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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de certains processus aléatoires à valeurs dans les arbres continus. Nous définissons d'abord un cadre conceptuel pour cette étude, en construisant une topologie polonaise sur l'espace des R-arbres localement compacts, complets et munis d'une mesure borélienne localement finie. Cette topologie, dite de Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov, permet alors la définition de processus de Markov à valeurs arbre. Nous donnons ensuite une nouvelle construction du processus d'élagage d'Abraham-Delmas-Voisin, qui est un exemple de processus qui prend ses valeurs dans les arbres de Lévy. Notre construction, qui dévoile une nouvelle structure généalogique des arbres de Lévy, est trajectorielle, et permet d'identifier explicitement les transitions du processus d'élagage. Nous appliquons cette description à l'étude de certains temps d'arrêt, comme le premier temps auquel le processus franchit une hauteur donnée. Nous décrivons le processus à cet instant grâce à une nouvelle décomposition de type spinal. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à la fragmentation d'Aldous-Pitman de l'arbre brownien d'Aldous. En particulier, nous étudions, à la suite d'Abraham et Delmas, l'effet de cette fragmentation sur les sous-arbres discrets de l'arbre brownien. Le nombre de coupures nécessaires avant d'isoler la racine, convenablement renormalisé, converge vers une variable aléatoire de Rayleigh ; nous donnons un théorème central limite qui précise les fluctuations autour de cette limite / In this thesis, we study continuum tree-valued processes. First, we define an abstract framework for these processes, by constructing a metric on the space of locally compact, complete R-trees, endowed with a locally finite Borel measure. This topology, called Gromov-Hausdorff-Prokhorov topology, allows for the definition of tree-valued Markov processes. We then give a new construction of the pruning process of Abraham-Delmas-Voisin, which is an example of a Lévy tree-valued process. Our construction reveals a new genealogical structure of Lévy trees. Furthermore, it is a path wise construction, which describes the transitions of the process explicitly. We apply this description to the study of certain stopping times, such as the first moment the process crosses a given height. We describe the process at that time through a new spinal decomposition. Finally, we focus on the Aldous-Pitman fragmentation of Aldous's Brownian tree. Following Abraham and Delmas, we study the effect of the fragmentation on discrete subtrees of the Brownian tree. The number of cuts needed to isolate the root, suitably renormalized, converges towards a Rayleigh-distributed random variable; we prove a Central Limit Theorem describing the fluctuations around this limit

Bakgrund: Vårdmiljön har genom tiderna gått från att vara i fokus, till att bli åsidosatt till förmån för den medicintekniska utvecklingen och nu på senare år blir den igen allt mer uppmärksammad. Problem: Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i skapandet av en vårdmiljö men hur upplever patienten vårdmiljön? Syfte: Att belysa patientens upplevelser av vårdmiljön. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ inriktning med en beskrivande syntes som metod. Resultat: Utifrån patientens upplevelser av vårdmiljön identifierades tre teman med tillhörande subteman. Den omgivande miljön innefattande välkomnande och trygg samt estetikens betydelse. De viktiga relationerna innefattande sjuksköterskors omsorg och samspel med andra. Den inre kraften innefattande en holistisk syn samt delaktighet i vården. Slutsats: Patienterna upplevde både den yttre och den inre miljön som viktig och de båda miljöerna var i ett ständigt utbyte med varandra. Patienterna önskade uppleva en välkomnade och trygg omgivning vid ankomst till en vårdmiljö, miljön skulle även vara estetiskt tilltalande. Patienterna önskade goda relationer med sjuksköterskorna och samspel med de andra patienterna, de ville bli sedda med en holistisk syn samt vara delaktiga i sin egen vård. / Background: The healthcare environment has gone from being in focus, to be disregarded in favor of the medical progress and in recent years again becoming more and more attentive. Problem: The nurse has an important role in creating a care environment but how does the patient experience the care environment? Aim: To elucidate the patient's experience of the care environment in hospital settings. Method: A literature review with a qualitative approach and a descriptive synthesis as method. Results: Based on the patient's perceptions of the care environment three themes with related subthemes were identified. The surrounding environment including welcoming and safe as well as the aesthetic importance. The important relationships including nursing care and interaction with others. The internal power including a holistic approach and involvement in care. Conclusion: Patients experienced both the external and internal environment as important, and the two environments are intertwined. Patients wanted to experience a welcoming and safe surrounding on arrival to a healthcare environment, they also wanted the environment to be aesthetically pleasing. Patients wanted good relations with nurses and interaction with the other patients, they wanted to be seen with a holistic view and participate in their own care.

