årsförbrukning på 2,4 miljoner kubikmeter vatten. Scenario 1 resulterade i en vattenförbrukning på 611 000 kubikmeter per år och 199 000 kubikmeter exklusive bevattning. Klimatförändringarnas förväntade effekter på vattenförbrukningen bör beaktas vid planering för en framtida hållbar vattenförsörjning. Vid dimensionering av grundvattendammar är det rimligt att bortse från bevattning förutsatt att bevattningen även fortsättningsvis sker genom bevattningsdammar och att kapacitet för detta finns. / The purpose of this work is to create a better knowledge of the water consumption at Storsudret, which is located on the island of Gotland, and how it varies over the year. This to be able to plan for a future sustainable water consumption in an area where water shortage periodically is threatening and climate changes are expected to have significant consequences. By creating a model which calculates the water consumption for four categories, the total annual consumption at Storsudret has been compiled. The total water consumption can be used as a guideline when dimensioning the groundwater dams that are planned in the area to reinforce the magazines of groundwater. The model is created in the program Excel and the categories consists of household, animal husbandry, irrigation and service. The model contains a number of parameters which is entered for the different categories and which months that belongs to off-season, mean season and peak season. The water consumption for each category is calculated in cubic meters per month and year and is presented in a compilation over the year. In addition to the water consumption at present, two scenarios have been developed and studied where Scenario 1 is based on the Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 8.5, developed by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change to form an opinion about the future climate if continuing a high rise of emission, and Scenario 2 is based on how much of the cropland is being irrigated.  The compilation of the water consumption at Storsudret resulted in a value of 407 000 cubic meters a year och showed a strong variation over the year, where the water consumption was at its highest during the summer months. When calculating the water consumption at present, an irrigation of ten percent of the cropland was assumed which represented the biggest addition to the water consumption. In Scenario 2.1 the total water consumption for a year was calculated without any irrigation and resulted in 187 000 cubic meters. In Scenario 2.2 the irrigation was at full-scale (when calculating the water consumption for a year) and resulted in a very large total annual consumption at 2,4 million cubic meters of water. Scenario 1 resulted in a water consumption of 611 00 cubic meters a year and 199 000 cubic meters excluding the irrigation. The climate change’s expected impacts on the water consumption should be taken into account when planning for a future sustainable water supply. It is reasonable to ignore the irrigation when dimensioning the groundwater dams hence most of the irrigation is done with the help of irrigation dams.

The number of regions undergoing water scarcity, where the quantity of available water is not enough to meet human demand, is expected to increase in the future. Water reuse measures have been widely implemented to face these situations as a means of increasing the supply of water resources. Thus, ‘water scarcity – water reuse’ (WS-WR) situations will likely become more common. In these cases, water resources management to secure enough water supply is key. Risk and sustainability concepts have been consolidated as guiding discourses that also support the management of water resources. In particular, in the case of WS-WR situations, they can guide decision-makers towards reducing the risk of water scarcity and striving for the implementation of sustainable water reuse measures. In particular, the use of risk and sustainability assessments helps to deal with various social, economic, and environmental requirements and constraints. However, there is still the call for a more comprehensive and integrated assessments. This dissertation aims at providing new ideas for the integration of risk and sustainability in the case of WS-WR situations. Three objectives guide this research: (A) to develop a conceptual assessment framework to support decision-making concerning sustainable water reuse in regions facing risk of water scarcity; (B) to advance the conceptual framework interrelating existing risk and sustainability assessment methodologies and indicators in the context of decision support; and (C) to test the conceptual and methodological framework using a case study in Latin America. Each objective is associated with a research question: (RQ1) How is decision-making regarding water reuse understood and supported towards reducing the risk of water scarcity