Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA SUELY DE SOUSA MARINHO.pdf: 3346484 bytes, checksum: 7ba1ea05a07e9da3c6153c76c4c6e289 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-25 / The aim of this study was to examine how seropositivity (HIV/AIDS), in association with gender and social class conditions, influences the inclusion of women in the labor market and thus affects the quality of life of families headed by the women cared for by the AAVE group. The object of this study is the situation of female householders, HIV/AIDS carriers, in relation to inclusion in the labor market. It sets out to understand the whole topic from a broad perspective, covering its socioeconomic, political and cultural aspects, which allowed for an analysis of those elements related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the workplace. It sought to show how HIV/AIDS is a public health problem for the Health System and how preventive measures to confront this epidemic were drawn up with a special focus on women‟s care. In order to gain a greater understanding of the object under investigation, a field study was carried out. This involved 20 women who represent 18.3% of the families headed by women cared for by AAVE. All the women chosen by lot who accepted to be interviewed were included in the research. The survey shows that 40% of respondents did not have access to employment and the 60% who did earned low wages. It was seen that for women, the fact of being HIV positive limited their inclusion in the labor market which consequently led to a greater instability in socioeconomic conditions, especially for those who were heads of households. / O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar de que forma a soropositividade (HIV/AIDS), associada às condições de gênero e de classe social, interferem na inserção de mulheres no mercado de trabalho e, consequentemente, repercutem na qualidade de vida das famílias chefiadas por mulheres atendidas no Grupo AAVE. Constitui-se em objeto de estudo a situação das mulheres portadoras de HIV/Aids chefes de família em relação à inserção no mercado de trabalho. Buscou-se apreender a temática numa perspectiva de totalidade, abrangendo-a em seus aspectos socioeconômico, político e cultural, o que permitiu a análise dos elementos relacionados à epidemia do HIV/AIDS no mundo do trabalho na contemporaneidade. Procurou-se demonstrar como o HIV/AIDS se insere no Sistema de Saúde como um problema de saúde pública e como foram traçadas as ações preventivas para o enfrentamento dessa epidemia, destacando-se a atenção à mulher. A fim de obter maior compreensão acerca do objeto investigado, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo abrangendo 20 mulheres, o que representa 18,3% das famílias atendidas pelo AAVE que são chefiadas por mulheres. Participaram da pesquisa todas as mulheres escolhidas por meio de sorteio que aceitaram participar da entrevista. A pesquisa revela que 40% das entrevistadas não tem acesso ao emprego e as 60% que estão empregadas têm uma baixa remuneração. Constata-se que para as mulheres, o fato de serem soropositivas tem se constituído num limitador para sua inserção no mercado de trabalho e, consequentemente, numa maior precarização nas condições socioeconômicas, sobretudo para elas que são chefes de famílias.

The purpose of the study was to predict mathematics achievement with self-confidence in mathematics, actual work effort in mathematics, and perceived importance of work effort in mathematics, and to investigate the gender differences with respect to those variables. The study was conducted in Ankara, Turkey with 157 eight-grade students (87 boys, 70 girls) from a private school. The following measuring instruments were used: (1) Confidence in Learning Mathematics Scale, (2) Effort as a Mediator of Mathematical Ability Scale, (3) Homeworks and Mathematics Achievement Tests. The validity and reliability of the measuring instruments were tested by the researcher. The data of this study were analyzed by using Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). The results of the study indicated that (1) the combined effect of three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived Importance of work effort) on students&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significant (R2adj=0.543). Girls&rsquo / mathematics achievement was significantly (R2adj=0.531) affected by three predictor variables (Self-confidence, actual work effort, and perceived importance of work effort). Whereas for boys, two variables (Self-confidence and actual work effort) were the predictors which had a significant combined effect on mathematics achievement (R2adj=0.539). (2) There was no statistically significant mean difference between girls and boys with respect to self-confidence, actual work effort, perceived importance of work effort and mathematics achievement.

This thesis focuses on the British human trafficking prevention policies adopted for the 2012 London Olympics using mixed methods including participation-observation, qualitative interviews, theoretical analysis and policy evaluation. I was invited to observe the Human Trafficking Network and London 2012, the Mayor of London’s official response to the claim that human trafficking would increase at the London Olympics. My presence enabled me to witness first-hand the key policy debates surrounding human trafficking intervention and to conduct a series of in-depth interviews with members of the Human Trafficking Network as well as associated professionals such as the United Kingdom Human Trafficking Centre, MPs, governmental and non-governmental agencies, law enforcement officials, anti-trafficking groups, sex workers, sex workers outreach services and academics. In addition to collecting rich empirical data, I contexualise these policy debates within two relevant theoretical frameworks. First, I draw upon the work of Weitzer (2007) to examine the construction of the four underlying claims that human trafficking increases before and during large sporting events. Significantly, this perspective is built upon an anti-prostitution agenda of the partial criminalisation proponents, which collapses all migration for prostitution together with human trafficking (Weitzer 2005, Kempadoo 2005, Milivojevic and Pickering 2008, Kinnell 2009, Mai 2009, Mai 2012, Weitzer 2014). This same conceptualisation of human trafficking as the nexus of prostitution, migration and crime is replicated within the global anti-trafficking framework (Milivojevic and Pickering 2013), resulting in two approaches to human trafficking prevention policies — Security Governance and Human Rights — which together resulted in preventions measures that target prostitution and control migration. Finally, I draw upon my empirical evidence to critically examine the effects of the claim that human trafficking increases over the Olympics and, moreover, situate the response by the Mayor of London within the global anti-trafficking framework. This framework highlights the contradictions and, in some instances, failures between the approaches to human trafficking and the stated purpose of the Human Trafficking Network. The thesis concludes with two innovative policy recommendations for human trafficking prevention programmes.

