This thesis presents a cross-national, comparative study of legal recognition for lesbian and gay couples, focusing on civil partnerships in the UK and marriage in Canada and the US State of California. The study investigates the impact of same-sex marriage and civil partnership from the perspectives of lesbian and gay couples and, in particular, addresses the social implications of couples’ new legal status. The thesis investigates the impact of marriage or civil partnership within couples’ family and friendship networks and in a range of less intimate social contexts, including the workplace, the neighbourhood and commercial settings. The thesis also analyses the impact of legal recognition on couples’ sense of citizenship and assesses the effects of the Proposition 8 referendum, which repealed existing same-sex marriage rights in California in 2008. Drawing on qualitative data gathered from in-depth interviews with married or civil partner same-sex couples in the UK, Canada and California, the study analyses couples’ narratives around legal recognition to identify the meanings they attach to their new legal status. In the context of the wider policy objectives of legal recognition with regard to tackling discrimination and acknowledging same-sex couples within family and other social networks, the thesis applies Erving Goffman’s analysis of stigma to this evolving policy context. The study concludes that couples broadly welcomed the legal entitlements that flowed from marriage or civil partnership, and often saw legal recognition as providing opportunities to seek social recognition from within their personal networks. However, legal recognition did not in itself guarantee social recognition, and sometimes revealed the continuing marginalisation of lesbian and gay couples within family networks and in other social settings. This highlights a distinction between legal and social recognition, and points towards a significant gap between the policy ambitions attached to marriage and civil partnership and their micro-social impact.

In this work it is presented the characteristics of the author, in consideration of biography, what critics wrote. Separate autobiographical motives from hers creative work. In this work are also presented main women characters characteristics and famous women from religion, films, literatures, cultures, pop cultures, also women who had influence to history, politics. Likewise are analyzed feminine titles who are defining family relations, work titles, vulgar and nice callings.

