In Sweden, it is prohibited to discriminate because of transgender identity or expression. However, research shows that transgender people often face discrimination in society including the health care sector. The aim of this work is to increase the understanding of the transgender experience in the meeting with caregivers. In the study some basic concepts are reviewed, such as different ways of defining sex. Sexuality, transgender, gender identity and expression are defined and discussed and the transgender health situation is described. As theoretical basis the term life world is introduced. The problem statement shows that transgender people are largely suffering from mental illness and that they, because of the risk of being offended or badly treated, refrain from seeking medical care. The methodology used in the study is a literature review of previously conducted qualitative research in the field. This research is compiled into a new entirety with the intent to increase the understanding of the phenomenon and translate it into practical knowledge in health care work. The result of the literature review of the transgender experience when meeting with health care can be summarized in three main groups: Standing outside the norm, Getting inadequate care and Being discriminated. In conclusion, the results indicate that the conception that there are only two genders together with the heteronormativity prevent transgender to get a good treatment and adequate care. The result and the method are discussed in the report.

Programas de prevenção e controle de infecção associada a assistência à saúde (PCIRAS), ao contribuírem para reduzir as ocorrências dessas infecções, constituem componentes relevantes de sistemas de avaliação da qualidade de instituições de assistência a saúde. Contudo, pouco tem sido investido para reconhecer a própria qualidade desses programas. A finalidade deste estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho desses programas em hospitais do Estado do Paraná-Brasil, tendo como hipótese um resultado mínimo de 75% de conformidade. Estudo prospectivo e transversal de avaliação processual, por meio de um instrumento previamente validado, composto por quatro indicadores cujos conteúdos contemplam o desempenho esperado/desejado desses programas em relação às exigências governamentais brasileiras e à literatura internacional. Os indicadores são: 1) Estrutura Técnico-operacional (PCET); 2) Diretrizes Operacionais (PCDO); 3) Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (PCVE); 4) Atividades de Controle e Prevenção (PCPP). Cada um desses indicadores, por sua vez, possui vários componentes ou unidades de avaliação. O estudo foi realizado de 2013 a 2014 em 50 hospitais definidos estatisticamente por amostra de acesso. A conformidade geral obtida por esses programas foi 71,0%, com dispersão (dp) de 23,88. As conformidades de cada indicador foram: PCET - 79,4% e 18,9dp; PCVE 76,0% e 30.5dp; PCDO - 65,5% e 26,9dp; PCPP-63,2%/39,5dp. O desempenho geral ficou pouco abaixo daquele previamente esperado, devido aos indicadores PCDO e PCPP. Já, os indicadores PCET e PCVE apresentaram desempenho acima do mínimo geral previamente considerado. Como conclusão, os programas apresentam adequação mínima para sua operacionalização e para realizar a vigilância epidemiológica, mas é possível considerar que o processo adequado está prejudicado devido à insuficiência quantitativa e qualitativa de diretrizes operacionais e de ações para o controle e prevenção dessas infecções. A presença de certificação em qualidade em saúde, realização de auditorias internas, presença de enfermeiro exclusivo para atuar no Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (SCIH), presença de profissionais médicos contratados e concursados, maior carga horária de dedicação exclusiva e tempo de experiência de médicos e enfermeiros, apresentaram associação significativa para melhor desempenho dos PCIRAS, respectivamente. Sendo o Paraná um dos estados mais desenvolvidos do Brasil, o resultado desse estudo é preocupante e motiva a necessidade de reconhecer e caracterizar esses programas nas outras regiões do país. Finalmente, a avaliação aplicada com esses indicadores permitiu um reconhecimento mais aprofundado do modus operandi dos PCIRAS. Por outro lado, futuras investigações precisam ser desenvolvidas com o intuito de reconhecer o impacto da conformidade desses programas com a ocorrência de infecções nas instituições de saúde. / Prevention and Infection control programs associated with health assistance (PCIRAS), when contributed to reduce the number of these infections, build up relevant components of quality evaluation system from health assistance. However, little has been invested to recognize the quality of these programs. The objective of this study was to characterize the development of these programs in hospitals in the state of Paraná-Brazil, having the hypothesis a minimum result of 75% of conformity. Prospective and transversal study of processual evaluation, through an instrument previously validated, built up by four indicators whose contents are the expected development of these programs in relation to Brazilian and international literature requirements. The indicators are: 1) Technical-operational structure (TOS); 2) Operational Guidelines (OGS); 3) Epidemiological Surveillance System (ESS); 4) Control and Prevention Proceedings (CPP). Each one of these indicators have several components or evaluation