<p>The central dogma of molecular biology relies on the correct Watson-Crick (WC) geometry of canonical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dG•dC and dA•dT base pairs to replicate and transcribe genetic information with speed and an astonishing level of fidelity. In addition, the Watson-Crick geometry of canonical ribonucleic acid (RNA) rG•rC and rA•rU base pairs is highly conserved to ensure that proteins are translated with high fidelity. However, numerous other potential nucleobase tautomeric and ionic configurations are possible that can give rise to entirely new pairing modes between the nucleotide bases. Very early on, James Watson and Francis Crick recognized their importance and in 1953 postulated that if bases adopted one of their less energetically disfavored tautomeric forms (and later ionic forms) during replication it could lead to the formation of a mismatch with a Watson-Crick-like geometry and could give rise to “natural mutations.” </p><p>Since this time numerous studies have provided evidence in support of this hypothesis and have expanded upon it; computational studies have addressed the energetic feasibilities of different nucleobases’ tautomeric and ionic forms in siico; crystallographic studies have trapped different mismatches with WC-like geometries in polymerase or ribosome active sites. However, no direct evidence has been given for (i) the direct existence of these WC-like mismatches in canonical DNA duplex, RNA duplexes, or non-coding RNAs; (ii) which, if any, tautomeric or ionic form stabilizes the WC-like geometry. This thesis utilizes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and rotating frame relaxation dispersion (R1ρ RD) in combination with density functional theory (DFT), biochemical assays, and targeted chemical perturbations to show that (i) dG•dT mismatches in DNA duplexes, as well as rG•rU mismatches RNA duplexes and non-coding RNAs, transiently adopt a WC-like geometry that is stabilized by (ii) an interconnected network of rapidly interconverting rare tautomers and anionic bases. These results support Watson and Crick’s tautomer hypothesis, but additionally support subsequent hypotheses invoking anionic mismatches and ultimately tie them together. This dissertation shows that a common mismatch can adopt a Watson-Crick-like geometry globally, in both DNA and RNA, and whose geometry is stabilized by a kinetically linked network of rare tautomeric and anionic bases. The studies herein also provide compelling evidence for their involvement in spontaneous replication and translation errors.</p> / Dissertation

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Bakgrund: Cervixcancer är en av de vanligaste cancerformerna hos kvinnor globalt och omkring en halv miljon kvinnor drabbas varje år. Sjukdomen är även en av de främsta orsakerna till cancerrelaterad död i utvecklingsländer där nationella screeningprogram saknas. Sverige har ett nationellt screeningprogram sedan 1960-talet där kvinnor mellan 23–64 år erbjuds cellprovtagning var tredje år. Detta screeningprogram har i Sverige haft en betydelsefull effekt för minskat insjuknande av cervixcancer. Humant papillomvirus (HPV) är ett sexuellt överförbart virus och är en av riskfaktorerna till cervixcancer och som kan upptäckas genom screening av livmoderhalsen. Screeningen innefattar både cellprovtagning och HPV-test.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar kvinnors attityder till cellprovtagning för upptäckt av cervixcancer ur ett globalt perspektiv.   Metod: Författarna genomförde en litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs metod med underlag av tio artiklar som hittades i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL Complete. Dessa artiklar analyserades och ligger som grund i denna litteraturöversikt.   Resultat: Resultatet redovisas med två huvudteman som är; Attityd till cellprovtagning och Hindrande faktorer. Det fanns en del hindrande faktorer som kunskap, ekonomi och kultur som påverkade kvinnornas deltagande vid cellprovtagning. Även kvinnornas attityder hade en betydande roll vid deltagandet. Överlag var kvinnors attityder till cellprovtagning positiv men det fanns även kvinnor som hade en negativ attityd till cellprovtagning. Attityderna påverkades av kvinnornas tidigare erfarenheter, kunskap, utbildningsnivå och ålder.   Diskussion: Hindrande faktorer som bland annat kvinnors kunskapsnivå har påverkat deras attityder till cellprovtagning. Kvinnornas positiva och negativa attityder har varierat beroende på deras ekonomi, kultur, socioekonomisk ställning och geografiska placering. Informationsspridning från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har en betydande roll för att öka kunskapen och kunna inspirera till en positivare attityd till cellprovtagning Jean Watsons teori belyser vikten av vårdrelationen med tillit och kommunikation och den personcentrerade vården och dessa diskuteras utifrån resultatens huvudfynd.