The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of role conflict experienced by married black woman educators by means of a review of literature and an empirical investigation. The empirical study was also aimed at determining role conflict factors experienced to a great extent and those experienced to a slight extent. Chapter 1 deals with the problem statement, aims of the research and the methods employed to achieve the purpose of the study. The second chapter highlights the nature of the woman's role. The description of the role was given. This chapter also provided a discussion of the legal framework on the role of a woman as indicated by the legislation of the Republic of South Africa, mostly guided by the Constitution, which remains the supreme law of the country. The discussion of the nature of women's role within the home was given. Discussions on a woman as a homemaker and a mother and the physical, spiritual, moral, social, and emotional welfare were given. The nature of women's roles outside the home was presented. In the third chapter the nature of role conflict was investigated. The description of role conflict was laid out. Attention was given to a discussion of both the intra-role conflict and inter-role conflict. Factors contributing to a woman educator experiencing intra-role conflict within her home and profession were discussed. Factors contributing towards inter-role conflict were also identified and discussed. The empirical research design, questionnaire as research tool and the construction of the questionnaire were discussed in chapter four. The duly completed questionnaires returned by the woman educators as respondents were empirically analysed and interpreted in this chapter. The last chapter, chapter five, gives a summary of all the chapters, the research findings and recommendations based on the research findings derived from the previous chapters as well as an ultimate statement. The research findings indicate that most of the respondents expect their husbands to support them physically and psychologically. It is found that in addition to lack of support from husbands, time constraints are another main contributing factor towards role conflict experienced by woman educators. Despite their hard work, they are unable to accomplish all that they need to. These two factors: lack of spouse support and time constraints, need to be given the necessary attention in future research. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Problema: prieštaravimas tarp moters-mokytojos prigimties motiniškumo ir jo raiškos galimybių šiandieniniame pedagoginiame darbe. Objektas: motiniškumo raiška mokytojos šiandieniniame pedagoginiame darbe. Klausimas: kaip motiniškumas pasireiškia mokytojos šiandieniniame pedagoginiame darbe? Tikslas: įvertinti motiniškumo raiškos mokytojos šiandieniniame pedagoginiame darbe teorines galimybes ir atskleisti Kauno miesto X vidurinių mokyklų mokytojų motiniškumo raiškos tendencijas. Uždaviniai: 1) Atskleisti motiniškumo prigimtį ir raiškos pobūdį. 2) Apibūdinti mokytojos atliekamus pedagoginius vaidmenis. 3) Nustatyti motiniškumo raiškos mokytojos šiandieniniame pedagoginiame darbe ribas ir galimybes. 4) Apibūdinti Kauno miesto X vidurinių mokyklų mokytojų motiniškumo raišką per konkrečius bruožus. Tyrimo išvados: 1) Motiniškumas - tai motinystė plačiąja (psichologine, moraline ir dvasine) prasme. Jis atsiskleidžia fiziologiniame, psichologiniame bei dvasiniame lygmenyse įvairiais bruožais. Motiniška meilė yra prieraišioji ir besąlyginė meilė. Motiniškumo tobulumą pagal krikščioniškąjį idealą įrodo šios moters – motinos savybės: nuolankumas, gebėjimas nesavanaudiškai mylėti, susivaldymas, mokinystė ir visuotinumas. Taip pat motiniškos meilės bruožai: tikrumas, teisingumas, šventumas ir veiklumas. 2) Savo prigimtimi pedagogė moteris yra pašaukta būti motiniška mokytoja. Šiandien ugdymo procese ji turi atlikti tradicinius ir šiuolaikinius pedagoginius vaidmenis. Vertėtų į ugdymą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Problem of the research: contradiction between the natural woman-teacher’s motherliness and its expression possibilities in the modern-day pedagogical work. Object of the research: expression of motherliness in teacher’s modern-day pedagogical work. The aim of the research: to evaluate theorethical possibilities of motherliness’ expression in teacher’s modern-day pedagogical work and to reveal the tendencies of teacher’s motherliness expression in X comprehensive schools of Kaunas. The tasks of the research: 1) to reveal the nature of motherliness and the characteristics of its expression; 2) to describe pedagogical roles of the teacher; 3) to determine boundaries and possibilities of motherliness’ expression in teacher’s modern-day pedagogical work; 4) to describe the expression of teachers’ motherliness by particular features in X comprehensive schools of Kaunas. Conclusions: 1) Motherliness is the motherhood in a broad (psychological, moral and spiritual) meaning. It uncloses by particular features in physical, psychological and spiritual levels. Maternal love is unconditional and it is named an affection. 2) Woman-teacher is called to be maternal by her nature. Today in educational process she has to play traditional and modern pedagogical roles. It would be important to include such pedagogical roles in the educational work: teacher as an example and as an asssitant parent. 3) There are limited possibilities for motherliness to be expressed in modern-day’s... [to full text]