Key Words: migration, gender, transnational motherhood, care work, reproductive remmitences, Ukrainian female migrants in the Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of my dissertation is to analyze how gender operates in transnational spaces, and what impacts it has on the experience of motherhood and the formation of new gender identities. I will try to describe how transnational Ukrainian mothers narratively construct and emphasise their experiences with transnational motherhood. I will also focus my attention on the social practices of transnational motherhood and social conditions of female care migration in the Czech Republic.

Key Words: migration, gender, transnational motherhood, care work, reproductive remmitences, Ukrainian female migrants in the Czech Republic Abstract: The aim of my dissertation is to analyze how gender operates in transnational spaces, and what impacts it has on the experience of motherhood and the formation of new gender identities. I will try to describe how transnational Ukrainian mothers narratively construct and emphasise their experiences with transnational motherhood. I will also focus my attention on the social practices of transnational motherhood and social conditions of female care migration in the Czech Republic.

Despite concerns regarding working conditions in Scottish lap-dancing venues being raised in the 2006 report published by the then Scottish Executive’s Adult Entertainment Working Group, women’s experiences of working inside these venues remains under-researched. This thesis provides an up-to-date snapshot of working conditions in the Scottish lap-dancing industry. The study utilised in-depth, semi-structured interviews with dancers which benefitted from the researcher’s involvement in the industry. The inclusion of women’s voices led to the conclusion that wider cultural and economic changes are impacting negatively upon working experiences in venues by adversely altering the dynamics of supply and demand. This means power is felt to be partially shifting from workers to owners, and to a lesser extent, customers. Participants suggest that venues have changed from being enjoyable working environments where money could be made relatively easily to ones where the work embodies the characteristics of precarious labour where competition is rife and projected income is far less certain. A feminist and Foucoudian analysis assists in understanding and explaining these changes. The thesis suggests that simply improving working conditions for women may prove ineffective in the facilitation of a more satisfactory workplace, due to the overriding desire for profit held by both dancers and owners in an industry which has become less financially lucrative. Ultimately, the thesis reveals and explains how shifts outside the lap-dancing venues have affected dancers negatively in different ways, affecting relationships inside the venue, and the actual experience of carrying out the labour. This thesis argues that these shifts have been assisted by the provision of State policy that fails to recognise lap-dancing as a form of labour and is not concerned with dancers safety at work.

[pt] Esta tese apresenta como objetivo central analisar a perspectiva da construção social da identidade de líder em relação à gênero no contexto do setor tecnológico. Com esse intuito, foram definidos três estudos complementares de abordagem qualitativa com diferentes objetivos específicos. No primeiro estudo, são investigadas reinvindicações (claimings) bem-sucedidas de identidade de líder bem como fatores favoráveis que conduziram ao reconhecimento dessa identidade para mulheres inseridas em um quadro consideravelmente adverso para o desenvolvimento da liderança feminina. O segundo estudo analisa o abandono da identidade de líder (forgone professional identity) por mulheres que exercem a liderança na prática, abordando fatores que favorecem sua permanência em uma empresa na qual não tem perspectivas de ascensão hierárquica e os impactos psicológicos desencadeados pela negação institucional reiterada de suas identidades. No terceiro estudo, o objetivo proposto é analisar como microagressões interferem na trajetória de construção social da identidade de líder de profissionais mulheres do segmento de tecnologia, além dos fatores que condicionam a intensidade de seus impactos nesse processo. Essa tese articula a abordagem de construção social da identidade de líder com questões de gênero no setor tecnológico, discutindo como mulheres conquistam a liderança, as reações de mulheres líderes que não tem a concessão (granting) institucional e a interferência dessas questões nas dinâmicas de construção da identidade de líder. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the social construction of leadership identity in relation to gender in the context of the technological sector. To this end, three complementary qualitative studies with different specific objectives were defined. In the first study, successful claimings of leadership identity are investigated, as well as the favorable factors that led to the recognition of this identity for women in a context that was considerably adverse to the development of female leadership. The second study analyzes forgone professional identity by women who practice leadership, addressing factors that favor their permanence in a company where there are no prospects for hierarchical advancement and the psychological impacts triggered by the repeated institutional denial of their identities. In the third study, the aim is to analyze how microaggressions interfere in the social construction of the leader identity among female professionals in the technology sector, as well as the factors that condition the intensity of their impact on this process. This dissertation articulates the approach to the social construction of leadership identity with gender issues in the technology sector, discussing how women conquer leadership, the reactions of women leaders who do not have the institutional granting, and the interference of these issues in the dynamics of the construction of leadership identity.