units. The study was performed from 2013 to 2014 in 50 hospitals statistically defined by access. The general conformity obtained by these programs were 71,0%, with dispersion (dp) of 23,88. The conformities of each indicator were: TOS - 79,4% and 18,9dp; ESS 76,0% and 30.5dp; OGS - 65,5% and 26,9dp; CPP - 63,2%/39,5dp. The general development was a bit below those previously expected, due to OGS and CPP indicators. On the other hand, the TOS and ESS presented development above the minimum previously considered. As conclusion, the programs presented minimum data to be operated and to provide epidemiologic observation, but it is possible to consider that the adequate process is damaged due to quantitative and qualitative insuficience of operational and action norms to the control and prevention of these infections. The presence of health quality certification, internal fiscalization control, presence of an exclusive nurse to work on the Hospital Infection Control Service (HICS), presence of contracted and state physicians, longer hours of exclusive dedication and wider experience of physicians and nurses, present great association to improve the development of CPIRAH, respectively. As Paraná is one of the most developed states in Brazil, the result of this study is something to be worried about. It motivates the necessity to recognize and characterize these programs in other regions of Brazil. Finally, the evaluation applied with these indicators allowed a deeper recognition of PCIRAS modus operandi. On the other hand, future studies need to be done with the objective of recognize the conformity impact of these programs with the infection numbers in health institutions.

Bakgrund: Hemlöshet är ett ökande problem i världen och beroende på land så hanteras och uppfattas fenomenet på olika sätt. Olika faktorer påverkar huruvida en person hamnar i hemlöshet och dessa kan kategoriseras in i individuella, relationella, institutionella och strukturella faktorer. Hemlösa personer är en utsatt grupp i samhället och hemlösheten påverkar en persons livskvalitet och hälsa. Hemlösa personer uppvisar liknande medicinska tillstånd som den allmänna befolkningen men i större utsträckning och löper större risk att dö i förtid. Hemlösa personer uppsöker oftare akutmottagningar och har längre vårdtid än personer som inte är hemlösa. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna hemlösa personers upplevelser av sin hälsosituation och kontakt med vården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes, där nio stycken vetenskapliga originalstudier granskades. Åtta av dessa hade kvalitativ metod och en hade mixad metod. Dessa hämtades från Cinahl Plus with Full Text och PubMed samt hittades genom manuella sökningar efter att studerat tidigare genomförda litteraturöversikter. Studierna analyserades och data kategoriserades in i olika teman. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat innehåller följande teman; Bemötande, Påverkan på självbild, Behov av vård och Praktiska hinder för kontakt med vården. Litteraturöversiktens resultat visade att hemlösa personer känner sig stigmatiserade samt illa och annorlunda bemötta i mötet med vårdpersonal. Detta hade negativ påverkan på självbild och identitet samt utgjorde ett hinder för att kontakta vården. Hemlösa personer i denna litteraturöversikt beskrev även förslag på förbättringar för hälso- och sjukvården. Diskussion: Resultatet ställs emot litteraturöversiktens bakgrund och ytterligare forskning samt diskuteras utifrån konsensusbegreppet hälsa och Antonovskys hälsoteori. / Background: Homelessness is an increasing problem in the world and the phenomenon is perceived and managed in different ways depending on country. Various factors can influence whether a person fall into homelessness and these can be categorized into individual, relational, institutional and structural factors. Homeless people are a vulnerable group in the society and homelessness affect a person's quality of life and health. Homeless people have similar medical conditions as the general population but to a greater extent and are at greater risk of dying prematurely. Additionally, homeless people often seek emergency rooms and have a longer hospital stay than people whom are not homeless. Aim: To describe adult homeless persons experiences of their health status and contact with health care. Method: A literature review was conducted, where nine original scientific studies were reviewed. Eight of these used a qualitative method and one used a mixed method. The studies were taken from Cinahl Plus with Full Text, PubMed and through manual searches. The studies were analysed and the data were categorized into different themes. Results: The result in the literature review generated four themes: Response, Impact on self-image, The need for care and Practical obstacles for contact with health services. The result in this literature review shows that homeless people feel stigmatized and are treated different in the meeting with health care professionals. These aspects had a negative impact on self-image and identity as well as being obstacles for contacting health care. Homeless people in this literature review described some suggestions for improvements in health care. Discussions: The result is compared to the background of this literature review and other academical articles. The result is further discussed in relation to the consensus concept of health and Antonovsky´s theory of health.

