Usnea hirta and Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia are commonly used as bio-monitors of air quality. In order to more accurately and efficiently determine the distribution of these two sensitive indicator species, we have developed a probabilistic distribution map as a function of 9 macroclimatic and topographic variables for the White River National Forest, Colorado using Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression (NPMR) analysis. Furthermore, we also developed a logistic regression (LR) model for X. cumberlandia in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the NPMR model. The best model for U. hirta included four variables - solar radiation, average monthly precipitation, average monthly minimum and maximum temperature (log β = 3.68). The presence rate for U. hirta based on field validated test sites was 45.5%, 65.4%, and 70.4% for low, medium, and high probability areas, respectively. The best model for X. cumberlandia generated by both NPMR and LR involved the same variables - solar radiation, average monthly maximum temperature, average monthly precipitation, and elevation as the best predictor variables (log β = 5.10). The occurrence rate for X. cumberlandia using the NPMR model was 32%, 44.4%, and 20% for the low, medium, and high probability areas respectively while the LR model had 26%, 50%, and 38% for low, medium and high probability areas respectively. Although the LR model predicted a smaller high probability area compared to the NPMR model there was substantial overlap between the two. The U. hirta model performed better than the X. cumberlandia model. The reduced performance of our model especially for X. cumberlandia may be due in part to the absence of field measured data in the development of the model. Our study also suggested that the northeast and western part of the forest should be preferentially considered for establishing future air quality bio-monitoring reference sites. Finally, in the future a well defined sampling design with sufficient sampling sites, field measured predictor variables, and microclimatic data should be used in the development of predictive models.

Understanding local and regional reactions to the global Eocene-Oligocene climate transition is a continuing challenge. The White River Group in the North American midcontinent preserves dynamic fluvial, volcaniclastic and lacustrine facies that yield to aeolianites. To test whether this shift in sedimentation style was driven by climate change, 20 paleosols from 8 profiles were analyzed from the fluvial-aeolian Orella Member through the aeolian-dominated Whitney Member of the earliest Oligocene Brule Formation at Toadstool Geologic Park, NE. Paleosol morphology and geochemistry were used to assess the balance of aeolian vs. alluvial sedimentation at key stratigraphic intervals and lithologic transitions. Significant loess deposition began at least as early as the lower Orella Member but is masked in most settings by concomitant fluvial deposition. As fluvial influence on landscapes waned across the Orella-Whitney Member boundary, loess deposits predominated and became more recognizable. Paleosols follow different pedogenic pathways in direct response to depositional setting. Whereas all paleosols formed through top-down pedogenesis in alluvial settings, paleosols in aeolian-dominated settings formed though pedogenic upbuilding during aggradational phases and through top-down pedogenesis during depositional hiatuses. The disparity between each style of pedogenic development creates fundamentally different pedogenic associations that must first be understood before climatic interpretations can be drawn from macroscopic paleosol morphology alone. Microscopic analysis of loessic and alluvial paleosols indicates that pedogenic features do not greatly change across the Orella-Whitney Member boundary. Furthermore, results of climofunction calculations from five paleosol Bw and Btk horizons show mean annual temperature (ca. 9.0-10.5 °C) and precipitation (ca. 650-800 mm/y) do not significantly vary across the Orella-Whitney Member transition. Clay mineralogy and the presence of pedogenic carbonate and translocated clay corroborate paleoclimate estimates. However, geochemical paleosol profiles are uniform and do not reflect observed vertical associations of pedogenic features. Constant additions of aeolian sediment, which replenishes base losses through leaching, explain this phenomenon. Interpretations of paleovegetation from root trace morphology and paleosol taxonomy indicate that predominantly open canopy to savanna habitats were in place in the lower Orella Member and continued into the Whitney Member. Evidence for riparian partitioning exists in the lower Orella Member but disappears as fluvial deposits wane in the Whitney Member. Lacking evidence of climate change from paleosol analysis, changes in sedimentation style and vegetative biomes are most likely a reaction to increased aeolian deposition. / Geology

