O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos de jejum alimentar (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 e 18 horas) sobre a perda de peso vivo em frangos de corte criados em sistema convencional e o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria (antes e após o resfriamento), além de avaliar os atributos de qualidade da carne de peito de frango. Neste experimento foram utilizados frangos de corte da linhagem Ross com 46 dias de idade. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que o tempo de jejum prolongado teve efeito significativo (p≤0,05) sobre a perda de peso das aves antes do abate, com perda de 5% para um jejum de 12h. Conforme os períodos de jejum aumentavam, também incrementava a quantidade de peso perdido na carcaça viva. Registrou-se um elevado rendimento de carcaça quente com um período entre 3 e 6 horas de jejum e reduzido, a partir de um período de 9 horas acusou uma diferença significativa (p≤0,05). A carcaça fria apresentou uma diminuição no seu rendimento, à medida que aumentou o tempo do jejum, com diferença significativa (p≤0,05), que foi observada a partir de 6 horas de jejum. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo não mostraram que o tempo prolongado da privação de alimentos tenha efeito significativo (p≤0,05) sobre a força de cisalhamento (kgf. cm-2) da carne de peito. Quanto à coloração, o aumento do período do jejum alimentar, tornou a carne de peito mais escura, porém não apresentou diferença significativa. Pelos dados da correlação dos atributos de qualidade, foi observada, para o valor de L*, uma relação negativa com o valor do pH da carne, pois, conforme aumentava o pH, o valor de L* diminuía. Observou-se, também, a correlação positiva entre o valor do pH e o CRA. Portanto, à medida que o pH da carne de peito aumentava, a CRA também incrementava. A correlação positiva encontrada entre a perda por cocção e a força de cisalhamento demonstrou que o aumento da perda de peso pela cocção influenciou negativamente a maciez da carne. De acordo com os resultados encontrados em relação ao rendimento de carcaças, o período entre 3 e 9h de jejum alimentar apresentou o melhor resultado. E quanto às qualidades físico-químicas da carne de peito de frango, não se encontrou diferença significativa entre os diferentes períodos de jejum. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different feed withdrawal periods (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 hours) on the weight loss of broilers raised in the conventional system and the yield of the hot and cold carcass (before and after cooling), as well as to evaluate the quality attributes of the broilers breast meat. In this experiment, 46-day-old Ross broilers were used. The results found in this study show that the prolonged feed withdrawal time had a significant effect (p≤0,05) on the weight loss of the birds before slaughtering, with a 5% loss for a 12-hour feed withdrawal period. As the feed withdrawal periods increased, so did the amount of weight loss in the living carcass. The hot carcass yield was higher between 3 and 6 hours of feed withdrawal and reduced after 9 hours with a significant difference (p≤0,05). As to the cold carcass yield, it decreased as the fasting time increased, with a significant difference (p≤0,05) on the shear force (kgf. cm-2) of the breast meat. As to coloration, the increase in the feed withdrawal period made the meat darker, but no significant difference was found. According to the data from the quality attributes correlation, a negative correlation was observed between the L* value and the pH of the meat, for as the pH increased, the L* value decreased. A positive correlation was observed between the pH and the WHC, since, as the pH of the breast meat increased, so did the WHC. The positive correlation between the cooking loss and the shear force showed that the increase in the weight loss by the cooking influenced negatively the tenderness of the meat. According to the results found for the carcass yield, the best results were found for the fasting periods between 3 and 9 hours. As to the physical-chemical quality of the chicken breast meat, no significant difference was found among the different feed withdrawal periods.