Programas de prevenção e controle de infecção associada a assistência à saúde (PCIRAS), ao contribuírem para reduzir as ocorrências dessas infecções, constituem componentes relevantes de sistemas de avaliação da qualidade de instituições de assistência a saúde. Contudo, pouco tem sido investido para reconhecer a própria qualidade desses programas. A finalidade deste estudo foi caracterizar o desempenho desses programas em hospitais do Estado do Paraná-Brasil, tendo como hipótese um resultado mínimo de 75% de conformidade. Estudo prospectivo e transversal de avaliação processual, por meio de um instrumento previamente validado, composto por quatro indicadores cujos conteúdos contemplam o desempenho esperado/desejado desses programas em relação às exigências governamentais brasileiras e à literatura internacional. Os indicadores são: 1) Estrutura Técnico-operacional (PCET); 2) Diretrizes Operacionais (PCDO); 3) Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (PCVE); 4) Atividades de Controle e Prevenção (PCPP). Cada um desses indicadores, por sua vez, possui vários componentes ou unidades de avaliação. O estudo foi realizado de 2013 a 2014 em 50 hospitais definidos estatisticamente por amostra de acesso. A conformidade geral obtida por esses programas foi 71,0%, com dispersão (dp) de 23,88. As conformidades de cada indicador foram: PCET - 79,4% e 18,9dp; PCVE 76,0% e 30.5dp; PCDO - 65,5% e 26,9dp; PCPP-63,2%/39,5dp. O desempenho geral ficou pouco abaixo daquele previamente esperado, devido aos indicadores PCDO e PCPP. Já, os indicadores PCET e PCVE apresentaram desempenho acima do mínimo geral previamente considerado. Como conclusão, os programas apresentam adequação mínima para sua operacionalização e para realizar a vigilância epidemiológica, mas é possível considerar que o processo adequado está prejudicado devido à insuficiência quantitativa e qualitativa de diretrizes operacionais e de ações para o controle e prevenção dessas infecções. A presença de certificação em qualidade em saúde, realização de auditorias internas, presença de enfermeiro exclusivo para atuar no Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (SCIH), presença de profissionais médicos contratados e concursados, maior carga horária de dedicação exclusiva e tempo de experiência de médicos e enfermeiros, apresentaram associação significativa para melhor desempenho dos PCIRAS, respectivamente. Sendo o Paraná um dos estados mais desenvolvidos do Brasil, o resultado desse estudo é preocupante e motiva a necessidade de reconhecer e caracterizar esses programas nas outras regiões do país. Finalmente, a avaliação aplicada com esses indicadores permitiu um reconhecimento mais aprofundado do modus operandi dos PCIRAS. Por outro lado, futuras investigações precisam ser desenvolvidas com o intuito de reconhecer o impacto da conformidade desses programas com a ocorrência de infecções nas instituições de saúde. / Prevention and Infection control programs associated with health assistance (PCIRAS), when contributed to reduce the number of these infections, build up relevant components of quality evaluation system from health assistance. However, little has been invested to recognize the quality of these programs. The objective of this study was to characterize the development of these programs in hospitals in the state of Paraná-Brazil, having the hypothesis a minimum result of 75% of conformity. Prospective and transversal study of processual evaluation, through an instrument previously validated, built up by four indicators whose contents are the expected development of these programs in relation to Brazilian and international literature requirements. The indicators are: 1) Technical-operational structure (TOS); 2) Operational Guidelines (OGS); 3) Epidemiological Surveillance System (ESS); 4) Control and Prevention Proceedings (CPP). Each