De senaste siffrorna från Boverkets klimatindikatorer visade att byggbranschen, år 2016, stod för ett utsläpp av 21 Mton CO2e (koldioxidekvivalenter). Det motsvarade 18 % av de totala nationella utsläppen. I mätningar ett par år tidigare (2012) framgick att privata lokaler utgjorde 20 % av Sveriges totala bygginvesteringar vilket var i samma storleksordning som investeringarna i flerbostadshus. Ett stort fokus har de senaste åren legat på att effektivisera flerbostadshusens produktions- och bruksskede medan marknaden för hallbyggnader fortfarande domineras (ca 80 % marknadsandel) av klimatbelastande stålstommar och stora mängder mineralull utan att få ett liknande fokus.   I en förstudie som baserades på intervjuer och en enkät riktade till branschkontakter med erfarenheter av uppförda hallbyggnader framgick att beställare och entreprenörer upplevde svårigheter att dels uppfylla BBR:s krav på ljud, brand och fukt mm. med en träkonstruktion men även svårigheter att motivera trä som stommaterial ekonomiskt. Förstudien visade även på att beställare och entreprenörer viktar kostnadsrelaterade parametrar primärt och klimatrelaterade parametrar sekundärt.   Med utgångspunkt i att använda mindre klimatbelastande material i byggprocessen syftar studien dels till att utreda om och hur trä kan konkurrera med stål som stommaterial vid nyproduktion av en enplans hallbyggnad med lagerverksamhet samt att ge en helhetsbild av hur ett byte från en stålstomme till en trästomme kan påverka byggnaden med systemgränserna satta på utsidan av klimatskalet inkl. grundkonstruktionen. Till följd det ökande intresset av KL-trä (korslaminerat trä) som stommaterial syftar studien även till att utreda vilka effekter ett inslag av KL-trä i stomkonstruktionen kan ha och hur materialet lämpligast kan implementeras.   Med utgångspunkt i ett reellt referensobjekt, som utgjordes av en enplans hallbyggnad om 1008 m2 med lagerverksamhet och en lätt stomme av stål, utfördes i studien en jämförelse mot en fiktiv byggnad med trästomme som hade samma konstruktionsförutsättningar men där referensobjektets fribärande högprofilsplåt i takkonstruktionen ersattes med element av KL-trä i jämförelseobjektet. Jämförelseobjektet modellerades, dimensionerades och ritningar projekterades enligt rådande normer. Byggnadernas ingående material mängdades och offerter erhölls från olika leverantörer. Byggnaderna bröts ner i sina beståndsdelar där varje enskilt materials klimatpåverkan analyserades med leverantörsspecifika EPD:er (environmental product declaration).   De parametrar som jämfördes var fukt, stadga, beständighet, bärighet, egentyngd, utförandetid, klimatpåverkan, tidskonstant, brand, försäkringsbolagens inställning, projekterbarhet, transporter & fria spännvidder samt olika kostnadsposter.   De två byggnaderna jämfördes under en kalkylperiod om 50 år och hänsyn togs till produktionsskedet, bruksskedet och återvinningsskedet men där energianvändning i bruksskedet avgränsades bort.   Resultatet visade att trä som stommaterial minskade klimatpåverkan från stommen med 40 432 kgCO2e (85 %) vilket motsvarade 27 % av hela byggnadens utsläpp. Resultatet visade även på att jämförelseobjektet kunde uppföras 15 dagar (36 %) snabbare än referensobjektet samt att arbetstiden kunde minskas med 725 timmar. Trästommen var även att föredra avseende beständighet, brand, energihushållning och totala kostnader.   Resultatet visade att ett byte från högprofilsplåt till KL-trä i takkonstruktionen ökade byggnadens egentyngd och kostnader avsevärt men också att träets massa förbättrade byggnadens energihushållning och minskade dess klimatpåverkan.   Resultatet visade att stål som stommaterial medförde en lägre egenvikt för referensobjektet med 22,4 ton (34 %) exkl. grundkonstruktionen och var mycket enklare att projektera. Stålstommen renderade även avsevärt lägre kostnader för försäkring 161 850 kr (21 %) och projektering 235 000 kr (65 %).   Analysen visade att grundkonstruktionen medförde en så pass stor klimatbelastning för bägge byggnaderna att klimatbelastningen från stommaterialet blev sekundärt. Analysen visade även att mängden klimatbelastande mineralull kunde minskas med 10 % i takkonstruktionen till följd av KL-träts låga värmeledningsförmåga. Vidare visade analysen att stålstommens klimatbelastning främst skedde i byggnadens produktionsskede medan trästommens klimatbelastning främst skedde i byggnadens slutskede.   Analysen visade slutligen att jämförelseobjektet, under sin livscykel, medförde såväl en minskad klimatpåverkan per investerad krona om 9 kgCO2e/Tkr (24,9 %) relativt referensobjektet som en minskad klimatpåverkan per kvadratmeter om 40,2 kgCO2e/m2 (27,3 %) och lägre kostnader om 0,09 Tkr/m2 (2,2 %).   