sustainably – and how can it be represented in a conceptual assessment framework?; (RQ2) How can a conceptual framework for assessing water reuse as sustainable water scarcity risk reduction measures be operationalised through a methodological framework?; and (RQ3) What are the findings from testing the framework in a case study – and what can be incorporated into the framework? Each objective and its respective research question was addressed as a separate step of the research approach, comprising the development of an integrated Risk and Sustainability Assessment (RSA) Framework for WS-WR situations, its operationalisation and testing. The research approach followed a deductive to inductive rationale relying on qualitative and quantitative methods. The outputs of this research are three scientific publications that build this cumulative dissertation (two published and one submitted for revision). The development of the conceptual framework followed three steps: (i) defining the concepts of ‘water scarcity’, ‘water reuse’, ‘risk’ and ‘risk assessment’, ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainability assessment’, and ‘decision-making’; (ii) integrating these concepts by interpreting water scarcity from a risk perspective and water reuse from a sustainability perspective, and relating assessments with decision-making; and (iii) structuring the RSA Framework, following a risk assessment and framing it by the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Results allowed defining decision-making in WS-WR situations as a four-step cyclic process that can be supported by an integrated RSA that comprises an analysis (descriptive and objective) and evaluation (subjective). The methodological aspects for the operationalisation of the RSA conceptual framework focused mainly on developing an analytical concept to support an adequate derivation of the information required in an integrated RSA for WS-WR situations. The resulting concept is based on (i) understanding the WS-WR situation as a Coupled Human and Natural System (CHANS) and identifying the main biophysical elements (endpoints); (ii) translating the CHANS endpoints into an information system via a Multi-Layer (ML) approach using generic descriptors and specific indicators; and (iii) identifying and characterising interlinkages between the indicators via a Lane-Based (LB) approach. Additional methodological aspects related to the evaluation include the use of indicator-based multi-criteria decision-making methods that include the weighting and aggregation of these indicators, as well as the selection of threshold values as evaluation criteria. The testing of the integrated RSA Framework was carried out in Cerrillos de Tamaya, Chile. It involved an ex-post RSA of a water reuse measure implemented in 2018 to face the local water scarcity situation. The testing included (i) describing the case study location and adapting the RSA Framework to fit the local context; (ii) translating the case study’s CHANS via the ML approach and identifying and characterising interlinkages via the LB approach; and (iii) evaluating the degree of risk of water scarcity and sustainability of water reuse via the distance-based method TOPSIS. The results of the testing provided feedback for the RSA Framework. These mainly referred to the influence of the conceptualisation behind the indicators and their use, and the methodological challenges for integrating risk and sustainability evaluation. Further recommendations to the RSA framework are: the inclusion of interlinkage directionality; the use of existing system dynamics modelling approaches (e.g., CLD, SFD); the development of an established database of indicators; the automation of the interlinkages analysis (LB approach); and advance the use of scenarios for sustainability evaluation for better coupling with risk evaluation methods. Overall this research provides evidence of (a) the conceptual integration of risk and sustainability discourses under one decision support framework for the case of WS-WR situations; (b) the use of a system thinking approach for interpreting the WS-WR situation; (c) the relevance of indicators as a means of representing the situation; (d) the interlinkage of social, economic, environmental information; (e) the benefits of the use of conceptual maps; (f) gaps in the process of measuring the effect of water reuse on water scarcity levels via indicators; (g) the gap between a simulation-based risk assessment and a snapshot-focused sustainability assessment that hinders an operational integration; (h) the possibility of the RSA framework to bridge a system thinking view with a traditional assessment-based decision-making view.:Acknowledgements Abstract Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms and Abbreviations Symbols Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Background and problem statement 1.1.1 Water