one of these indicators have several components or evaluation units. The study was performed from 2013 to 2014 in 50 hospitals statistically defined by access. The general conformity obtained by these programs were 71,0%, with dispersion (dp) of 23,88. The conformities of each indicator were: TOS - 79,4% and 18,9dp; ESS 76,0% and 30.5dp; OGS - 65,5% and 26,9dp; CPP - 63,2%/39,5dp. The general development was a bit below those previously expected, due to OGS and CPP indicators. On the other hand, the TOS and ESS presented development above the minimum previously considered. As conclusion, the programs presented minimum data to be operated and to provide epidemiologic observation, but it is possible to consider that the adequate process is damaged due to quantitative and qualitative insuficience of operational and action norms to the control and prevention of these infections. The presence of health quality certification, internal fiscalization control, presence of an exclusive nurse to work on the Hospital Infection Control Service (HICS), presence of contracted and state physicians, longer hours of exclusive dedication and wider experience of physicians and nurses, present great association to improve the development of CPIRAH, respectively. As Paraná is one of the most developed states in Brazil, the result of this study is something to be worried about. It motivates the necessity to recognize and characterize these programs in other regions of Brazil. Finally, the evaluation applied with these indicators allowed a deeper recognition of PCIRAS modus operandi. On the other hand, future studies need to be done with the objective of recognize the conformity impact of these programs with the infection numbers in health institutions.

Bakgrund: Övervikten ökar i världen och i Sverige är varannan man och var tredje kvinna överviktig. Att vara överviktig är en riskfaktor för många sjukdomar och kan leda till en för tidig död. Sjuksköterskor har enligt kompetensbeskrivningen ett ansvar att behandla alla patienter lika. Trots det förekommer negativa attityder hos sjuksköterskor till överviktiga patienter, vilket kan leda till att överviktiga personer undviker vården.Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med övervikt. Metod: I litteraturöversikten har elva kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar analyserats. Vid genomläsning av artiklarna identifierades nyckelfynd i studiernas resultatdelar som ansågs ha relevans för syftet. Därefter strukturerades dessa upp i nya teman som bildar resultatet i denna litteraturöversikt. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fem teman; annorlundaskap relaterat till miljö och kroppsstorlek, upplevelser av stigmatisering och diskriminering, relationen till sig själv och andra, upplevelser i mötet med vården samt upplevelser av att kämpa med vikten. Dessa beskriver hur vuxna personer upplever att det är att leva med övervikt i samhället och vården.  Diskussion: Samhället är inte anpassat för överviktiga människor, miljön leder till känslor av annorlundaskap, skam och skuld. Det finns en brist på ett holistiskt synsätt i vården som gör att man hänvisar alla hälsoproblem till patientens övervikt. Vidare är utrustningen inte anpassad för överviktiga vilket leder till utsatta situationer för både patient och sjuksköterska. Personalen kan i de här situationerna hamna i kläm. I diskussionen diskuteras resultatet mot livsvärldsperspektivet samt egna reflektioner. Slutsats: Av resultatet framgick olika svåra upplevelser som hör samman med att vara överviktig. Stigmatisering genomsyrar överviktiga personers möten med vården och samhället. De känner sig begränsade av icke anpassade miljöer och utrustning som leder till känslor av utanförskap. Det förekommer samma typer av fördomar och negativa attityder hos vårdpersonal som i resten av samhället."