Vytautas Kavolis noticed that an analysis of the attitude towards women is important not only to reveal specific aspects of social life but also to distil out the general sociocultural and sociopolitical tendencies of a period. Lithuanian historiography that examines the formation of the modern society in the mid-19th – early 20th-century Lithuania is especially focused on the discussion of the awakening of consciousness and activity of the various social groups. But the construction of the consciousness of women and the conception of their social role in public discourse has hitherto not been investigated. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the construction of the social role of women in public discourse in mid-19th – early 20th-century Lithuania. The main objectives are to ascertain: from when did women begin to be seen as an important participant in the social processes in the public discourse in Lithuania; what social role was constructed for Lithuanian women by the participants in the different discourses; whether the construction of the social role of women was affected by the structure of the contemporary society and the changes to this structure; how much and how the construction of the social role of women was affected by the spread in Lithuania of the ideas of positivism, nationalism, liberalism, socialism, and Christian democracy. The investigation begins in the mid-19th century, the 1840s. At that time women became an important and popular subject of... [to full text] / Vytautas Kavolis yra aktualizavęs tezę, kad požiūrio į moterį analizė yra svarbi ne tik socialinėms gyvenimo konkretybėms atskleisti, bet ir bendrosioms sociokultūrinėms bei sociopolitinėms laikotarpio tendencijoms išgryninti. Lietuvos istoriografijoje, nagrinėjančioje modernios visuomenės Lietuvoje formavimąsi XIX a. viduryje–XX a. pradžioje, itin daug dėmesio skiriama įvairių socialinių grupių sąmoningumo, aktyvumo visuomenėje žadinimui aptarti. Tačiau moters sąmoningumo konstravimas, jos socialinio vaidmens samprata šio laikotarpio viešajame diskurse Lietuvoje iki šiol išsamiau netyrinėti. Disertacijos tikslas – išanalizuoti moters socialinio vaidmens konstravimą viešajame diskurse XIX a. vidurio–XX a. pradžios Lietuvoje. Keliami uždaviniai išsiaiškinti: nuo kada viešajame diskurse XIX a. vidurio–XX a. pradžios Lietuvoje moteris pradedama vertinti kaip svarbi visuomenės procesų dalyvė; kokį moters socialinį vaidmenį XIX a. vidurio–XX a. pradžios Lietuvoje konstruoja skirtingų diskursų dalyviai; ar moters socialinio vaidmens konstravimui įtakos turi aptariamojo laikotarpio visuomenės sąranga ir jos pokyčiai; kiek ir kaip moters socialinio vaidmens konstravimą veikia pozityvizmo, nacionalizmo, liberalizmo, socializmo, krikščioniškosios demokratijos idėjų sklaida Lietuvoje. Tyrimas pradedamas XIX a. vidurio laikotarpiu, 5-uoju dešimtmečiu. Tuomet pirmą kartą modernėjančios Lietuvos istorijoje moteris tampa svarbiu ir populiariu viešųjų svarstymų objektu. Tyrimas baigiamas XX... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Baigiamasis bakalauro darbas yra apie lietuviškus televizijos serialus ir moters įvaizdį juose. Teorinėje darbo dalyje nagrinėjama televizijos serialų samprata, būdingi bruožai, jų tematika. Analizuojamas realybės ir iliuzijos santykis. Atliekama lietuviškų televizijos serialų apžvalga: aptariamos būdingos temos, kritika. Antroje teorijos dalyje aptariamas moters personažas lietuviškuose meniniuose filmuose, televijoje ir serialuose. Atskleidžiami būdingi moters personažo serialuose kūrimo metodai, bruožai. Kūrybinis projektas – hibridinio žanro videofilmas, kuriame jungiasi dokumentika, performansas ir instaliacija. Šio dokumentinio filmo kūrimo metodas – slapta kamera fiksuoti trijų moterų reakcija į kasdien rodomą tv serialą. Tas pats kambarys, šeima, trys moterų kartos: močiutė, mama ir aš. Trijų moterų gyvenimo fragmentai – čia, bute ir įsivaizduojamo gyvenimo projekcija TV ekrane: santykis tarp būties ir iliuzijos. / Bachelor thesis is about Lithuanian television series and women’s image in them. Theoretical work includes the analysis of Lithuanian television series conceptions, features and subjects. The ratio between reality and illusion is analyzed. Overview of the Lithuanian television series. Critics and popular subjects are discussed. The second theoretical work includes women’s character in Lithuanian artistic films, television series. The development of women’s character is revealed. Creative project – a hybrid video film, in which documentary, performance and installation is combined. The method of this documentary film is to secretly film the exposure of women to daily TV series. The same room and family, but different generations: grandmother, mother and me. The fragments of these people’s lives, is here and the projection of an imaginary life in a TV screen: the difference between the mood of life and illusion.

The present research included gender in Person-by-Situation interaction models in the study of interpersonal behavior and affect. An event-contingent recording methodology was used to measure behavior and affect across situations and over time in natural settings for a 20-day period with adult community samples. Three dyadic situations of personal relationships that varied in gender composition and emotional closeness were examined: same-sex friendships, opposite-sex friendships, and romantic relationships. / Traditional investigations of gender, disregarding situational factors, have determined that women are generally less agentic, more communal, and more emotional than men. The present research demonstrated that the interpersonal behavior of agency and communion were influenced by both situation and gender. In same-sex friendships, women and men behaved consistently with their gender-stereotypes: pairs of women were more communal than pairs of men and pairs of men were more agentic than pairs of women. In mixed-sex dyads, individuals did not behave consistently with gender-stereotypes. Women and men behaved similarly on agency and communion with opposite-sex friends. In interactions with a romantic partner, women behaved less communally than men. Personal relationship situations were found to moderate agentic and communal behaviors, demonstrating the plasticity and variability of gender role behaviors. / Pleasant and unpleasant affect intensity was influenced by situation but not gender. The present research demonstrated that women and men reported experiencing similar levels of affect across the relationship situations. As predicted, individuals experienced both greater pleasant and unpleasant affect in romantic relationships than friendships. / The current research confirmed that there is a need to move beyond the conception that the stereotypic characteristics of men and women reside within individuals. Gender should be included in Person-by-Situation interaction models, taking into consideration psychological and social factors that shape the expression of sex-differentiated behaviors and the experience of emotions.