A study to determine why students withdrew from high wchools in Freestone county.

abstract: Emerging adulthood represents a liminal space between adolescence and adulthood. Attachment with a romantic partner is commonly developed during this time; however, the nature of the dating relationship often remains ambiguous and/or undefined. Dating provides emerging adults the opportunity to develop their romantic competence and navigate these particular attachment relationships. Conflict, and how it is managed, is a critical variable during this time and differentiates between couples who progress in their relationship from those who terminate. What is more, partners may become stuck in destructive cycles, or patterns, of conflict (i.e., demand-withdrawal). Using the theoretical frameworks of attachment theory and emotionally focused couples therapy, this study’s goal it to examine the impact of a brief writing-intervention on relational quality, secure attachment behaviors (i.e., accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement) and attachment dimensions (i.e., anxiety, avoidance). Sixty-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions for a two-wave study: (1) a treatment condition that was provided an educational presentation regarding couples’ negative cycles of interaction and attachment needs, followed by a guided writing task; (2) a comparison condition that only received the educational presentation; and (3) a control condition that received neither the educational presentation nor the writing task. Hypotheses proposed that participants in the treatment condition would experience increased relational quality, secure attachment behaviors (for both themselves and their partner), and greater secure attachment (i.e., decreased anxiety and avoidance) across time compared to the comparison and control conditions. Data did not support the hypotheses. These findings offer important implications for the development of future brief couples’ interventions and aim to generate future research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication Studies 2020

Background: The withdrawal of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) within the context of withdrawal of life-sustaining measures (WLSM) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU). The method by which invasive MV is withdrawn during WLSM remains an ongoing topic of discussion and research; two methods are terminal weaning (TW) and terminal extubation (TE). Aims: To statistically describe and compare the processes of TW and TE as undertaken in two ICUs. Study Design: A secondary data analysis using data from a longitudinal retrospective chart audit. Results: A total of 78 patient charts were included. MV was withdrawn in 88.5% of patients undergoing WLSM. TW was used in 62.3% of the cases while TE was used in 37.7%. Patients who underwent TW were on average younger, had a longer ICU stay, higher respiratory support requirements, a longer duration of invasive MV, and shorter period from first change in MV parameters to patient death. Conclusion: This study highlights the nuances and complexities within MV withdrawal and WLSM in the ICU.

Morfin is a clinically used analgesic drug but also an abusive drug. It has an impact on a wide range of CNS regions (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmentum, hippocampus, etc.) and affects their functions, e.g. cognitive functions or anxiety. Although the results of so far published studies are often contradictory, the effects on cell death and proliferation in the CNS have been demonstrated. In this work, we focused on how chronic administration of morphine and subsequent withdrawal of this drug affects neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the rat brain and how it affects some markers involved in the addiction and post-drug-induced condition. We have succeeded in introducing immunohistochemical markers for monitoring neurogenesis (bromodeoxyuridine and doublecortin) and neurodegeneration (Fluoro-Jade C) and for detection of selected neuromodulatory peptides (cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y). We have found that morphine may influence the process of neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, but its effects differ in different CNS structures (nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala). Key words: Morphine, brain, rat, withdrawal syndrom, neurogenesis, neurodegeneration

Background: The incidence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), a drug withdrawal syndrome mainly associated with opioid exposure in-utero has significantly increased in the United States over the last decade with infants with NOWS staying longer in the hospital than those without NOWS. Objectives: To determine if feeding tube use while on admission is associated with length of hospital stay among infants diagnosed with NOWS. We also compared the differences between infants with NOWS who required the use of feeding tubes while on admission, and those that did not, based on infant and maternal characteristics. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of infants delivered between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2016 at Ballad Health System. Our inclusion criteria were infants who were exposed to opioids in-utero and received a diagnosis of NOWS based on 2 consecutive Finnegan scores of 10, or 3 consecutive scores of 8, or treatment with morphine. Medical chart record of 294 infants who met these criteria were reviewed for infant and maternal characteristics. Our outcome variable was infant length of hospital stay and our predictor variable was feeding tube use an indicator for feeding difficulties. Chi-square test and t-test were used to compare infant and maternal characteristics by feeding tube use. Simple linear regression models were used to assess the effect of feeding tube use and infant and maternal characteristics on infant length of hospital stay. Multiple linear regression was used to model infant length of hospital stay predicted by feeding tube use, while adjusting for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, treatment with morphine, and maternal benzodiazepine use during pregnancy. All analyses were done using SAS 9.4. Results: Of the 294 infants diagnosed with NOWS, 22.11% had feeding difficulties that necessitated use of feeding tubes. Infants who used feeding tubes were significantly more likely to be born preterm (20.31% vs 8.73%, p=0.0096) to be admitted into the NICU (98.46% vs 51.09%, p=