resources for water security 1.1.2 Risk and sustainability discourses for water-related decision-making 1.1.3 Problem statement and research focus 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Research approach and structure of the document 1.3.1 Research approach 1.3.2 Structure of the document 1.4 Chapter references Chapter 2 - Conceptual Framework 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Developing the conceptual framework 2.2.1 Definition and interpretation of the subject at stake 2.2.2 Identification and definition of key concepts 2.2.3 Construction of the conceptual framework 2.3 Results and discussion 2.3.1 Defining and interpreting the ‘water scarcity – water reuse’ situation 2.3.2 Identifying and defining key concepts 2.3.3 Construction of the integrated RSA Framework 2.4 Conclusions and outlook 2.5 Acknowledgements 2.6 Chapter references Chapter 3 - Methodological Aspects 3.1 Introduction 3.2 RSA Framework for a WS-WR situation 3.3 Systems thinking in a WS-WR situation 3.3.1 Identifying elements of a WS-WR situation and its interpretation as a system 3.3.2 Translation of the CHANS into an information system 3.4 Characterisation and interlinkage of indicators 3.4.1 Type and number of indicators 3.4.2 Type and number of interlinkages 3.4.3 Indicator connectivity 3.4.4 Structuring via a lane-based approach 3.5 RSA analytical concept and exemplification 3.5.1 RSA analytical concept 3.5.2 Exemplification of the analyitical concept 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Translating the CHANS into an information system 3.6.2 Supporting decision-making via the analytical concept 3.7 Conclusions 3.8 Acknowledgements 3.9 Chapter references Chapter 4 - Framework Testing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Approach 4.2.1 RSA Framework 4.2.2 Case study site 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Analysis 4.3.2 Evaluation 4.3.3 General results for the case 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Analysis 4.4.2 Evaluation 4.4.3 Overall discussion on the testing of the RSA Framework 4.5 Conclusions 4.6 Acknowledgements 4.7 Chapter References Chapter 5 - Synthesis 5.1 Conceptual aspects 5.2 Methodological aspects 5.3 Testing aspects 5.4 Placing the RSA Framework in a broader context 5.5 Chapter References Chapter 6 - Conclusions and Outlook Annexes Annex A - Literature review: Found records Annex B - Example list of endpoints, descriptors, indicators, and attributes Annex C - Technique for Order Preference by Similarly to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Annex D - Translation into the Information System (from endpoints to attributes) Annex E - Interlinkages Identification Matrix Annex F - List of Most Interlinked Indicators (MII) Annex G - List of indicators, scores, and thresholds

This thesis strives to provide a new way of implementing the principle known as Responsibility to Protect (R2P). When traditionally associated with armed forces, this thesis will present the principle from a new angle, and in doing so illustrate its untapped potential as a tool for combating human suffering. The aim of this study is to normatively argue for R2P to also be applicable in a situation where water scarcity leads to such severe suffering that a state’s unwillingness or inability to manage the crisis puts people in a situation of despair equivalent with Crimes Against Humanity. The argumentation builds on a deductive inference where documents from the UN and the ICC lay the foundation for the premises. The study concludes that there exist circumstances where R2P could be invoked in the context of water scarcity, but advocates only the non-violent measures of the principle as responses.

The topic of whether resource scarcity affects conflict has for long been debated in the field  of peace and conflict studies. This study aimed to understand if there is a correlation between groundwater scarcity and communal conflict by answering the research question ‘How does groundwater scarcity affect communal violence in the Arid and Semi-Arid Land of Kenya’. The independent variable that was measured was groundwater scarcity and the dependent was communal conflict. The proposed theory of the thesis leads to the hypothesis that reads as follows: A decrease of access to groundwater will increase the communal conflicts of the group experiencing said scarcity. To test this hypothesis a Structured Focused Comparison was conducted on two dyads with two communal groups each, one that had experienced communal conflict and one that had not. The results from this analysis were that no aspects of groundwater scarcity had a correlation with an increase in communal conflict, there seemed however to be some covariation between a lack of quantity of groundwater and communal conflict. Further studies need to be conducted on the topic to determine if this co-variation is part of a bigger causal mechanism.