Excerpt: Blind from infancy, Arthel “Doc” Watson (1923-2012) was among the most acclaimed American roots musicians active during the second half of the 20th Century, and he remains influential and legendary in the 21st Century. A master of two acoustic guitar styles (flat-picking and finger-style) and highly skilled at playing old-time banjo and harmonica, Watson was also an expressive singer who possessed a resonant baritone voice and an extensive repertoire of traditional and contemporary songs.

No description available.

The set of all sequences that are generated by a bio-molecular protocol forms a language over the four letter alphabet Delta = [A,G,C,T]. This alphabet is associated with natural involution mapping Theta, A maps to T and G maps to C which is an antimorphism of Delta* In order to avoid undesirable Watson-Crick bonds between the words the language has to satisfy certain coding properties. Hence for an involution Theta we consider involution codes: Theta-infix, Theta-comma-free, Theta-k-codes and Theta-subword-k-codes which avoid certain undesirable hybridization. We investigate the closure properties of these codes and also the conditions under which both X and X+ are the same type of involution codes. We provide properties of the splicing system such that the language generated by the system preserves the desired properties of code words. Algebraic characterizations of these involutions through their syntactic monoids have also been discussed. Methods of constructing involution codes that are strictly locally testable are also given. General methods for generating such involution codes are given and teh information capacity of these codes show to be optimal in most cases. A specific set of these codes were chosen for experimental testing and the results of these experiments are presented.

This thesis explores the search for the sublime in a contemporary context. The 'Wilderness' can be viewed as a metaphysical space which can only be circumscribed. The dust storms of the Australian continent provides the space where in this experience is located, metaphorically. If the perceptions of reality are to be seen as filtered through the experiences and conditions of the human spirit, the sites or 'Stations' as the author has called them layer and reveal a personal reflection on the timelessness and commonality of the human condition. Space and time seem to collapse folding over and into itself, with a layering of memories and senses. Growing up in the Mallee in Victoria the author's formative years were shaped particularly by the land and the elements. In these works, the sense of identity is enveloped into a rather cosmic sense of being, when the author became inseparable from the red earth, its duststorms, the sense of space and the feeling of isolation. The most constant experience is that of the sense of interconnectedness and of being able to reach down and stroke the land from a distant vantage point. Consequently, the spiritual found in nature has been a re-occurring motif in the author's artistic practice. The location of the duststorm entitled 'God's Breath', is in flying over Adelaide, towards the Mallee. The grid indicates the impositions of perception which is projected on the land by the viewer, often from a cultural or political viewpoint. In this case the author's perception is influenced by the auto-biographical gaze and the duststorm itself becomes a metaphor for memory and interiority. The medium of wax as a preserving substance is used in the artworks, however this can be seen as being an agent of change, able to re-define it's form according to environmental conditions. The land as 'Self' or 'Mother' is not a constant location, but as in the 'Wilderness' can be seen as a spiritual and/or psychological space, a multi-dimensional filter for the senses and the mind, wherein the spirit can be expanded and be still in it's receptiveness. The four wax rectangles are representative of a duststorm, as seen from the interior perspective of the sensory. These works suggest a multitudinal level of experiences, not necessarily definable but open ended in concept. The void as a creative fullness nurtures the more transient moments of the sensory and temporal. From scarification and pain, through breath and loss, the journey through the wilderness results in a melodic tonal experience, indicative of memory, place and identity / Master of Arts (Hons) (Visual Arts)