Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-132).

Compulsive eating behavior is a transdiagnostic construct observed in certain forms of obesity and eating disorders, as well as in the recently proposed ‘food addiction.’ Compulsive eating has been conceptualized as being comprised of three elements: i) habitual overeating, ii) overeating to relieve a negative emotional state, and iii) overeating despite adverse consequences. Neurobiological processes that include maladaptive habit formation, the emergence of a negative affect, and dysfunctions in inhibitory control are thought to drive the development and persistence of compulsive eating behavior. These complex psychobehavioral processes are under the control of various neuropharmacological systems. Here, we describe the current evidence implicating these systems in compulsive eating behavior, and contextualize them within the three elements. A better understanding of the neuropharmacological substrates of compulsive eating behavior has the potential to significantly advance the pharmacotherapy for feeding-related pathologies. / 2018-10-31T00:00:00Z

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Since 2009, the first permanent international criminal court's operation is known to be marked by diplomatic tension between the African Union (AU) and the ICC. A host of African member states have called for African states parties to withdraw en masse from the International Criminal Court (ICC). On the 19th October 2016, South Africa's Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, without prior parliamentary approval, deposited an official notice of withdrawal from the ICC in terms of Article 127(1) of the Rome Statute. The Pretoria High Court, however, in Democratic Alliance v Minister of International Relations ruled the notice instrument to be "unconstitutional and invalid." This research paper evaluates South Africa's unsuccessful proposed withdrawal, against the backdrop of AU and ICC tensions. Accordingly, the paper critically evaluates South Africa's reasons for a proposed ICC withdrawal, its subsequent failure and the domestic and international implications of either a future successful withdrawal or South Africa's continued membership. The paper's findings conclude that South Africa's attempted withdrawal was primarily based on the diplomatic breakdown between South Africa and the ICC which arose out of the states party's non-cooperation with an arrest warrant for Sudan's sitting head of state, President Omar Al-Bashir, at the 25th Ordinary Session of the African Union Assembly in Johannesburg, June 2015. It is presented, that South Africa's proposed withdrawal was premature and that any future withdrawal from the ICC will have far-reaching legal and political ramifications. Further, this study reaffirms the need for the country's continued contribution to building a stronger, effective and more universal framework of international criminal justice, domestically and from within the ICC.

Groundwater is considered a reliable resource, relatively insensitive to seasonal or even multi-year climatic variation, however quantifying aquifer-scale estimates of stress in diverse hydrologic environments is particularly difficult due to data scarcity and the limited number of techniques in deriving stress parameters, such as use and availability, which can be applied over a large spatial area. The scope of this project is to derive aquifer-scale estimates of annual volumes for groundwater withdrawal, recharge, and groundwater’s contribution to environmental flows as a means to provide screening level estimates of aquifer-scale stress using the groundwater footprint. British Columbia (BC) has mapped and classified more than 1100 aquifers, but the level of development for each aquifer has always been subjectively based on well density or the anecdotal knowledge of groundwater use. Sectoral groundwater use is critical for local regions and aquifer-scale groundwater stress studies which are significantly impacted by changes in the groundwater use nominator. Results suggest that BC uses a total of ~562 million cubic meters of groundwater annually. The largest annual groundwater use by major sectors is agriculture (38%), finfish aquaculture (21%), industrial (16%), municipal water distribution systems (15%), and domestic private well users (11%). Estimating recharge uses multi-scale methods to examine the recharge mechanisms and provide a more reliable recharge estimate in complex mountainous terrain. Local-scale recharge was estimated using the water table fluctuation (WTF) method outlined by Cuthbert (2014). Aquifer-scale recharge was quantified using a quasi-2D water balance model and generalized aquifer parameters of soil and aquifer material, regional climate, and water table depth. Regional scale aquifer recharge was attributed the areal average recharge flux modelled by the global hydrologic model, PCR-GLOBWB. Results show that generally recharge predictably varies with precipitation and that the average recharge is 791 mm for the local-scale method, 462 mm (32% of precipitation) for the aquifer-scale and 393 mm (33%) for the global hydrologic model. This study estimates groundwater’s contribution to environmental flows across the province for this first time using two separate approaches. The first approach uses the groundwater presumptive standard, which is a general standard for managing groundwater pumping. The second method introduces a novel approach for estimating the contribution of groundwater to environmental flows using the existing environmental flow needs framework and an understanding of low flow zone hydrology. In general, both methods show larger contributions from groundwater to environmental flows in the Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island compared to the Interior. For each aquifer, the groundwater footprint (expressed as the unitless ratio of groundwater footprint to aquifer area) is calculated four times; using results from each of the two methods used to estimate recharge and each of the two methods used to estimate the groundwater contribution to environmental flows. Of the unconfined aquifers (n = 404) in the province, 43 aquifers (11%) are stressed with high certainty, 32 aquifers (8%) are stressed with low certainty, 296 aquifers (70%) are less stressed, and 29 aquifers (11%) were not included due to missing parameters or issues where modelled recharge was less than environmental flows. / Graduate / 2019-10-25

Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka de vanligaste faktorerna som var bidragande till en avslutad elitidrottssatsning i ungdomsåren. För att besvara studiens syfte, har intervjuer använts som datainsamlingsinstrument. Den empirisk data tolkades med hjälp av IPA- metoden. Tolkningsarbetet gav insikt om vilka unika upplevelser respondenter hade om sin avslutad elitidrottssatsning, därefter tolkades och kategoriseras deras citat under teman: övriga, interna- och externa faktorer, skador och sjukdom. Det författarna konstaterade var att elitsatsande ungdomar avslutade sin elitidrottssatsning på grund flera interna och externa faktorer tillsammans. Studien tyder på att de vanligaste faktorerna till en avslutad elitidrottssatsning var: utmattning, prestationskraven, miljöombyte, intressekonflikt, för krävande träningsmiljö och bristande ledarkompetens. / The purpose of this study was to examine the most common reasons why young elite athletes dropped out their sport at the top level. To study this case, we collected our data with an interview as a method and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis as instrument to interpreted participants citations into the factors. These factors later were categorized under different themes: Other, Internal and External factors, Sickness and Injuries. The most common reasons quoted was exhaustion (psychological) and fatigue (physical), too high performance requirement, environmental change, conflict of interest, too demanding training environment and lack of leadership skills.