In my thesis essay I have researched the impact of water management on the outcome of peace negotiation and treaty in the case of Israel and Syria. My research question was “How should the water resources of the Golan Heights be addressed in a coming peace treaty between Israel and Syria for this treaty to be sustainable?”. I emanated from the theory advocated by researchers Ohlsson, Homer-Dixon and Gleick, arguing that the detailed incorporation of water management in negotiations as well as in a final peace treaty between countries is crucial for these to be sustainable. I used this theory in analysing the extended data related to the two countries’ water resources and water policies, as well as two previous rounds of negotiation. I came to the conclusion that for any future negotiation to lead to a sustainable peace agreement between the two countries, it is crucial for them to establish very detailed stipulations on the shared water resources. Both Israel and Syria are in great need of accessing and controlling water resources, however Israel is much more dependent than Syria on the waters of the Golan Heights. When an internationally recognized borderline between the countries in the future will be established, it will by default be situated on or closely connected to vital water resources. Therefore the water management, including use of and withdrawal from these resources needs to be clearly regulated, otherwise conflict might rise again between the two countries. If water management would be included in the peace treaty in as thoroughly manner as the theorists suggests, this would enable the treaty to become sustainable, as well as make feasible the resolution of related conflicting matters.

The white shirt is widely chosen attire by the people for its comfort and aesthetics. With rising population growth and demand for clothing, the production of white cotton shirts will be increased. The production of the white cotton shirt has various environmental impacts and also leads to water scarcity issues. Awareness must be increased with the brands, organisations and consumer about the water scarcity issues. With the help of water footprint analysis it is possible to calculate the water impacts in the supply chain of the product. It is also equally important to calculate the water footprint of the entire LCA of shirt as the use phase plays a prominent role.  The thesis is conducted to understand the water footprint and also assess the water performance for a white cotton shirt. The main purpose of the study is as follows: To find the water footprint impacts for the lifecycle of a white shirt produced and sold  To find the major water hotspots in Textile supply chain while producing a Shirt  A LCA based water footprint assessment is carried out for white shirt. A water scarcity indicator (WSI) is used to calculate the water impacts involved in the lifecycle of the shirt. The thesis is conducted such that there are two cases, namely, case 1 and case 2. Case 1 includes cotton cultivation, fabric manufacturing, distribution and retail, use phase and waste disposal. Case 2 includes fabric manufacturing, distribution and retail, use phase and coproduct in the form of a shirt. In these cases avoided burden approach with allocation method is used to conduct the study. The major WSI hotspots in LCA of the white shirt are cotton cultivation and washing, drying and finishing laundry(in use phase).  A sensitivity analysis is carried out from the results of the thesis, majorly focusing on the identified hotspots and sensitive parts. The WSI impacts on sourcing organic cotton and reducing the wash cycle (in use phase) were identified. From the sensitivity analysis, it was clear that sourcing organic cotton by the company and reducing the wash cycles by the consumer tremendously reduced the WSI and water scarcity issues. Sensitivity analysis also showed that more the shirt is avoided, more benefits is considered. Further research and recommendation are stated based on the result and analysis. / Den vita skjortan är allmänt vald klädsel av folket för sin komfort och estetik. Med ökande befolkningstillväxt och efterfrågan på kläder kommer produktionen av vita bomullströjor att öka. Produktionen av den vita bomullsskjortan har olika miljöpåverkan och leder också till problem med vattenbrist. Medvetenheten måste ökas med varumärkena, organisationerna och konsumenterna om vattenbristen. Med hjälp av analys av vattenavtryck är det möjligt att beräkna vattenpåverkan i produktens försörjningskedja. Det är också lika viktigt att beräkna vattenavtrycket för hela LCA-tröjan eftersom användningsfasen spelar en framträdande roll.  