The home is supposed to provide support and safety for children but can also be the place where children suffer abuse and other adverse treatment by their parents. Violence against children in homes has been banned in Sweden for more than 30 years but it is still a considerable problem in the society and a threat to public health. The overall aim of this thesis was to create comprehensive knowledge of the phenomenon Child Physical Abuse (CPA) in Sweden after the ban on corporal punishment. The focus has been on examining the characteristics of cases reported to the police as well as self-reported CPA, prevalence of CPA and finally associations between CPA and health-problems/risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. Two samples are used in this thesis. The first comprises cases reported to the police during 11 years (n=142) in a Swedish police-district and the second is a population-based youth survey of the total number of pupils in three different school grades (13, 15 and 17 years old) in Södermanland County, Sweden. Cases of severe abuse constituted 14 % of the total number of cases reported to the police. The main difference between the group of severe cases and the remaining was the higher occurrence of convictions in court in the severe cases and the pattern of reporting to the police. The severe cases were reported by agencies to a greater degree than minor cases. Cases of severe abuse were characterized by an accumulation of risk factors in different areas as perpetrator factors, stress- and strain factors, factors of insufficient social network and finally child-related factors. In the cross-sectional study a prevalence of 15 % was found for self-reported CPA (n=8 494). There were associations between risk factors in different areas and abuse and there was a dos-response relationship between risks and reported abuse. It was shown that children who reported parental intimate-partner violence were at considerably higher risk for CPA than other children and that only 7 % of the children exposed to violence had disclosed this to authorities. The study of associations between health and risk-taking behaviors, were performed among the 15 and 17 years old pupils (n=5 933). Associations with health-problems and risk-taking behaviors were shown and the associations became stronger when the pupils reported repeated abuse. Finally there was a cumulative effect of multiple abuse in the form of being exposed to child physical abuse plus other types of abuse (parental intimate partner violence, bullying and being forced to engage in sexual acts) and the associations increased with the number of concurrent abuse.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of sexuality of handicapped persons and its realization. Its main aim is to chase the general view of this theme, which is still taboo in our society. The theoretical part is divided into four chapters. It specifically defines handicapped persons, their sexuality and specific needs of people with different types of disabilities. It slightly describes the work of social service facilities with the theme of sexuality. Moreover, it is concerned with project "Right of Sex" and sexual assistance as one possibility of realizing the sexuality of people with disabilities. The practical part is realized through quantitative and qualitative research. There were fourteen respondents that were further dividend into three groups. First group was composed by people with disabilities, second by sexual assistants and to the last belonged experts engaged to this topic. This research identified respondent's opinion and view concerning the theme of the sexuality of handicapped persons and sexual assistance.

Adolescents with health disorders experience an increased risk of psychological functioning problems. However, the lack of availability of psychological help and research on methods’ effectiveness in this group is still being extensively discussed worldwide. Theoretical assumptions of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), closely related to the ideas of constructivism and systems theory, indicate that therapeutic effect of the model can be viewed as not limited to changes in the problem presented for the therapy, but as having potential of spreading into other areas of psychological functioning. Thus the aim of the dissertation is to estimate the changes in the severity of psychological functioning problems during SFBT among in-patient and out-patient adolescents experiencing mental or physical health disorders. Participants were 12-18 year old out-patients of two primary mental health care centers and in-patients of a rehabilitation hospital (N=131). Treatment group consisted of 23 out-patients and 21 in-patients (control groups accordingly 23 and 28 adolescents). Changes in the severity of problems presented for the therapy were assessed by The Therapist’s Evaluation of Improvement and The Client’s Evaluation of Progress, while the severity of psychological functioning problems and its changes were assessed by Standardized Interview for the Evaluation of Adolescents’ Problems and Checklist of Adolescent Behavior Changes. Results of the study revealed that mental... [to full text] / Sveikatos sutrikimų turintys paaugliai susiduria su padidėjusia psichologinio funkcionavimo problemų rizika. Tačiau dažnai diskutuojama psichologinės pagalbos prieinamumo ir metodų efektyvumo tyrimų šioje grupėje trūkumo problema. Darbe tyrinėjamo į sprendimus sutelkto trumpalaikio konsultavimo (SSTK) prielaidos, kurios glaudžiai siejasi su konstruktyvizmo ir bendrosios sistemų teorijos idėjomis, leidžia galvoti, kad SSTK terapinis poveikis neapsiriboja tik konkrečios problemos sprendimu, bet turi galimybę išsiplėsti į kitas psichologinio funkcionavimo sritis. Tad šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti dėl psichikos ir somatinės sveikatos sutrikimų gydomų paauglių psichologinio funkcionavimo problemų laipsnio kitimą SSTK metu. Tyrime dalyvavo 131 vienoje reabilitacijos ligoninėje ir dviejuose pirminės psichikos sveikatos priežiūros centruose gydomas 12 – 18 m. paauglys. Poveikio grupę sudarė 23 PPSPC ir 21 reabilitacinės ligoninės pacientas (kontrolines grupes – atitinkamai 23 ir 28). Konsultavime sprendžiamų problemų sunkumo pokyčiams vertinti taikyti Kliento vertinamas problemos sprendimo progresas ir Konsultanto vertinamo problemos sprendimo progreso skalė, o psichologinio funkcionavimo problemų laipsniui ir jo kitimui vertinti – Standartizuotas interviu paauglių problemoms įvertinti ir Paauglio elgesio klausimynas. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad psichikos sveikatos sutrikimas paauglių psichologinį funkcionavimą paveikia labiau nei somatinės sveikatos sutrikimas, tačiau savęs... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The purpose of the research – to evaluate satisfaction of patients expectations in Vilnius emergency university hospital. The object of the research. In-patient expectations in Vilnius emergency university hospital. The hypothesis of the research- patient’s expectations are not successfully satisfied because of the organizational problems, their analysis is useful in order to make better organizational work. Conclusions. Patient's expectayions satisfaction is influenced by the structure of resources in healthcare organization and person's (patient's) individual characteristics.

