Market information services established in 1999 were aimed at the promotion of market efficiency through provision of information across the nation. While the responsible bodies have improved the knowledge of prices, information exchange and flow, as a result of competition between markets, is not known and questions of market effectiveness still stand. This study examines market efficiency based upon response to price signals across Ugandan markets. We focus on information exchange for maize and beans among 16 key markets. We study weekly price data from the first week of 2000 to the last week of 2003 from each of the sixteen markets. Each commodity is studied separately using Vector Autoregessions (VARs) and Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). The two techniques are widely used to show market risk and causal relations in time series data. While results are presented individually for each commodity, the markets are comparable. In determining market efficiency, we test for stationarity of the data, explore the magnitude of forecast error decompositions over time across markets, and observe the patterns of communication based on DAGs. We find that markets are more efficient in exchanging information on maize than beans. Communication of data is mostly between markets in eastern, western, and central parts of Uganda. Overall, markets are very slow in reacting to information in the short run.Information from the Mbale and Iganga markets, which are located in areas of high production, is very valuable in the maize trade. However, of the two markets, it is data from the Mbale market, located near the border with Kenya, which is of paramount importance. Specifically, price is discovered in Mbale in the maize trade. Our results also show the Gulu market, which is situated in an insecure zone, to be very responsive to price signals over the long run. In the case of beans, it is the price signals from Tororo and Jinja that cause more disruption in most of the markets. Price is discovered in these two markets. A majority of the markets is more affected by data from Jinja than Tororo. This segmentation in market price discovery suggests an existing market failure. Arua and Gulu are found to be the least responding markets in regards to price signals for beans. We do not find information from the Kampala market to be important in either the maize or beans trade.

This paper applies both the Engle-Granger and Johansen cointegration test procedures to determine the existence of market linkage among high-valued ( Scomberomorus commerson, milkfish ) and low-valued (cod, Taiwan Tilapia ) fish species using monthly average wholesale price data recorded on the Taipei fisheries wholesale market. If the markets for high-valued and low-valued species are linked, say through commodities arbitrage, individual fish prices cannot diverge ¡§too far¡¨ from other fish prices before market forces to operate to restore equilibrium. From the empirical results, it indicates the existence of only one cointegrating vector involving the prices of these species in Taipei fisheries wholesale market, and that a long-run and stable substitute relationship may exist for the Scomberomorus commerson and other low-valued and high-valued species.

The feature of Yiwu economy lies in the commodity wholesale market, which was founded in 1982. After over-20 years¡¦ development, Yiwu has formed a market system characterized by China Small Commodity City as the centre, as well as a range of supplementary factor markets such as transportation,property right, labor force, etc.. This thesis primarily concentrates on studying the economic development of Yiwu. How does the process of transforming form a traditional market fair to an international wholesale market city? Why does the wholesale industrial clusters in this city? What is the advantage of wholesale industry in Yiwu? The local government of Yiwu plays a considerable role in the process of developing economic by means of appropriate policy and privatized The Zhejiang China Small Commodities City Group, cultivating an environment for wholesale commodities trading center.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes special report study entitled: Vegetable handling for wholesale vegetable market at Cheung Sha Wan. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes special report study entitled : Vegetable handling for wholesale vegetable market at Cheung Sha Wan. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