Avhandlingen genomförs för att förstå vattenavtrycket och även bedöma vattenprestanda för en vit bomullsskjorta. Huvudsyftet med studien är följande:  Att hitta effekterna på vattenavtrycket för livscykeln för en vit skjorta som produceras och säljs Att hitta de viktigaste hotspotsna i textilförsörjningskedjan när du producerar en skjorta  En LCA-baserad utvärdering av vattenavtryck utförs för vit skjorta. En vattenbristindikator (WSI) används för att beräkna de vattenpåverkan som är involverade i skjortans livscykel. Avhandlingen genomförs så att det finns två fall, nämligen fall 1 och fall 2. Fall 1 inkluderar bomullsodling, tygtillverkning, distribution och detaljhandel, användningsfas och avfallshantering. Fall 2 omfattar tygtillverkning, distribution och detaljhandel, användningsfas och samprodukt i form av en skjorta. I dessa fall används metod för att undvika bördor med fördelningsmetod för att genomföra studien. De stora WSI-hotspotsna i LCA för den vita skjortan är bomullsodling och tvätt, torkning och efterbehandling av tvätt (i användningsfas).  En känslighetsanalys utförs från avhandlingens resultat med huvudsakligen fokus på identifierade hotspots och känsliga delar. WSI-effekterna på att köpa organisk bomull och minska tvättcykeln (i användningsfas) identifierades. Från känslighetsanalysen var det tydligt att inköp av ekologisk bomull från företaget och minskade tvättcykler av konsumenten kraftigt minskade problem med WSI och vattenbrist. Ytterligare forskning och rekommendation anges baserat på resultat och analys.

Access to water is essential for every aspect of human life. Lack of water is a huge burden for people in low- and middle-income countries, directly linked to poverty, and considered a severe violation of human rights. Women are traditionally responsible for water collection and providing water for the household and consequently suffer from more burdens than men. This study aims to examine the gendered experiences of water scarcity in Gburimani, northern Ghana. By investigating the diversity of impacts of lived experiences, both within and beyond households, the purpose is to raise awareness of the community's situation and illuminate the importance of having an intersectional and gender-based perspective on the issue of water scarcity. This case study is conducted through the methods of work in the field, participatory method, and semi-structured interviews, and positions within the heart of decolonial feminism. The results are analyzed through insights and arguments from Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) and intersectionality. The results demonstrate that the social construction of gender and socio-cultural identities influences the diversity of experiences reflected in the community. The study concludes that gender division of labor, power structures, gendered responsibilities, and rights all determine that women are more vulnerable and face more burdens than men. However, the participants cannot be understood as a homogenous category with common submissions and oppressions. Gender, marital-and social status, age, and household positions are crucial variables influencing the extent of impacts and consequences. Therefore, the research stresses the importance of development actors to acknowledge the complexity of water and gender.

Tesis por compendio / Even though practical water resources planning and management has evolved greatly, there is still a mismatch between it and Integrated Water Resources Management. In light of the European Water Framework Directive and other European Policies related to water and sustainability, the Ecosystem Services assessment and Water Accounting methodologies have been identified as tools that can help approaching Integrated Water Resources Management. However, the existing methodologies are disconnected from the real requirements of water resources planning and management in complex river basins such as the ones suffering from water scarcity. The Water Accounting frameworks adopt a financial accounting perspective that is too exhaustive for the purpose of transmitting the relevant water stocks and flows for water managers and users in a river basin, and that entail less accuracy in the global water balance. Also, the analysed Ecosystem Assessment Tools overlook the influence of water management as well as the temporal and spatial variability of water resources and demands. This Thesis proposes methodologies for Water Accounting and Ecosystem Services Assessment which overcome the identified limitations and are especially adapted to be implemented in water scarce river basins. The Australian Water Accounting Standards are simplified to avoid exhaustive accounting for the sake of accuracy and transparency of water management information. An improved version is fully designed, and some criteria are proposed to