Descreve-se os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos das clostridioses diagnosticadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinaria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período 1996-março/2010. Este estudo incluiu uma pesquisa retrospectiva nos arquivos do SPV e uma etapa prospectiva, a qual também teve o objetivo de desenvolver exames complementares específicos para cada clostridiose. As clostridioses mais prevalentes foram tétano (em equinos, bovinos, ovinos e caprinos), botulismo (em bovinos, suínos e aves) e enterotoxemia (em caprinos). Também houve casos de edema maligno em equinos, bem como de carbúnculo sintomático e hemoglobinúria em bovinos. Adicionalmente, foram coletadas amostras de soro sanguíneo de animais afetados por tétano, em diferentes estágios de evolução da doença, para subsequente inoculação em camundongos (testes de bioensaio) e comprovação da técnica no diagnóstico da enfermidade. / This study describes the epidemiological and clinicopathological findings of clostridial diseases diagnosed in the 1996-March, 2010 period in the Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV_UFRGS). A retrospective survey in the files of SPV was complemented with a prospective phase, which also aimed developing complementary diagnostic tests of clostridiosis. The most prevalent clostridiosis were tetanus (in horses, cattle, sheep and goats), botulism (in cattle, pigs and birds), and enterotoxemia in goats. There also were cases of malignant edema in horses, blackleg and bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. In addition, blood serum samples from animals affected by tetanus on different stages of the disease evolution were applied in mice bioassay, as a complementary diagnosing test for the disease.

Descreve-se os achados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos das clostridioses diagnosticadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinaria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul no período 1996-março/2010. Este estudo incluiu uma pesquisa retrospectiva nos arquivos do SPV e uma etapa prospectiva, a qual também teve o objetivo de desenvolver exames complementares específicos para cada clostridiose. As clostridioses mais prevalentes foram tétano (em equinos, bovinos, ovinos e caprinos), botulismo (em bovinos, suínos e aves) e enterotoxemia (em caprinos). Também houve casos de edema maligno em equinos, bem como de carbúnculo sintomático e hemoglobinúria em bovinos. Adicionalmente, foram coletadas amostras de soro sanguíneo de animais afetados por tétano, em diferentes estágios de evolução da doença, para subsequente inoculação em camundongos (testes de bioensaio) e comprovação da técnica no diagnóstico da enfermidade. / This study describes the epidemiological and clinicopathological findings of clostridial diseases diagnosed in the 1996-March, 2010 period in the Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV_UFRGS). A retrospective survey in the files of SPV was complemented with a prospective phase, which also aimed developing complementary diagnostic tests of clostridiosis. The most prevalent clostridiosis were tetanus (in horses, cattle, sheep and goats), botulism (in cattle, pigs and birds), and enterotoxemia in goats. There also were cases of malignant edema in horses, blackleg and bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. In addition, blood serum samples from animals affected by tetanus on different stages of the disease evolution were applied in mice bioassay, as a complementary diagnosing test for the disease.

O cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) é um canídeo neotropical que necessita ser contido por meios farmacológicos para a realização de certos procedimentos médicos e de manejo, em função de características comportamentais de defesa e grande susceptibilidade ao estresse. A combinação de seis protocolos (tiletamina-zolazepam-xilazina-atropina e azaperone; dextrocetamina-diazepam-xilazina-atropina e azaperone; cetamina racêmica-diazepam-xilazina-atropina e azaperone; tiletamina-zolazepam-detomidina-atropina e azaperone; dextrocetamina-diazepam-detomidina-atropina e azaperone; cetamina racêmica-diazepam-detomidina-atropina e azaperone) foram administradas, por via intramuscular, a dez cachorros-do-mato (nove machos e uma fêmea) com pesos médio 5,85 ± 0,83 kg, para possibilitar a realização de procedimentos de que incluíam marcação, exame físico, colheita de amostras de sangue, colheita de medula óssea e outros procedimentos pouco invasivos de moderada duração em Cerdocyon thous de cativeiro. Após a verificação dos pesos de cada cachorro-do-mato, a dose individual de cada uma das drogas foi calculada por meio de extrapolação alométrica interespecífica. O método proposto mostrou-se plenamente adequado à contenção farmacológica de exemplares de Cerdocyon thous que necessitem ser submetidos a procedimentos medianamente dolorosos ou incômodos, como exame físico e colheita de sangue e medula óssea. Não é