Studiens slutsatser är att det varken är svårare att uppnå kraven i BBR som ställs på en enplans hallbyggnad med lagerverksamhet med en trästomme eller att det medför högre kostnader. Slutligen så hade trä som stommaterial varit att föredra för det studerade objektet. / The latest figures from Boverket's climate indicators showed that the construction industry, in 2016, accounted for 21 Mton CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalents). This represented 18% of the total national emissions. In measurements a few years earlier (2012), it appeared that private premises accounted for 20% of Sweden's total construction investments, which was in the same order of magnitude as the investments in multi-dwelling buildings. In recent years, a major focus has been on streamlining the production and use phase of multi-dwelling buildings, while the market for hall buildings is still dominated (about 80% market share) of climate-impacting steel frames and large amounts of mineral wool. In a preliminary study based on interviews and a questionnaire aimed at industry contacts with experience of erected hall buildings, it appeared that clients and entrepreneurs experienced difficulties partly fulfilling BBR's demands for sound, fire and moisture with a wooden construction, but also difficulties in justifying wood as frame material economically. The preliminary study also showed that clients and contractors weighted cost-related parameters primarily and climate-related parameters secondary. Based on the use of less climate-impacting materials in the construction process, the study aimed at investigating whether and how wood could compete with steel as frame material in the new production of a single-storey hall building with warehouse operations and to provide an overall picture of how a change from a steel frame to a wooden frame could affect the building with the system boundaries set on the outside of the climate shell incl. the buildings foundation. As a result of the increasing interest in KL-wood (cross-laminated wood) as backing material, the study also aimed to investigate what effects an element of KL-wood could have in the frame construction and how the material could be implemented most appropriately. Based on a real reference object, which consisted of a single-storey hall building of 1008 m2 with warehouse operations and a lightweight steel frame, a comparison was made in the study with a fictitious building with wooden frames which had the same design conditions but where the reference object's cantilevered high-profile plate in the roof construction was replaced by elements of KL wood in the comparison object. The comparison building was modeled, designed and laid out in drawing according to prevailing standards. The building materials priceoffers were obtained from various suppliers. The buildings were broken down into their constituents, where the climate impact of each individual material was analyzed with supplier-specific EPDs (environmental product declaration). The parameters that were compared were humidity, stability, durability, bearing capacity, self-weight, building- and performancetime, climate impact, time constant, fire, insurance companies' attitude, projectability, transport & free ranges and costs.   The two buildings were compared during a calculation period of 50 years and took into account the production stage, the use stage and the recovery stage of limited energy use in the use stage. The result showed that wood as backing material reduced the climate impact from the body with 40 432 kgCO2e (85%), which corresponded to 27% of the entire building's emissions. The result also showed that the comparison object could be built 15 days (36%) faster than the reference object and that the performance time could be reduced by 725 hours. The wooden frame was also preferable for durability, fire, energy conservation and total costs.   The result showed that a change from high-profile steelplate to KL-wood in the roof construction increased the building's self-weight and costs considerably, but also that the wood's mass improved the building's energy conservation and reduced its climate impact. The result showed that steel as backing material resulted in a lower self-weight for the reference object with 22.4 tonnes (34%) excluding the foundation and was much easier to project planning. The steel frame also rendered significantly lower costs for insurance SEK 161,850 (21%) and planning SEK 235,000 (65%).   The analysis showed that the foundation resulted in such a large climate impact for both buildings that the climate impact from the body material became secondary. The analysis also showed that the amount of climate-impacting mineral wool could be reduced by 10% in the roof construction as a result of the low heat conductivity of KL-wood. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the climate impact of the steel frame mainly took place in the building's production stage, while the climate impact of the wooden frame occurred mainly in the final stage of the buildings lifecycle.   Finally, the analysis showed that the comparison object, during its life cycle, resulted in both a climate saving per invested krona of 9 kgCO2e / Tkr (24.9%) relative to the reference object as well as a climate saving per square meter of 40.2 kgCO2e / m2 (27.3%) and cost savings of   0.09 Tkr / m2 (2.2%). The study's conclusion is that it is neither more difficult to achieve the requirements of BBR that are set on a single-storey hall building with warehouse operations with a wooden frame or that it entails higher costs. Finally, wood as a frame material had been preferred for the studied object.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka befintliga trähusproducenters förutsättningar och intresse att bygga flerfamiljshus med bärande trästomme med fler än två våningar. För att nå vårt syfte har vi satt oss in i marknaden för höga trähus. Detta har vi gjort genom att initialt betrakta dels marknaden ur olika intressenters perspektiv, dels genom att undersöka företagen som finns på marknaden idag och placera in deras respektive byggsystem i en produktlivscykel. Vi har därefter satt oss in i marknaden för trähus och fokuserat på tio företag som vi har djupintervjuat. Vi beskriver sedan de samband vi ser mellan förutsättningarna på marknaden för höga trähus och intervjuresultaten. Dessa samband utmynnar i en analys av de faktorer som påverkar företagens val av strategi. Vi gör en uppdelning av företagen i olika strategiska grupper utgående från deras erfarenhet av höga trähus, och vi redogör för hur företagen i de olika grupperna kan agera vid några olika scenarier. Faktorer som påverkar är ägarförhållanden, övrig verksamhet i koncernen och bristen på ingenjörskompetens i projekteringen. I våra redovisade scenarier tror vi att flera av dagens trähusproducenter kommer att finnas på marknaden om fem år. Det gäller främst företag som är starka på projektverksamhet, men också företag som är underleverantörer av element. De företag som nu är på marknaden med ett byggsystem eller som nu är på väg in tror vi, i våra scenarier, har ett gynnsamt läge främst för leveranser till större och medelstora städer. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings requirements and interest of building block of flats with bearing wooden frame with more than two floors. With this in view we have studied the market for high wooden houses. We have initially regarded that market from the approach of different interest parties and through investigation of the companies in the market today and to place their systems for building technologies in a life cycle for the product. After that we have regarded the market for wooden framed buildings and focused on the ten companies which we have interviewed. Than we describe how the requirements on the market for high wooden houses are related to results from the interviews. These connections end in an analysis of the factors which influence the choices for the strategy of the companies. We divide the companies in different strategic groups. These groups originate from their experiences of high wooden houses. We describe how the different companies can act at some different scenarios. Factors which influence the existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings entrance on the market are the state of proprietions, the other activity in the group of companies and the lack of competence of engineering in the projecting. In the scenarios, which we have given details about, do we predict that several of todays existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings will be on the market in less than five years. This is above all valid for companies which are strong in the activities of projects and companies which are subcontractor of building elements. The companies which are on the market now with a system for building technologies, or are on their way, we believe have a favourable position above all for deliveries to larger or mediumlarge cities.