La question « SDF » est étudiée au sein de deux paradigmes : l’approche critique qui insiste sur les phénomènes de domination sociale et l’approche interactionniste qui souligne les adaptations successives que les individus mettent en oeuvre. Ces adaptations sont étudiées à travers des situations particulières dans lesquelles l’identité de sansdomicilese construit et une carrière se dessine. Cette carrière est abordée soit comme une carrière de désocialisation dont la clochardisation constitue l’horizon, soit comme une carrière de survie dont le maintien de soi forme la perspective quotidienne et biographique. Dans ce cadre, les travaux menés sur les questions de la « sortie » et du « chez soi »ouvrent la voie à une approche renouvelée du maintien de soi au-delà de la gestion de la « face » en situation. C’est dans cette perspective que s’inscrit notre ethnographie des pratiques numériques comme supports pratiques du maintiende soi. L’expérience de l’errance est traversée par un certain nombre d’épreuves rassemblées dans une lutte pour le maintien de soi. Ainsi, le maintien de soi est à la fois une préoccupation quotidienne et une question biographique englobant les temporalités passées, présentes et futures. Il se travaille dans le quotidien de la survie mais aussi dans le travail de mémoire, de présentation, d’expérimentation et de projection de soi. Si la lutte contre la déprise est un travail essentiellement invisible, les pratiques numériques, observées dans l’écologie de l’activité, offrent une entrée pourl’observation et l’analyse. Ainsi, les pratiques numériques supportent, dans le quotidien de la survie, les démarches d’accès aux droits et la négociation de marges d’autonomie. Elles sont également un support des sociabilités familiales etamicales. Les pratiques numériques, à l’interface entre le privé et le public permettent aux personnes à la rue de s’aménager des temps et des espaces pour se soucier d’elles-mêmes. Enfin, notre recherche montre que les pratiques numériques constituent un support ambivalent, tantôt habilitant, tantôt disqualifiant. En effet, le support ne s’actualise pas nécessairement positivement et peut, au contraire, se retouner contre le sujet, alimentant l’émiettement identitaire et renforçant les sentiments de solitude et d’indignité. / Homelessness is studied within two paradigms: the critical approach, which emphasizes the phenomena of social domination and the interactionist approach that underlines the successive adaptations that individuals implement. Those adaptations are studied through particular situations within which the "homeless" identity is built and a career takes shape. That career is looked at either as a un-socialization career or as a survival career in which self-preservation forms a daily and biographical perspective. In this context, working on issues such as "Getting off the streets" and "Home" paves the way for a renewed approach to self-preservation beyond situational facework. In this perspective, our ethnography of digital practices forms a practical support for self-preservation. Our fieldwork within social support structures shows that all the people surveyed, despite their heterogeneity, experience wandering as an intimate and social experience, and as a form of extreme precariousness which is lived between street and assistance, and marked by a self-weakening and an alteration of the capacity to look to the future. This experience is punctuated by many trials, gathered in a struggle for self-preservation. Self-preservation is then both a daily concern and a biographical question encompassing past, present and future temporalities. It is a work in the daily reality of survival but also through a memory work, selfpresentation, self-experimentation and self-projection. If the struggle against disengagement is almost invisible, digital practices offer a new approach for observation and analysis. Digital uses make it possible to access to rights and margins of autonomy. They also support friendship and family links. Between private and public life, digital uses allow homeless people to set up times and spaces to care about themselves. Eventually, our study also shows that digital uses create an ambivalent form of support: sometimes enabling, sometimes disqualifying. Indeed, it can turn against the subject, feeding identity crumbling and strengthening the solitude and unworthiness feelings

The purpose of this project was to determine the time between arrival, assessment, and treatment for patients presenting with alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) to the emergency department (ED) as well as to identify patient and environmental factors that may prolong initiation of the implementation of the clinical institute withdrawal alcohol (CIWA-Ar) protocol for assessment and treatment of AWS. There is clear evidence that rapid assessment and treatment of AWS improves cost, quality, risk, safety and patient outcomes. This project found that patients in the emergency department at Banner University Medical Center South campus (BUMCS) in 2016 on average waited 2 hours and 20 minutes for initial CIWA-Ar assessment and 50 minutes for medication to be administered. When taking into account the physiological process of AWS and the highly variable nature of ethanol metabolism this timeline is suboptimal and significant reduction of these times are recommended. The only factor that was significantly associated with increased wait times was elevated blood alcohol content (BAC). With higher BAC resulting in longer wait times. This is a concerning finding since patients experiencing symptoms of withdrawal in the presence of elevated BAC are at significantly higher risk for the most severe AWS including delirium tremens and seizure.

No description available.

Tests of emotional reactivity have been used in a broad range of basic and applied research and have been primarily concerned with how rearing conditions, particularly environmental enrichment, can affect reactivity. However, assessment of how emotional reactivity can be altered during testing procedures and how it affects behaviors such as exploration is relatively uncommon. The present study assessed the explorative responses of Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) neonates under conditions of either elevated or attenuated emotional reactivity during a maze task. Measures of emotional reactivity were compared with measures of exploration to determine their relationship with one another. Chicks that were highly emotionally reactive were generally less willing to explore during the maze task than chicks that were less emotionally reactive. Results indicate that levels of emotional reactivity and approach/avoidance motivation play a role in the speed and amount of exploration that is likely to occur in novel environments.

No description available.