Tikslas: Nustatyti Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokinių fizinio aktyvumo ir mitybos ypatumus bei jų sąsajas su tėvų sveikatos būkle. Uždaviniai: Įvertinti pirmokų fizinį aktyvumą; Išanalizuoti pirmokų mitybos ypatumus; Įvertinti subjektyvią tėvų sveikatos būklę; Nustatyti vaikų mitybos ir fizinio aktyvumo ypatumų sąsajas su suaugusių šeimos narių sveikatos būkle. Tyrimo metodika: šis magistro darbas parengtas atlikus Lietuvos vaikų augimo stebėsenos tyrimą, kuris buvo vykdomas vadovaujantis PSO Europos vaikų nutukimo stebėsenos iniciatyvos (angl. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI) protokolo. Magistro darbe buvo atliktas mitybos įpročių, fizinio aktyvumo ir tėvų subjektyvios sveikatos vertinimas. Magistrinio darbo tikslinė grupė – Kauno miesto pirmų klasių mokiniai ir jų tėvai. Tiriamąjį kontingentą sudarė 6–8 metų vaikai (n=407; 51,1 proc. berniukų ir 48,9 proc. mergaičių) ir jų tėvai (n=407). Rezultatai: nustatyta, kad beveik du trečdaliai berniukų ir mergaičių (atitinkamai 60,1 proc. ir 61,8 proc.) lanko sporto ir /ar šokių būrelius. Du penktadaliai berniukų ir mergaičių (40 proc.) būrelius lanko 2 dienas per savaitę. Nustatyta, kad savaitgaliais ilgai (>2 val.) televizorių žiūri beveik visi pirmokai (93,6 proc.). Vertinant mokinių mitybą nustatyta, kad du trečdaliai (67 proc.) pirmokų pusryčiauja kasdien. Dažniausiai pirmų klasių mokiniai varotoja šviežių vaisių (62,4 proc.), virtų daržovių (58,7 proc.). Tėčių ir mamų turinčių antsvorio ar... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The goal of the thesis: to identify the relations between pecularities of first-graders‘ nutrition and physical activity and health status of their parents in Kaunas city. Objectives:To evaluate the first-graders’ physical activity; To analyse the peculiarities of first-graders’ nutrition; To evaluate the health status of parents of first-graders; To find relations between pecularities of first-graders‘ nutrition and physical activity and health status of their parents. Methods: This master thesis is based on Lithuanian children's growth monitoring study, which was carried out in accordance with the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative - COSI protocol. Master thesis analyses habits of nutrition, physical activity and subjetive evaluation of parents‘ health. Target group of the research is first grade students and their parents in Kaunas city. Generally, the research study consists of 6-8 year old children and their parents. A total number of participants of the survey is 407 first-graders (51.1 percent boys and 48.9 per cent girls) and 407 parents. Results: The survey shows that almost two thirds of boys and girls (60.1 per cent and 61.8 percent) attend sports and/or dance clubs. The largest proportion (two fifths) of boys and girls attends clubs two times a week. The research shows that almost all of first-graders (93,6 per cent) spend a lot time (more than two hours) watching television on weekends. The nutrition survey shows that 67 per cent of children... [to full text]