Climate change across the terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene boundary of the Great Plains is recorded by shifts in sediments, facies, paleosols, and isotopic records, and is interpreted as a shift to overall cooler and drier conditions. As an independent test of paleoenvironmental shifts caused by climatic change, I compared microwear on M2 molars of Leptomeryx from the White River Group (WR) at Toadstool Park, Nebraska (n = 9) and Flagstaff Rim, Wyoming (n = 11). Comparisons of microwear were made through time at each section. Various measurements of microwear were quantified on original, uncoated specimens using environmental scanning electron microscopy and Microware 4.0 software, and evaluated with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Values of the scratch:pit ratio, scratch number, feature major:minor axis ratio, feature vector length, major axis standard deviation, major:minor axis standard deviation, and feature orientation standard deviation for Leptomeryx M2 molars are significantly different (p<0.05) between Wyoming and Nebraska. Microwear patterns suggest paleoecological differences between the two locations, possibly related to differences in Leptomeryx diet or in amount or character of sediment adhering to ingested vegetation. Little fossil evidence of vegetation type is preserved at either locality, other than clay-filled root traces or occasional rhizoliths or silicified fragments. However, sediments of the WR are a mixture of volcaniclastic enriched mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, with generally coarser overall particle sizes in Wyoming that reflect proximity to siliciclastic sources. The degree of overall volcaniclastic enrichment and number of airfall tuffs is also higher at Flagstaff Rim. Paleosols suggest a shift from closed canopy forest to progressively open conditions at each locality and, although microwear differences could result from differences in vegetation or particle sizes of adhered sediments on plants, no or very low correlations between microwear features and stratigraphic level were detected at either locality, indicating that any changes in paleoecology over time did not significantly alter the diets of Leptomeryx, although diet may have been geographically different. / Geology

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The frequency and magnitude of floods in the midcontinental United States have increased in recent decades due to changing precipitation patterns as global temperatures rise. These trends pose major social and economic risks to the region, which is home to tens of millions of Americans and a global agricultural center. It is therefore critical to understand if current fluvial dynamics are within the scope of past fluvial-climate relationships, or if they represent a novel response to recent climate and land-use changes. Presented is a 1600-year-long flood frequency record for the moderately sized (~29,400 km2 watershed) White River, Indiana. Flood frequencies were determined using 14C-based sediment accumulation rates at Half Moon Pond, an oxbow lake on the lower White River’s floodplain. Comparison with regional paleoclimate data shows that White River flooding was frequent when atmospheric circulation resembled the negative mode of the Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection, particularly during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (950-1250 CE) and the Current Warm Period (last ~150 years). During these times, the regional climate was dominated by warm-season precipitation originating from the Gulf of Mexico. Conversely, White River flooding was less frequent during the Little Ice Age (1250-1800 CE) when cold-season precipitation from the North Pacific/Arctic dominated (+PNA-like conditions). The pre-1790 CE White River flood history was antiphased with reconstructed Ohio River flood frequencies from southern Illinois. This dynamic is consistent with discharge in small to moderate sized watersheds being sensitive to rainstorm runoff and large watersheds being sensitive to snowmelt runoff. After 1790 CE, flooding frequencies of both river systems increased to their highest levels, despite a shift to -PNA-like conditions. This change was likely due to extensive Euro-American land-clearance, which increased runoff/erosion by reducing evapotranspiration, interception, and infiltration. While the White River responded strongly to climatic conditions in the past that were similar to present conditions (-PNA-like conditions), recent land-use practices have amplified the effects of the current hydroclimate. Since a warming climate is expected to increase regional average precipitation and extreme rainfall events, and that landscape modifications have lowered surface resilience to hydroclimate events, flooding will likely become more frequent in the coming decades.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / An investigation of mercury (Hg) in soils and stream sediments was conducted to understand the impact of urbanization on Hg deposition and accumulation on the upper west fork of the White River watershed in central Indiana. Samples were collected to the north and east (i.e., downwind) of emission sources to understand the anthropogenic influences on Hg distribution in soil. Stream sediment sampling was designed to characterize the riverine particulate deposition of Hg through Indianapolis and to predict the potential for stream sediments with high Hg to become sources of methylmercury (MeHg). Spatial analysis revealed that soil Hg was elevated downwind of known industrial emission sites, indicating a local footprint of Hg deposition in central Indiana. Hg in streambank sediments was generally low in up-river sites to the northeast of Indianapolis, and increased markedly as the White River flowed through downtown, with high Hg persisting to downstream rural locations far to the south approximately 40 miles. The stream sediment results also revealed variations in total Hg (Hg(T)) as a function of local depositional sources, sub-watershed location, combined sewer outflows (CSOs), and impoundments along the White River. Low Hg values were recorded where the White River flow rate increased south of the 16th street dam at the confluence of the Fall Creek, where bankside industry and development confine the river. Three tributaries feeding into the White River were included in this study site, all having CSOs. Fall Creek and Pleasant Run have higher values of Hg with Lick Creek having lower values in comparison to the White River and other tributaries. The highest values occur right before confluences to the White River where the flow rate slows and drops sediment. Mercury values typically increased immediately downstream of dams and impoundments. Hg(T) deposition and transport processes pose a problem to anglers fishing south of Indianapolis who may not be aware of the potential dangers related to elevated stream sediment Hg values and the greater potential for MeHg production from these sediments.