indicado, porém, para procedimentos cirúrgicos. / The Crab-eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) is a neotropical carnivorous that requires chemical restraint for handling due to its susceptibility to stress and characteristics of defensive behavior. Ten Crab-eating Fox (9 males and 1 female) weighing 5.85 ± 0.83 kg were given the combination of six protocols (tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-atropine and azaperone; dextroketamine-diazepam-xylazine-atropine and azaperone; racemic ketamine-diazepam-xylazine-atropine and azaperone; tiletamine-zolazepam-detomidine-atropine and azaperone; dextroketamina-diazepam-detomidine-atropine and azaperone; racemic ketamine-diazepam-detomidine-atropine and azaperone) by i.m. injection during field procedures that included identification, physical examination, blood sampling, bone marrow harvesting and other mildly invasive procedures of moderate duration in Cerdocyon thous of captivity. After checking the weights of each Crab-eating Fox, the individual dose of each drug was calculated by means of interspecific allometric extrapolation. The proposed method was safe for both the animal and the human personnel and it is recommended for routine management and stressful but not painful medical procedures like physical examination, measuring, sexing, and bone marrow and blood collection in Cerdocyon thous. / Tese (Doutorado)

A fragilidade do tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) e seu visível desaparecimento de certas regiões, inclusa sua área de distribuição original mostram com clareza a necessidade de medidas que possam garantir proteção desse animal. O estudo do papel das doenças nesse aspecto constitui um eixo importante das estratégias para conservação dessa espécie, principalmente considerando-se que estudos ecológicos reconhecem as doenças como o mecanismo regulatório de populações naturais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a freqüência de anticorpos anti- Leptospira, anti-Brucella abortus e anti-Chlamidophila. Foram analisadas 21 amostras de soro de tamanduás-bandeira de vida livre oriundos dos Parques Nacionais da Serra da Canastra e das Emas e da Reserva SESC Pantanal. Destes 12 (57,14%) amostras foram reagentes para o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica anti-Leptospira sp, 1 (0,04%) foi reagentes para o teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (TAA) - anti- Brucella abortus e todas as amostras foram consideradas negativas para a presença de anticorpos anti-Chlamidophila sp. Por se tratar de uma espécie que possui baixo potencial reprodutivo, apresentando cuidado parental prolongado, longos períodos de gestação e somente uma cria por ano, patógenos que possam afetar o sucesso reprodutivo, podem ser extremamente nocivos para populações de tamanduás-bandeira em vida livre. / The fragility of the giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and the disappearance of this animal from certain regions, including areas of original distribution, clearly indicates the necessity of adopting protective measures. Ecology studies consider diseases as regulatory mechanisms for natural populations, thus indicating that the study of the role of diseases constitutes an important axle on the strategies for conservation of the species, few studies correlates the environmental conservation state and the health of wild animal populations. The purpose the present study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of anti-Leptospira, anti-Brucella abortus and anti- Chlamidophila. Serum samples from 21 free-ranging giant anteater from the Serra da Canastra and the Emas National Parks, as well as the SESC Pantanal Reserve were evaluated for the presence of antibodies. From these 12 (57,14%) samples reacted to the anti-Leptospira sp microscopic serum agglutination test ,1 (0.04%) reacted to the anti-Brucella abortus Tampon Acidified Antigen Test (TAA) test, and all samples were negative for anti-Chlamidophila sp antibodies. As the giant anteater is a species that presents low reproductive potential, long parental care and pregnancy periods and produces only one offspring per year, the pathogens that can affect reproduction can be extremely deleterious free-ranging populations of giant anteaters.