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka befintliga trähusproducenters förutsättningar och intresse att bygga flerfamiljshus med bärande trästomme med fler än två våningar. För att nå vårt syfte har vi satt oss in i marknaden för höga trähus. Detta har vi gjort genom att initialt betrakta dels marknaden ur olika intressenters perspektiv, dels genom att undersöka företagen som finns på marknaden idag och placera in deras respektive byggsystem i en produktlivscykel. Vi har därefter satt oss in i marknaden för trähus och fokuserat på tio företag som vi har djupintervjuat. Vi beskriver sedan de samband vi ser mellan förutsättningarna på marknaden för höga trähus och intervjuresultaten. Dessa samband utmynnar i en analys av de faktorer som påverkar företagens val av strategi. Vi gör en uppdelning av företagen i olika strategiska grupper utgående från deras erfarenhet av höga trähus, och vi redogör för hur företagen i de olika grupperna kan agera vid några olika scenarier. Faktorer som påverkar är ägarförhållanden, övrig verksamhet i koncernen och bristen på ingenjörskompetens i projekteringen. I våra redovisade scenarier tror vi att flera av dagens trähusproducenter kommer att finnas på marknaden om fem år. Det gäller främst företag som är starka på projektverksamhet, men också företag som är underleverantörer av element. De företag som nu är på marknaden med ett byggsystem eller som nu är på väg in tror vi, i våra scenarier, har ett gynnsamt läge främst för leveranser till större och medelstora städer.</p> / <p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings requirements and interest of building block of flats with bearing wooden frame with more than two floors. With this in view we have studied the market for high wooden houses. We have initially regarded that market from the approach of different interest parties and through investigation of the companies in the market today and to place their systems for building technologies in a life cycle for the product. After that we have regarded the market for wooden framed buildings and focused on the ten companies which we have interviewed. Than we describe how the requirements on the market for high wooden houses are related to results from the interviews. These connections end in an analysis of the factors which influence the choices for the strategy of the companies. We divide the companies in different strategic groups. These groups originate from their experiences of high wooden houses. We describe how the different companies can act at some different scenarios. Factors which influence the existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings entrance on the market are the state of proprietions, the other activity in the group of companies and the lack of competence of engineering in the projecting. In the scenarios, which we have given details about, do we predict that several of todays existing manufacturers of wooden framed buildings will be on the market in less than five years. This is above all valid for companies which are strong in the activities of projects and companies which are subcontractor of building elements. The companies which are on the market now with a system for building technologies, or are on their way, we believe have a favourable position above all for deliveries to larger or mediumlarge cities.</p>

Presently, there exists a large number of historic houses that have had their walls insulated with loose-fill cellulose and can now be studied 10, 20 or 30 years after they were insulated. The wood siding of these houses can be evaluated for types of paint failure and compared to comparable historic houses that have not had their sidewalls insulated. A methodology for defining common paint failure types, their presence and possibly their severity was designed. A methodology for the selecting of historic houses with both insulated and uninsulated walls was also designed. A visual documentation process was carried out, results compiled and analyzed in order to determine if a difference could be observed between the types of paint failures on the insulated versus the uninsulated historic houses. In addition this study looked at the most common sources for moisture intrusion into a wall cavity, how this moisture moves, and how little the role of vapor diffusion plays in the wetting of the wall cavity. / Moisture and paint failure -- Understanding moisture movement in buildings -- How frame walls get wet -- How insulation might affect how frame walls get wet and how they dry -- Strategies for controlling moisture -- Other causes of exterior paint failure unrelated to moisture within the wall -- Field work -- Types of paint failure -- Case study houses -- Summary and conclusion. / Department of Architecture