A uva é uma das frutas in natura mais consumidas no Brasil e no mundo. A sua fragilidade e perecibilidade exigem embalagens adequadas, que além de proteger a uva sirvam para a sua exposição e promoção. Foram entrevistados 33 atacadistas responsáveis por 80% do volume da uva européia com semente, comercializada na CEAGESP - Companhia de Entreposto Armazéns Gerais do Estado de São Paulo. A primeira entrevista levantou a percepção das características e da importância da embalagem pelos atacadistas. A segunda entrevista tratou da escolha pelos atacadistas das características da embalagem ideal e permitiu o design de quatro modelos de embalagem. As características comuns aos quatros modelo da embalagem ideal são: caixa de papelão ondulado, aberta, com abas nas laterais, reforço nas quinas, impermeabilização, cor de fundo branca, duas cores de cobertura (vermelho e verde), com ilustração, peso líquido de 5 kg, altura de 14 cm, largura de 30 cm e comprimento de 40 cm. As características que as diferenciam são o número de furos de ventilação dois ou três e a localização das travas - na testeira ou na lateral. / The grape is one of the most consumed fresh fruit in Brazil and worldwide. Because Its fragility and perishability, it requires proper packaging, which also serves to protect, expose and promote. We have interviewed 33 wholesalers responsible for 80% of the volume of seeded european grape at Sao Paulo Terminal Market of CEAGESP. The first interview has evaluated the characteristics and importance of packaging perception by wholesalers. At the second interview the wholesalers have chosen the package ideal characteristies for the seeded european grapes and they have concluded for four different package models. The common characteristics of the ideal packaging are: corrugated box, open box, with tabs on the sides, reinforcing the corners, waterproofing, white background, two-color cover (red and green), with illustration, weight 5 kg, height 14 cm, width 30 cm and length 40 cm. The characteristics that differentiate are the number of ventilation holes, two or three and the place of locks - on the frontlet or the side.

A uva é uma das frutas in natura mais consumidas no Brasil e no mundo. A sua fragilidade e perecibilidade exigem embalagens adequadas, que além de proteger a uva sirvam para a sua exposição e promoção. Foram entrevistados 33 atacadistas responsáveis por 80% do volume da uva européia com semente, comercializada na CEAGESP - Companhia de Entreposto Armazéns Gerais do Estado de São Paulo. A primeira entrevista levantou a percepção das características e da importância da embalagem pelos atacadistas. A segunda entrevista tratou da escolha pelos atacadistas das características da embalagem ideal e permitiu o design de quatro modelos de embalagem. As características comuns aos quatros modelo da embalagem ideal são: caixa de papelão ondulado, aberta, com abas nas laterais, reforço nas quinas, impermeabilização, cor de fundo branca, duas cores de cobertura (vermelho e verde), com ilustração, peso líquido de 5 kg, altura de 14 cm, largura de 30 cm e comprimento de 40 cm. As características que as diferenciam são o número de furos de ventilação dois ou três e a localização das travas - na testeira ou na lateral. / The grape is one of the most consumed fresh fruit in Brazil and worldwide. Because Its fragility and perishability, it requires proper packaging, which also serves to protect, expose and promote. We have interviewed 33 wholesalers responsible for 80% of the volume of seeded european grape at Sao Paulo Terminal Market of CEAGESP. The first interview has evaluated the characteristics and importance of packaging perception by wholesalers. At the second interview the wholesalers have chosen the package ideal characteristies for the seeded european grapes and they have concluded for four different package models. The common characteristics of the ideal packaging are: corrugated box, open box, with tabs on the sides, reinforcing the corners, waterproofing, white background, two-color cover (red and green), with illustration, weight 5 kg, height 14 cm, width 30 cm and length 40 cm. The characteristics that differentiate are the number of ventilation holes, two or three and the place of locks - on the frontlet or the side.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, elaborar el estudio de demanda inmobiliaria que permitirá la apertura del mercado minorista y mayorista San Ignacio plaza en el Distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz – Chiclayo. Año 2017. Se concluyó, que es viable la apertura del mercado minorista – mayorista San Ignacio Plaza en al distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz como lo demuestran los resultados del estudio de la demanda potencial y efectiva. 651 puestos para el mercado minorista y de 431 puestos para el mercado mayorista. Lo que determino un total de 1,082 puestos. The objective of this research was to prepare the real estate demand study that will allow the opening of the retail and wholesale market San Ignacio Plaza in the District of José Leonardo Ortiz - Chiclayo. Year 2017 It was concluded that the opening of the retail market - wholesaler San Ignacio Plaza in the José Leonardo Ortiz district is feasible as shown by the results of the study of potential and effective demand. 651 positions for the retail market and 431 positions for the wholesale market. What determined a total of 1,082 posts.