guide its implementation at river basin scale with the purpose of improving public information and governance. A set of Integrated Water Resources Management Tools embedded in the Decision Support System AQUATOOL is tailored with economic information in order to obtain the benefits of three Freshwater Ecosystem Services considering the influence of water management with a detailed time step. The application of the resulting methodologies to different cases of study show the relevance of adopting a water management perspective in order to capture all the complexity of water scarce river basins in the results, so that they are useful for informed decision making. The Water Accounting results disclose synthesised and relevant information for water users and other stakeholders about the state of water resources and their allocation and supply during the analysed period. The Freshwater Ecosystem Services assessment results reveal helpful to classify water bodies or watersheds according to their capacity to provide environmental benefits, and to analyse the tradeoffs between the traditional water demands and the Ecosystem Services beneficiaries. Finally, the methodologies are put into context inside the Integrated Water Resources Management process that covers the target variables to consider, the tools that allow analysing the influence of management actions on them, the indicators that are more informative to water managers, and the ways to transmit the information to the general public. Furthermore, the types of analyses which can be conducted with the proposed methodologies are detailed, and illustrated with examples in scientific literature. The presented research is based on published work, which is expanded or detailed, and includes other non published material. The result is a Thesis that provides improved results and conclusions with respect to the stand-alone papers. / A pesar de que la planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos ha evolucionado enormemente, existe todavía discordancia entre la misma y la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos. A la luz de la Directiva Europea Marco del Agua y otras Políticas Europeas relacionadas con el agua y la sostenibilidad, la Contabilidad del Agua y la evaluación de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas se han identificado como herramientas que pueden ayudar a aproximarse a la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos. Sin embargo, las metodologías existentes actualmente están desconectadas de los requisitos reales de la planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos en cuencas hidrográficas complejas como las que sufren de escasez hídrica. Los marcos de Contabilidad del Agua adoptan una perspectiva de contabilidad financiera que es demasiado exhaustiva para el propósito de transmitir información relevante sobre las reservas y flujos a los gestores y usuarios del agua en una cuenca, y conllevan menos precisión en el balance global de agua. Además, las herramientas analizadas para la evaluación de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas pasan por alto la influencia de la gestión del agua así como la variabilidad temporal y espacial de los recursos hídricos y las demandas. Esta Tesis propone metodologías para la Contabilidad del Agua y la Evaluación de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas que superan estas limitaciones y que están especialmente adaptadas para su implementación en cuencas con escasez de agua. Los Estándares Australianos de Contabilidad del Agua se simplifican para evitar la contabilidad exhaustiva a favor de la precisión y la transparencia en la información sobre la gestión del agua. Se diseña una versión mejorada y se proponen algunos criterios para guiar su implementación a escala de cuenca con el propósito de mejorar la información pública y la gobernanza. Un conjunto de herramientas para la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos que forman parte del Sistema Soporte a la Decisión AQUATOOL se une con información económica para obtener los beneficios generados por tres Servicios de los Ecosistemas de Agua Dulce considerando la influencia de la gestión del agua a una escala temporal detallada. La aplicación de las metodologías resultantes a distintos casos de estudio muestra la relevancia de adoptar una perspectiva de gestión del agua para capturar en los resultados la complejidad de las cuencas con escasez de agua, de modo que sean útiles para la toma de decisiones informadas. Los resultados de Contabilidad del Agua muestran información sintética y relevante para los usuarios del agua y otros actores interesados sobre el estado de los recursos hídricos, y su asignación y suministro durante el periodo analizado. Los resultados