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE SAULO FERNANDES MANO DE CARVALHO.pdf: 5897981 bytes, checksum: 9ded1ddc23ddf1eb697350aee8c49480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / The purpose of this research was studied the macroscopic morphology of rhea s testis and epididymis. Were studied testis from 54 rheas, breed in captivity. In commercial slaughter, were collected testis to analyzed macroscopic measurements of testis and epididymis, consisting in length, width, thickness, circumference, volume, parenchyma and testicular capsule weight, also shape, size and blood supply. Of these parameters were calculated media and standard deviation. The testes looks like a cylinder, the testicular capsule is thin, dense and transparent, a short testicular artery arises from the A. cranialis renalis. The organs were influenced of season with reproductive and non reproductive times. In December/2006 and May/2007 the morphmetric media (x) measurements in right testes was: volume 58.70 and 14.7 mL , length 9.87 and 3.5 cm, width 2.44 and 0.6 cm, thickness 2.49 and 0.5 cm, circumference 8.02 and 2.3 cm, parenchyma weight 27.66 and 6.1 g and testicular capsule weight 1.04 and 0.3 g, respectively. In right epididymis was: volume 7.7 and 3.0 mL, length 5.8 and 1.3 cm, width 0.7 and 0.3 cm, thickness 0.6 and 0.3 cm, circumference 2.5 and 1.2 cm, parenchyma weight 6.4 and 2.8 g and capsule weight 0.4 and 0.1 g, respectively. A few of measurements, in testes and epididymis were bigger in right side than in left side (p<0.05) showing asymmetry. The medias of November/2005 were in intermediate position (p<0.05), but near the December/2006 data, probably it could be a transition phase between the rest and sexual activity (breeding season). The observations confirms sexual activity season in this specie, by spring summer. Morphologically the Rhea`s testicles and epididymis hava many points in common with other birds, but differences were observed, and has influence of seasons. The testicle and epididymis biometric characteristics were bigger in the breeding seasons. Key words: Aves, Epididymis, Morphology, Ratites, Reproduction, Seasonality, Testes / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a morfologia macroscópica de testículos e epidídimos de emas. Foram utilizados testículos de 54 emas, criadas em cativeiro. As coletas foram realizadas em novembro de 2005 (n=14), dezembro de 2006 (n=20) e maio de 2007 (n=20). Durante abate comercial foram colhidos os testículos e epidídimos e imediatamente foram aferidas as seguintes medidas do testículo e epidídimo: largura, comprimento, espessura, circunferência, volume, peso do parênquima e da túnica albugínea, também aspectos como sua forma, implantação na cavidade, relação com outros órgãos e vascularização. A partir das características estudadas calcularam-se média e desvio-padrão, sendo que as médias foram comparadas pela analise de variância. Os testículos apresentaram formato cilíndrico, túnica albugínea fina, densa e transparente, sua vascularização foi feita pela artéria testicular que é um ramo da artéria renal cranial. Nas coletas de dezembro/2006 e maio/2007 as médias das medidas macroscópicas dos testículos direitos foram: volume 58,7 e 14,7 mL, comprimento 9,87 e 3,5 cm, largura 2,4 e 0,6 cm, espessura 2,4 e 0,5 cm, circunferência 8,0 e 2,3 cm, peso do parênquima 27,6 e 6,1 g e peso da túnica albugínea 1,0 e 0,3 g, p<0,05, respectivamente. Em relação aos epidídimos as médias das medidas macroscópicas do órgão direito coletados de dezembro/2006 e maio/2007 foram: volume 7,7 e 3,0 mL, comprimento 5,8 e 1,3 cm, largura 0,7 e 0,3 cm, espessura 0,6 e 0,3 cm, circunferência 2,5 e 1,2 cm, peso do tecido 6,4 e 2,8 g e peso da cápsula 0,4 e 0,1 g, p<0,05, respectivamente. As médias observadas no mês de novembro/2005 ficaram em uma situação intermediária (p<0,05), porém quantitativamente bem mais próximas as do mês de dezembro/2006 o que pode caracterizar um período de transição. Algumas medidas do testículo e epidídimo direito foram superiores ao do esquerdo (p<0,05), caracterizando assimetria. Morfologicamente os testículos e epidídimos de emas possuem pontos em comum ao de outras aves descritas, porém diferenças foram observadas. Os testículos e epidídimos de Rhea americana apresentam influência do ambiente, com meses de atividade reprodutiva (novembro-dezembro) primavera-verão e outra de repouso sexual (maio) outono-inverno. Foram apresentadas as médias da biometria testicular e epididimária. As características da biometria testicular e epididimária apresentaram maior magnitude na estação de atividade sexual Palavras-chave: Aves, Epidídimo, Morfologia, Ratitas, Reprodução, Sazonalidade, Testículo

The oribi Ourebia ourebi is probably South Africa's most endangered antelope. As a specialist grazer, it is extremely susceptible to habitat loss and the transformation of habitat by development. Another major threat to this species is illegal hunting. Although protected and listed as an endangered species in South Africa, illegal poaching is widespread and a major contributor to decreasing oribi populations. This study investigated methods of increasing oribi populations by using translocations and reintroductions to boost oribi numbers and by addressing overhunting. Captive breeding has been used as a conservation tool as a useful way of keeping individuals of a species in captivity as a backup for declining wild populations. In addition, most captive breeding programmes are aimed at eventually being able to reintroduce certain captive-bred individuals back into the wild to supplement wild populations. This can be a very costly exercise and often results in failure. However, captive breeding is a good way to educate the public and