Several genome-wide association (GWA) studies of alcohol dependence (AD) and alcohol-related phenotypes have been conducted; however, little is known about genetic variants influencing alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AWS). We conducted the first GWA study of AWS using 461 cases of AD with AWS and 408 controls in Caucasian population in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample. Logistic regression analysis of AWS as a binary trait, adjusted for age and sex, was performed using PLINK. We identified 51 SNPs associated with AWS with p<10 -4. The first best signal was rs770182 (p = 3.65 × 10 -6) at 5q21 near EFNA5 gene which was replicated in the Australian twin-family study of 273 families (p = 0.0172). Furthermore, three SNPs (rs10975990, rs10758821 and rs1407862) within KDM4C gene at 9p24.1 showed p<10 -4 (p = 7.15 × 10 -6, 2.79 × 10 -5 and 4.93 × 10 -5, respectively) in the COGA sample while one SNP rs12001158 within KDM4C with p = 1.97 × 10 -4 in the COGA sample was replicated in the family sample (p = 0.01). Haplotype analysis further supported the associations of single-marker analyses of KDM4C in the COGA sample. Moreover, two SNPs (rs2046593 and rs10497668) near FSIP2 at 2q32.1 with moderate associations with AWS in the COGA sample (p = 2.66 × 10 -4 and 9.48 × 10 -5, respectively) were replicated in the family sample (p = 0.0013 and 0.0162, respectively). In addition, several SNPs in GABRA1, GABRG1, and GABRG3 were associated with AWS (p<10 -2) in the COGA sample. In conclusion, we identified several loci associated with AWS. These findings offer the potential for new insights into the pathogenesis of AD and AWS.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka specialpedagogers erfarenhet av inåtvända barn, även uppfattningar om faktorer som kan bidra till inåtvändhet, samt vilka strategier specialpedagoger förespråkar för att inkludera dessa barn i förskolan. Specialpedagogers upplevelser av normer och förväntningar berörs även. Detta undersöks genom att intervjua specialpedagoger verksamma mot förskolan kring deras uppfattning och erfarenhet gällande barn som påvisar inåtvända tendenser. Studien grundar sig i sociokulturellt perspektiv som i sin tur grundar sig i att barn lär i sociala sammanhang, där språk och miljö är två viktiga redskap. Begreppet inåtvänd används som ett samlingsbegrepp. Studien är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex stycken specialpedagoger verksamma mot förskolan, från fyra olika svenska kommuner. Intervjuerna analyserades via tematisk analys, där resultatet presenteras i de övergripande teman som framkommer från samtliga intervjuer. Resultatet visar att inåtvändhet, och dess orsaksgrunder, är en komplex och mångfacetterad företeelse som kräver stor förståelse och varsamhet från pedagoger. De strategier som kan användas i arbetet kring dessa barn är bl.a. en tydlig verksamhetsstruktur, mindre grupper där lek kan uppmuntras, pedagoger som är lyhörda och varsamma, samt implementering av alternativa kommunikationsmetoder. / The aim of this study is to examine how special education teachers percieve and experience the needs of withdrawn children in a preschool context. The study also focuses on which useful inclusive strategies can be used to include withdrawn children in a preschool setting, and how special education teachers percieve expecations and norms considering preschool children. The theoretical foundation of the study focuses on a sociocultural perspective, where children are thought to learn in all social contexts with language and invironment as important implements. The research is based on interviews with six special education teachers, active and teaching in four different swedish municipalities. Using thematic analysis, the interviews has been categorized by main themes presented in the result section. The main results show that withdrawal, and the causes of it, is a complex and multifaceted issue which requires understanding and precaution from teachers. The result shows that the main findings concerning inlcusive strategies are to use a distinct structural setting, the usage of smaller groups where play can be encouraged, teachers who are gentle and responsive to the childs needs, and to use alternative ways of communication.