de la evaluación de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas de Agua Dulce se revelan útiles para clasificar las masas de agua o subcuencas de acuerdo con su capacidad para proporcionar beneficios ambientales y para analizar el equilibrio entre las demandas de agua tradicionales y los beneficiarios de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas. Finalmente, las metodologías se ponen en contexto dentro del proceso de Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos que abarca las variables objetivo a considerar, las herramientas que permiten analizar la influencia de las acciones de gestión sobre ellas, los indicadores más informativos para los gestores del agua, y los modos de transmitir la información al público en general. Además, se detallan e ilustran con ejemplos en la literatura científica los tipos de análisis que pueden llevarse a cabo mediante las metodologías propuestas. La investigación que se presenta está basada en trabajos publicados, que se expanden o detallan, e incluye material no publicado. El resultado es una Tesis que proporciona resultados y conclusiones mejorados respecto a los artículos independientes. / A pesar que la planificació i la gestió dels recursos hídrics ha evolucionat enormement, existeix encara discordancia entre aquesta i la Gestió Integrada de Recursos Hídrics. A la llum de la Directiva Europea Marc de l'Aigua i altres Polítiques Europees relacionades amb l'aigua i la sostenibilidad, la Comptabilitat de l'Aigua i l'avaluació dels Serveis dels Ecosistemes s'han identificat com a ferramentes que poden ajudar a aproximar-se a la Gestió Integrada de Recusos Hídrics. No obstant això, les metodologies existents actualment estan desconnectades dels requeriments reals de la planificació i gestió dels recursos hídricos en conques hidrogràfiques complexes com les que pateixen d'escassesa hídrica. Els marcs de Comptabilitat de l'Aigua adopten una perspectiva de Comptabilitat financera que és massa exhaustiva per al propòsit de transmetre informacó relevant sobre les reserves i fluxes als gestors i usuaris de l'aigua en una conca, i comporten menys precisió al balanç global de l'aigua. A més, les ferramentes analitzades per a l'avaluació dels Serveis dels Ecosistemes passen per alt la influència de la gestió de l'aigua així com la variabilitat temporal i espacial dels recursos hídrics i les demandes. Aquesta Tesi proposa metodologies per a la Comptabilitat de l'Aigua i l'Avaluació dels Serveis dels Ecosistemes que superen aquestes limitacions i que estan especialment adaptades per a la seua implementació en conques amb escassesa d'aigua. Els Estàndards Australians de Comptabilitat de l'Aigua es simplifiquen per evitar la comptabilitat exhaustiva a favor de la precisió i la transparència en la informació sobre la gestió de l'aigua. Es dissenya una versió millorada i es proposen alguns criteris per guiar la seua implementació a escala de conca amb el propòsit de millorar la informació pública i la governança. Un conjunt de ferramentes per a la Gestió Integrada de Recursos Hídrics que formen part del Sistema Suport a la Decisió AQUATOOL s'uneix amb informació econòmica per obtindre els beneficis generats per tres Serveis dels Ecosistemes d'Aigua Dolça considerant la influència de la gestió de l'aigua a una escala temporal detallada. L'aplicació de les metodologies resultants als distints casos d'estudi mostren la rellevància d'adoptar una perspectiva de gestió de l'aigua per capturar als resultats la complexitat de les conques amb escassesa d'aigua, de manera que siguen útils per a la presa de decisions informades. Els resultats de la Comptabilitat de l'Aigua mostren informació sintètica i rellevant per als usuaris i altres actors interessats sobre l'estat dels recursos hídric, i la seua assignació i subministrament al llarg del període analitzat. Els resultats de l'avaluació dels Serveis dels Ecosistemes d'Aigua Dolça es revelen útils per classificar les masses d'aigua o subconques d'acord amb la seua capacitat per proporcionar beneficis ambientals i per analitzar l'equilibri entre les demandes d'aigua tradicionals i els beneficiaris dels Serveis dels Ecosistemes. Finalment, les metodologies es posen en context dins del procés de Gestió Integrada de Recursos Hídrics que abarca les variables objectiu a considerar, les ferramentes que permeten analitzar la influència de les accions de gestió sobre elles, els indicadors més informatius per als gestors de l'aigua, i les maneres de transmetre la informació al públic en general. A més, es detallen i il¿lustren amb exemples en la literatura científica els tipus d'anàlisis que es poden portar a terme mitjançant les metodologies propostes. La investigació que es presenta està basada en treballs publicats, que s'expandeixen o detallen, i inclou material no publicat. El resultat és una Tesis que proporciona resultats i conclusions millorades respecte als articles independents. / Momblanch Benavent, A. (2016). Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Water Accounting Methodologies for Integrated Water Resources Management in water scarce basins [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/75523 / Compendio