This thesis investigated the influence of mindset on the accuracy and bias of relationship evaluations. Because deliberation about important decisions is a time when people are more realistic and impartial in processing information about themselves and the world, a deliberative mindset was expected to increase the predictive accuracy of relationship appraisals compared to an implemental mindset. Four studies using different methodologies tested this hypothesis. In Study 1, relationship mindset assessed via content coding interacted with commitment in predicting the survival of the relationship 4 months later. In Study 2, mindset assessed via closed questions about academic goals interacted with explicit forecasts in predicting the survival of the relationship 9 months later. In studies 3 and 4, an experimental manipulation of mindset interacted with explicit forecasts or relationship assessments of relationship constructs in predicting relationship survival 6 months later. Overall, a deliberative mindset increased the accuracy of relationship predictions and the validity of relationship constructs in predicting the dissolution of a relationship compared to an implemental mindset. Importantly, deliberatives were not more pessimistic than were implementals; they were more realistic. Nonetheless, a deliberative mindset about an important goal in the relationship can be threatening. Previous work found that boosting perceptions of partner superiority is one way to cope with such threat (Gagne & Lydon, 2001, Study 1). Study 5 further showed that participants in a deliberative mindset boosted their perceptions of partner superiority only if they were sufficiently committed to their relationships. Those in an implemental mindset boosted their perceptions of partner superiority irrespective of their commitment level. In sum, a deliberative mindset about the relationship increases the accuracy of evaluations serving epistemic needs (i.e., relationship predictions) while n

Merkinei XVIII a. buvo nelengvas. Tuometinėje LDK teritorijoje vyko nuolatiniai karai su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis, siautė ligų epidemijos. Tačiau teigiamos reikšmės miesto raidai turėjo magdeburginių teisių bei laisvių suteikimas. Tai paskatino ryškesnį miestelio pakilimą bei vystymąsi. Be to, daugiau teisių įgavo ir patys miestiečiai. / The 18th century in Merkinė was not easy. At that time in the territory of the Great Duchy of Lithuania suffered from constant battles with neighbor countries and epidemic diseases. However, the positive impact on town’s development had the conferment of Magdeburg laws. The latter induced the growth and progress of the town whilst townsfolk gained more rights.

This study focuses in detail on instrumental chamber music produced by women in the early twentieth century, a particularly fertile and under-represented period with regard to this topic and it draws on aspects of women’s history, British music history and feminist musicology. It argues that the Cobbett competitions instigated by Walter Willson Cobbett in 1905 and the formation of the Society of Women Musicians in 1911 contributed to the explosion of instrumental music, including phantasies, written by women in this period. It highlights women’s place in British musical society leading up to and during the First World War and investigates the relationship between Cobbett, the Society of Women Musicians and women composers themselves. Chamber works for a variety of instrumental combinations by six composers, Adela Maddison (1866-1929), Ethel Smyth (1858-1944), Morfydd Owen (1891-1918), Ethel Barns (1880-1948), Alice Verne-Bredt (1868-1958) and Susan Spain-Dunk (1880-1962) (all at different stages in their compositional careers at this time) are analysed. This is undertaken particularly with reference to their formal procedures, an issue much discussed by contemporary sources. The individual composers’ reactions (or lack of them) to the debate instigated by the Society of Women Musicians on the future of women’s music is considered in relation to their lives, careers and chamber music itself. As the composers in this study were not a cohesive group, creatively or ideologically, the dissertation draws on primary sources, especially the archives of the Society of Women Musicians and Marion Scott, as well as the writings of contemporary commentators, to assess the legacy of the chamber works produced.