No description available.

Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen viewed (4/7/2008). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-56).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This research performs a comparative study of techniques for combining spatial data and multivariate statistical methods for characterizing water quality conditions in a river basin. The study has been performed on the White River basin in central Indiana, and uses sixteen physical and chemical water quality parameters collected from 44 different monitoring sites, along with various spatial data related to land use – land cover, soil characteristics, terrain characteristics, eco-regions, etc. Various parameters related to the spatial data were analyzed using ArcHydro tools and were included in the multivariate analysis methods for the purpose of creating classification equations that relate spatial and spatio-temporal attributes of the watershed to water quality data at monitoring stations. The study compares the use of various statistical estimates (mean, geometric mean, trimmed mean, and median) of monitored water quality variables to represent annual and seasonal water quality conditions. The relationship between these estimates and the spatial data is then modeled via linear and non-linear multivariate methods. The linear statistical multivariate method uses a combination of principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis, whereas the non-linear multivariate method uses a combination of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps, Cluster Analysis, and Support Vector Machines. The final models were tested with recent and independent data collected from stations in the Eagle Creek watershed, within the White River basin. In 6 out of 20 models the Support Vector Machine more accurately classified the Eagle Creek stations, and in 2 out of 20 models the Linear Discriminant Analysis model achieved better results. Neither the linear or non-linear models had an apparent advantage for the remaining 12 models. This research provides an insight into the variability and uncertainty in the interpretation of the various statistical estimates and statistical models, when water quality monitoring data is combined with spatial data for characterizing general spatial and spatio-temporal trends.

Previous research regarding aquatic acidification has examined the protonation of the carbonate and does not consider calcium to be a limiting factor. This is the first study to suggest that pH may affect the uptake of calcium in crustacean gills. This project describes ion transport mechanisms present in the cell membranes of white river shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus gill epithelium, and the effects of pH on the uptake of calcium by these means. Partially purified membrane vesicles (PPMV) of shrimp gills were prepared through a homogenization process that has been used previously to define ion transport in crab and lobster gill tissues. In the current study, shrimp gill PPMV calcium uptake at 50 µM, and 250 µM was greatest at pH 7.0 (p=0.01, p=0.0001). A valinomycin/K+ induced membrane potential (PD) at pH 7.0 significantly increased (p=0.003) calcium uptake from that observed in the absence of a PD. An induced PD at pH 8.0 significantly increased (p=0.003) calcium uptake from that observed in the absence of a PD, however, was not significantly greater than uptake at pH 7.0 in the presence of a PD (p=0.05). Amiloride (2mM) treatments, and amiloride (2mM) + verapamil (100µM) cocktail treatments showed significant decrease in calcium uptake from the control (p=0.03), however, they were not different from each other. This indicates an electrogenic carrier with two driving forces: calcium concentration, and asymmetric exchange stoichiometry.