Abstract Granlöf V, Water scarcity and insufficient water qaulity in Indonesia. Wound care implications as expressed in Nurses’ basic hygiene routines. A Minor field study Degree project in Bachelors program in Nursing 15 hp, Malmö University the Faculty of Health and Society. 2024                                                                        Background: Global warming is affecting the natural resources of clean water all over the world. Sweden’s water resources and quality are currently affected. The nurse is obliged to Adapt basic infection control practices to the available resources to conduct safe care. This Minor field study conducted in Indonesia intends to fill knowledge gaps regarding how to perform safe care in settings with limited access to clean water. The author approaches the subject convinced that Indonesian nurses possess proven experience about how to prevent water-related complications by adapting the basic hygiene routine to water scarcity. Aim: The purpose of this Minor field study is to investigate how basic hygiene routine is described by nurses who perform nursing care with limited access to clean water. Method: Empirical Minor Field Study with qualitative design. Results: The study’s themes focus on Basic hygiene routine, proven experiences in clinic the  practice and water acess and quality. Conclutions: The study result shows that a Nurse has to be aware of the differences and adapt to local guidelines in order to conduct safe care. It has been shown that common concepts and terms in Nursing theory are fluid and takes different forms just like water does.

Thesis (MPhil (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has a mean annual precipitation far lower than the global average. This is a fundamental constraint to development, especially when the country has already run out of surplus water and dilution capacity. To add further pressure, southern Africa’s water resources are expected to decrease as a result of climate change. Despite the potential devastation, the country’s response to climate change has been limited. South Africa’s energy sector is dominated by coal power stations and is the country’s primary emitter of carbon dioxide. Given the significantly higher water usage of coal-fired power plants compared to that of most renewable energy power plants, the transition to a clean energy infrastructure might be more successfully motivated by water scarcity than by the promise of reduced carbon emissions. This article analyses more critically the impact of coal-fired electricity generation on South Africa’s water resources, by estimating a water-use figure that extends backwards from the power plant to include water used during extraction of the coal. This figure can then be compared to the water usage of alternative electricity generation options. It is then possible to estimate how much water could be saved by substituting these alternatives in place of additional coal-fired plants. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslag is baie laer as die wêreldwye gemiddelde. Dit plaas ’n wesenlike beperking op ontwikkeling, veral aangesien die land se surplus water- en verdunningskapasiteit reeds uitgeput is. Om die saak verder te vererger, word verwag dat Suidelike Afrika se waterbronne gaan kleiner word as gevolg van klimaatsverandering. Ten spyte van die potensiële ramp, was die land se reaksie op klimaatsverandering tot dusver baie beperk. Steenkoolkragstasies, wat Suid-Afrika se energiesektor oorheers, is die land se primêre bron van koolstofdioksieduitlating. Gegewe die beduidend hoër waterverbruik van steenkoolkragstasies teenoor dié van die meeste kragstasies wat met hernubare energie werk, kan die verandering na ’n skoonenergie-infrastruktuur meer suksesvol gemotiveer word deur waterskaarste as deur die belofte van verminderde koolstofuitlatings. Hierdie artikel analiseer die impak van steenkoolgedrewe elektrisiteitsopwekking op Suid-Afrika se waterbronne meer krities deur te beraam hoeveel water verbruik word van die kragstasie terug tot by die ontginning van die steenkool. Hierdie syfer kan dan vergelyk word met die waterverbruik van alternatiewe kragopwekkingsopsies. Dit is dan moontlik om te beraam hoeveel water gespaar kan word deur hierdie alternatiewe op te rig in plaas van bykomende steenkoolkragstasies.