Potential synergy effects and conflicts, so-called interactions, between a climate action that aims to mitigate the climate impact and five targets of the Sustainable Development Goals are identified in this study. The climate action is Conscious material choices for the frame, and the materials assessed are climate improved concrete and domestic wood. Standard concrete is used as the business as usual scenario. A pre-school building is used as an example building to demonstrate the difference in the climate impact of a frame made from the two materials assessed in the study. Life cycle assessments (LCA) of the frames shows that the domestic wood frame has a lower climate impact than the climate improved concrete frame.Two methods are used in this study. The first method is making an LCA for transportation of the materials assessed to see the environmental impact, and there is one scenario for each material where the transportation method is by a truck and one that is by train. The second method used for the study is a goal interaction scoring-method from “A draft framework for understanding SDG interactions” by Nilsson et al. (2016) that gives the interactions a score based on specific criteria. The scores are visualised in a colour coordinated matrix. The interactions generate synergies if the sums of the scores in the matrix are positive and will likely help accomplish the target. If the sums of the scores in the matrix are negative, it indicates that there are conflicts that could endanger the possibilities to reach the target.LCA of the transport scenarios shows that when the transportation distance is long, the climate impact is lowest when transporting as much as possible of the materials by train. Transporting the domestic wood for the frame by train (for longer distances) has a lower climate impact than transporting the climate improved concrete. For shorter distances, there is not a significant difference between transportation by truck or by train. The climate improved concrete gets score 0, meaning that there are neither positive nor negative interactions for the chosen material for the frame. The domestic wood gets the score +8, which indicates that there are synergies. Both the climate improved concrete and the domestic wood should not interfere with the accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goal’s targets. However, the domestic wood for the frame generates more synergies and by choosing the domestic wooden frame for a building using a train as a transportation of the material when possible has the lowest environmental impact of the assessed materials for the frame. / <p>2020-06-08</p>

This Master’s Thesis deals with a design of a detached Leisure center. The building is situated on a specific plot of cadastral area of Brno city, more precisely in Útěchov u Brna. The aim was to create an object suitable by its disposition solution for requirements of leisure center for children and adults. The building is designed as basementless, with two above-ground floors topped by flat roof. Wooden frame system with inserted thermal insulation and ETICS system in case of peripheral walls was proposed for load-bearing walls. Load-bearing structure of ceiling and roof is made by wooden-steel Posi-joist beams. The work also includes fire safety and thermo-technical assessment.

Bibliography: leaves 56-58. / The initial work for this project was a photographic survey of the existing wood and iron buildings in Athlone. I was at the time a volunteer in the Urban Conservation Unit of the Cape Town City Council (hereafter UCU). My task was to docment the existing wood-and-iron buidlings in order to aid later development control decision-making. to a large extent, it was the results of the fieldwork, which both uncovered a need for further research and directed later archival and textual research.

Betong och trä är två material som används till prefabricerade stomsystem. Dessa material har förutom utseende olika tekniska egenskaper för fukt, brand och ljud. Syftet med examensarbetet är att göra en jämförelse av de tekniska egenskaperna för prefabricerade betongstommar (sandwich-element) och prefabricerade trästommar (massivträ) samt att avgöra vad som är mest lämpligt för flervåningshus (två–fem våningar). Resultatet visar att båda stommarna går att använda för flervåningshus, men för att få tillräcklig brandsäkerhet behöver trästommen en större dimension. Trä påverkas mer och lättare av fukt än betong. Det kan även behövas en dubbelkonstruktion för väggar och bjälklag i trä för att ta bort de ljudbryggorna som skapas. Detta gör att dimensioneringen av bjälklag och väggar av trä blir större än för betong.  Träkonstruktioner har också högre krav på knutpunkter mellan byggdelarna för att minimera flanktransmissionerna. För betongstommar är det de tillhörande byggnadsdelarna som fönster och uteluftsintag som i större grad påverkar ljudisoleringsförmågan. Slutsatsen är att prefabricerade trä- och betongstommar har olika tekniska egenskaper sett till brand, fukt och ljud. Trä är mer känsligt för brand, fukt och ljud. Det ställs därför högre krav på utformningen av konstruktionen och hanteringen av trästommar för att uppnå samma egenskaper som en betongstomme. Trästommen får oftast en större dimensionering för att klara kraven som ställs på de tekniska egenskaperna och det är framförallt ljudkravet som blir avgörande för dimensioneringen.