create awareness for the species and its threats. Captive breeding of oribi has only been attempted a few times in South Africa, with varied results. A private breeding programme in Wartburg, KwaZulu-Natal was quite successful with the breeding of oribi. A reintroduction programme for these captive-bred oribi was monitored using radio telemetry to assess the efficacy of such a programme for the oribi. As with many reintroductions of other species, this one was not successful and resulted in many mortalities. However, many variables have been identified that contributed to the failure of this programme and they can be adapted to increase the chances that captive breeding and reintroduction be a viable conservation tool for oribi. Besides captive breeding and reintroductions, the translocation of wild animals can also be effective in sustaining wild populations. Translocations usually appreciate a higher rate of success than reintroductions. A translocation of wild oribi was attempted in this study. This involved the translocation of four males and eleven females and a year-long monitoring programme. This translocation proved to be extremely successful in establishing a sustainable wild population of oribi with few mortalities and several births. However, such translocations can only be attempted when there is suitable habitat and high security from poaching. One source of oribi for the translocation part of the study was from a housing estate that had a high density population of oribi. The existence of such a thriving population of animals on what is often a controversial type of development led to a case study investigation. Housing developments are increasing in size and in numbers in South Africa, and are rarely held accountable for the destruction caused to local habitat or wildlife. This case study used this housing estate as an example of development and conservation cooperating and enjoying the success of a thriving population of endangered oribi. Many variables have been identified that contribute to the success of this venture and that could be used as a requisite for planned housing developments in the future. In particular, clustering of houses to leave open wild areas that are managed ecologically. Finally, the issue of illegal hunting was identified as a very serious threat to oribi conservation. Using surveys, residents of rural settlements and landowners were probed about this issue so that a demographic profile of hunters could be created. This profile could then be used to make recommendations on ways to slow the spread of illegal hunting as well as educate hunters and conservation laws. The results showed that many rural people hunt on a regular basis and most hunt with dogs. It also III showed that there is a high level of ignorance amongst these people on the laws concerning conservation and wildlife species. It was concluded from this study that captive breeding and reintroduction of oribi might be a way to enhance wild populations, but might be more useful in creating public awareness. Translocation, on the other hand, was extremely successful as a way of saving doomed populations and augmenting stable ones. However, it requires suitable and protected habitat. Using housing estates as havens for endangered species is an option but only if the right legislation is passed and cooperation demanded with large portions of land remaining undeveloped. Addressing illegal hunting is the most important, and possibly the most difficult hurdle for oribi conservation besides habitat destruction. Finally, recommendations for oribi conservation and management were made based on the results from this study. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

The study presented deals with the phenomenon of increased hunting activity on the transition of the Neolithic and Eneolithic Age, the reasons of which have been so far investigated only in regard to environmental conditions of locations. The phenomenon is observed on locations of a wide area of Middle Europe. Nevertheless, there exist locations with prevailing agricultural economy. On the basis of a detailed comparative analysis of the material culture of the Western culture circle and Bohemia and Moravia, the study aims to trace the reflection of the phenomenon in archaeological materials - differences between locations with predominant domestic sources, and locations with predominant wild sources. Alongside, the study deals with a possible environmental impact on increasing hunting tendencies. In order to created a database, a detailed catalogue of locations has been compiled. The catalogue holds the most essential information on material culture with regard to expected agricultural manners. The catalogue also serves as a clue for setting particular indicators of the database, the purpose of which is to organise the data in a comparable form. Subsequently, a descriptive database has been compiled. The database traces the reflection of agricultural base of the individual locations. By means of a...