De nombreuses recherches montrent aujourd’hui que des signes de psychopathologies peuvent être présents très tôt dans le développement de l’enfant. L’étude approfondie du développement précoce s’avère ainsi essentielle, dans un souci de prévention et de prise en charge précoce. La présente étude a pour objectif, d’une part, d’identifier des éléments du développement précoce de l’enfant pouvant nous alerter quant à un risque éventuel de développer un trouble du développement et, d’autre part, d’identifier des éléments spécifiques au développement précoce des enfants ultérieurement diagnostiqués avec Trouble Envahissant du Développement (TED) ou trouble du développement (autre que TED). Dans ce but, nous avons, dans un premier temps, évalué le développement socio-émotionnel et cognitif de vingt enfants entre 12 et 24 mois, en lien avec les signes d’autisme et de retrait relationnel. Pour ce faire, trois outils spécifiques ont été utilisés : la BECS (« Batterie d’Évaluation du développement Cognitif et Socio-émotionnel », Adrien, 2007), l’ADBB (« Alarme Détresse Bébé », Guédeney et Fermanian, 2001), et l’ECA-N (Échelle d’ « Évaluation des Comportements Autistiques- Nourrisson », Sauvage, 1988 ; Adrien, et al., 1989, 1992). Il apparaît quatre sous-groupes d’enfants, qui se distinguent par trois caractéristiques, identifiées comme étant les plus discriminantes : l’âge de développement, l’hétérogénéité du développement socio-émotionnel, et les signes d’autisme. Dans un second temps, 10 à 32 mois après, une évaluation diagnostique a été réalisée pour la moitié de notre population. Cette évaluation nous permet d’établir des trajectoires développementales spécifiques pour chacun de nos quatre sous-groupes. Il apparait que la présence et le nombre de critères développementaux (parmi les trois identifiés), ainsi que le type de critère(s) nous informeraient quant à la probabilité ou non de développer un trouble, ainsi que le type de trouble vers lequel pourrait se diriger le développement de l’enfant. Enfin, certains éléments du développement et du comportement précoce des enfants ultérieurement diagnostiqués avec Trouble Envahissant du Développement ou avec trouble du développement (autre que TED) apparaissent comme caractéristiques. / There is substantial evidence that signs of psychopathology may appear very early in child development. A comprehensive evaluation of the child early development seems to be essential in order to implement prevention and early intervention strategies. This study aims to identify some specific elements of early development that could alert of a potential risk of developmental disorder, as well as particular elements of the development of infants subsequently diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) or with developmental disorder (other than PDD). In a first moment, we evaluated the cognitive and socio-emotional development, in particular signs of social withdrawal and of autism, of 20 infants between 12 and 24 months of age. Three specific tools were used: the SCEB (“Social Cognitive Evaluation Battery”, Adrien, 2007), the ADBB (« Alarm Distress Baby Scale », Guédeney et Fermanian, 2001), and the IBSE (« Infant Behavioral Summarized Evaluation » Sauvage, 1988; Adrien, et al., 1989, 1992). Four sub-groups of children were identified, distinguished by three characteristics appearing to be the most distinctive: developmental level, heterogeneity of socio-emotional development, and signs of autism. In a second stage, from 10 to 32 months later, a diagnostic evaluation was performed for half of our population. This evaluation enabled to establish specific developmental trajectories, for each of our four sub-groups. Results show that the presence and the number of developmental criteria (among the three identified), along with the type of criteria, in early development, might inform of the probability of developing (or not) a disorder, as well as the kind of disorder that could possibly be further developed. Furthermore, some of the data about the development and the behavior of infants subsequently diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) or with developmental disorder seem to be characteristics.

The American war in Afghanistan is the longest war in American history, yet there has seemed to be no clear argument for continuing the war for almost two decades. Unilateral withdrawals in counterinsurgency wars are not uncommon, especially if the other party involved is viewed as nondemocratic. This qualitative case study has investigated the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan and was guided by the key concepts of national interest, balance of power and security from realism, and the concepts of democratic peace theory, interdependence and international institutions from liberalism. This essay argues that it was mainly due to the decrease of the American national interest of Afghanistan as the attention turned towards the changing power structure in Asia as well as coping with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic domestically. This study has provided an overview of the withdrawal reasons for the United States, whilst showing that there is yet much to inquire on the subject.