As características estruturais do setor elétrico brasileiro são semelhantes às de outros setores produtivos clássicos. O segmento geração de energia elétrica ocupa um papel de destaque não só no aspecto estrutural, mas também na sua participação dentro da tarifa de fornecimento de energia elétrica, com participação da ordem de 30%. As questões comerciais que deveriam estar presentes de forma intensa durante todo o ciclo de vida do SEB, somente nas duas últimas décadas ganharam destaque e lhe foi dada a devida importância. Este trabalho procurou identificar como se processou as relações negociais, em particular as de cunho comercial, entre as empresas, supridoras e supridas, integrantes do setor elétrico brasileiro - SEB. O estudo foi segmentado em três períodos: 1990 a 1996 - \"Concepção da privatização\", 1997 a 2002 - \"Execução Operacional do Programa de Privatização\" e 2003 a 2006 - \"Modelo da Reestruturação\". Foram analisados os conceitos referentes a energia assegurada, mecanismo de realocação de energia e contratos iniciais.O texto expõe também a evolução histórica do SEB desde o final do século XIX, durante todo o século XX, e observou as externalidades que contribuíram para o posicionamento atual, como por exemplo, crise do México, Consenso de Washington e Racionamento de Energia Elétrica - 2001. Finalmente são apresentados os conceitos e o processo de cálculo do custo marginal de operação - CMO e do preço da liquidação das diferenças - PLD e do atual processo de comercialização de energia que compreende os ambientes de contratação regulada, com destaque para os leilões de energia, e o ambiente de contratação livre. / The characteristics of the Brazilian Electrical Sector, BES, are similar to those of other classic productive sectors. The electrical power generation segment plays an important role not only in the structural aspect, but also in the share of about 30% of the user\'s end tariff. The commercial issues, that should have been strongly emphasized in all BES life cycle, have only in the two last decades received the attention it deserved. This work aimed at identifying how business relations developed, particularly the commercial issues of the companies belonging to the BES system; that is, suppliers and supplied components of the said system. This project was divided into three parts: 1990 to 1996 - \"Conception of privatization\", 1997 to 2002 - \"Operational execution of privatization programs\" and 2003 to 2006 - \"Restructuring model\". Concepts related to assured power supply, electricity reallocation mechanism and initial contracts were analyzed. The text still describes BES historical evolution from the end of the nineteenth century through the twentieth century. The prevailing external scenarios that contributed to the present situation, e.g., Mexico Crises, Washington Consensus and 2001 Electricity Supply Restriction were also taken into account. Due consideration has also been given to: marginal operational cost calculation, settlement price for the differences (spot prices) and the existing process of power commercializing, which encompasses free and regulated contracting ambience. In the latter power auction plays the dominant role.

Este trabalho aborda a inserção das fontes incentivadas de energia - PCHs, Biomassa, Eólica e Solar - no ambiente de comercialização de energia elétrica do setor elétrico brasileiro, mais especificamente na CCEE. Apesar de a legislação ter criado o consumidor especial em 1998, a falta de definição do processo de comercialização das fontes incentivadas impediu, durante anos, o crescimento deste mercado. Porém, para propor uma solução para esta implementação, é importante conhecer as atuais regras que regem a comercialização de energia, identificando, assim, as possibilidades de adequação. Por se tratar de um problema atual, várias propostas de solução foram apresentadas por agentes do setor através da Audiência Pública 33/05. Essas propostas também são analisadas no trabalho, de forma que a solução apresentada considera as vantagens e desvantagens do que foi discutido pelo mercado. Por fim, a simulação da solução proposta indica a sua viabilidade de implantação e permite uma análise crítica do mercado de fontes incentivadas e das Regras de Comercialização da CCEE. / This work approaches the insertion of the renewable energy sources - SHP, Biomass, Wind and Solar - in the Brazilian power trading environment, more specifically in Wholesale Market Administrator. Although the legislation created the special consumer in 1998, the lack of definition in the renewable energy trading process hindered this market development during years. However, to consider a solution for this implementation, it is important to know the current rules that conduct the power trading, therefore, identifying the possibilities of adjustment. Since this is a current subject, some proposals had been presented by sector agents through the Public Hearing 33/05. In this work, these proposals are also analyzed, so the presented solution considers the advantages and disadvantages of what was discussed by the market agents. Finally, the simulation of the proposed solution indicates its implementation viability and allows a critical analysis of the renewable energy sources market and the Trading Rules of the Wholesale Market Administrator.