Since 2004 there have been multiple devastating tsunamis around the globe triggered by large magnitude earthquakes; with the most recent being the Tohoku, Japan tsunami in March 2011. These tsunamis have caused significant loss of life and damage to the coastal communities impacted by these powerful waves. The resulting devastation has raised awareness of the dangers of tsunamis and the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) housesmash project (NEEShousesmash), was started to investigate several different areas of tsunami inundation. The work presented in the following two manuscripts was performed at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Lab and Gene D. Knudson Wood Engineering Lab, which are located at Oregon State University. This work represents a small portion of the total NEEShousesmash project, and is focused on improving the knowledge and predictability of tsunami loading and structural performance. The first manuscript investigates tsunami wave impact on full scale light-frame wood walls, and compares the measured forces to calculated values using the linear momentum equation, previously evaluated by Cross (1967). The results show for each wave height tested a peak transient force followed by a sustained quasi-static force, with a ratio of transient force to quasi-static force of 2.2. The results also show that the linear momentum equation did an acceptable job of predicting the measured transient forces on the walls to within ±10%, and that increased wall flexibility, 2x4 vs. 2x6 dimensional lumber, resulted in lower measured transient forces when subjected to similar tsunami wave heights. These results are important for practical use because the linear momentum equation is a simple equation to use, that only requires a couple of site specific input variables. The second manuscript is a continuation of the work done in the wave lab for the first manuscript. These experiments provide a starting point for expanding the testing of the structural response and performance of larger scale structures subjected to tsunami wave loads. By simulating tsunami loading in a traditional structures laboratory, the inherent limits of testing structural performance in small scale tsunami laboratory facilities is removed. The results show that a light-frame wood shear wall, built to current standards, is susceptible to premature failures from concentrated impact loads at intermediate heights compared to the design strength at full height. It is also shown that the out-of-plane walls subjected to both elastic and inelastic loads behave like a one way slab with minimal load sharing between adjacent studs. The failures observed during the hydrodynamic wave testing of the nailed connection between the bottom plate and studs was successfully reproduced, and shows that current construction standards are not fully utilizing the available capacity of each stud when subjected to tsunami waves. The reinforcement of this connection with traditional metal brackets would help increase the capacity of the out-of-plane wall to resist tsunami wave loads. / Graduation date: 2012

The objective of this study was to develop and validate practical modeling methods for investigating load paths and system behavior in a realistic, light-frame wood structure. The modeling methods were validated against full-scale tests on subassemblies and an L-shaped house. The model of the L-shaped house was then modified and used to investigate the effects of re-entrant corners, wall openings and gable-end retrofits on system behavior and load paths. Results from this study showed that the effects of adding re-entrant corners and wall openings on uplift load distributions were dependent on the orientation of the trusses with respect to the walls. Openings added to walls parallel to the trusses had the least effect on loads carried by the remaining walls in the building. Varying re-entrant corner dimensions of the L-shaped house under ASCE 7-05 (ASCE 2005) design wind loads caused increasing degrees of torsion throughout the house, depending on the relative location and stiffness of the in-plane walls (parallel to the applied wind loads) as well as the assumed direction of the wind loads. Balancing the stiffness of the walls on either side of the house with the largest re-entrant corner helped to decrease torsion in the structure somewhat. Finally, although previous full-scale tests on gable-end sections verified the effectiveness of the gable-end retrofit that was recently adopted into the 2010 Florida building code, questions remained about the effects of the retrofit on torsion in a full building. The current study found that adding the gable-end retrofits to the L-shaped house did not cause additional torsion. / Graduation date: 2013