La presente tesi, attraverso l’utilizzo di diverse fonti di dati, sia longitudinali che trasversali, contribuisce alla letteratura esistente in materia di lavoro precario, invecchiamento e discriminazione di genere, fornendo evidenza empirica riguardo le conseguenze in termini di salute e benessere della precarietà, del pensionamento e della leadership femminile nel mercato del lavoro. Il primo capitolo esamina la relazione esistente fra insicurezza sul lavoro, prospettive di reimpiego e disagio psicologico, utilizzando dati cross-country provenienti dalle European Working Conditions Surveys del 2010. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla stima dell’effetto causale del pensionamento sull’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari in 10 paesi Europei nel periodo 2004-2013. In particolare, il capitolo approfondisce il tema della riduzione del costo opportunità del tempo libero dopo il pensionamento, che può dare luogo ad aumenti improvvisi nell’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari. Il terzo capitolo, infine, studia la relazione esistente tra leadership femminile, pratiche organizzative a livello aziendale e discriminazione di genere per 30 paesi Europei, considerati nel periodo 1995-2010. / The present dissertation, using both longitudinal and cross-sectional data from different sources, contributes to existing literature on precarious employment, aging and gender discrimination providing empirical evidence on the health and wellbeing outcomes of work-related insecurity, retirement and female leadership across European countries. Chapter 1 examines the relationship among perceived job insecurity, employability and psychological distress in Europe, using cross-country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Surveys. Chapter 2, using SHARE data (from 2004 to 2013) for 10 European countries, is devoted to the analysis of the (causal) effect of retirement on health care utilization. In particular, it explores the existence of a discontinuous change in health investment at the time of retirement, as suggested by the theory, asking whether this ``puzzling'' jump is associated with the drop in the opportunity cost of time induced by retirement. Chapter 3 investigates the association between female leadership, work organization practices and perceived gender discrimination within firms, using EWCS data for 30 European countries for the period 1995-2010.

Inom sociologins, miljöpsykologins och kulturgeografins verksamhetsområde undersöks det bland annat hur människan påverkas av den byggda miljön. Det är därför väsentligt att undersöka hur människor förhåller sig till den byggda miljön och framför allt till byggnader genom att lyfta fram strukturer som kan användas i arbetet för jämställdhet. Ett sätt att bidra positivt i jämställdhetsintegrering vid byggnadsutformning är att lyfta fram genusperspektivet i samtliga processer vid ett byggnads- utformningsprojekt. För att lyckas med att utforma genusanpassade byggnader som tar hänsyn till brukarens olika behov, är tillgång till könsuppdelade data en förutsättning för att utformning av byggnader ska ske på ett jämställt sätt. Idag finns det brist på genusuppdelade data i många områden vilket leder till konsekvenser av olika grader.  Studien syftar till att bidra med ökad förståelse om hur brist på könsuppdelade data leder till byggnadsutformningar som inte är lämpliga för brukaren med olika kön. Målet är därmed att identifiera vilka utrymmen samt vilka byggnadsdelar i en byggnad som kan tänkas vara genuskritiska och beroende av könsuppdelade data. Ett annat syfte med arbetet är att undersöka hur bör data samlas in och användas för att byggnader utformas på ett sätt som passar bra för båda könen.  Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie samt en intervjustudie. Intervjustudien utgörs av fyra perspektiv varav en arkitekt, en politiker, en SIS:s projektledare inom bostadsutformning samt två byggherrar. Intervjuerna syftade till att undersöka hur ovannämnda aktörer förhåller sig till genusperspektivet inom byggnadsutformning och vilka utrymmen och delar i byggnader kan vara viktiga gällande genus- perspektivet, samt vad de ser för utmaningar och möjligheter med att samla in och använda köns- uppdelade data vid utformning av byggnader. Litteraturstudien utfördes delvis för att få en förståelse för ämnet samt för att kunna jämföra information från intervjustudien med resultatet från litteraturen.  Resultatet från studien visar att det är brukarens behov i form av genusuppdelade data som avgör hur en jämställd byggnad ska se ut. Litteraturstudien visade att trots byggnadsplanerarnas försök till en genusanpassad byggnadsutformning och implementering, kan upplevelse och användning av byggnader skiljas mellan män och kvinnor. Analysen av intervjustudien och dess jämförelse med litteraturstudien visade att byggnadsdelar så som kök, hygienrum, sovrum, gemensamma ytor samt toaletter på offentliga platser kan tänkas vara könskritiska utrymmen i en byggnad. Detta för att antropometriska mått hos män och kvinnor ökades något efter flera decennier då måttsättning av flesta byggnadsdelar är baserad på antropometriska studien som utfördes i slutet av 1960-talet. Dessutom biologiska förutsättningar så som graviditet, förlossning, klimakteriet, menstruation och så vidare ger upphov till att kvinnor har andra behov när det gäller användning av olika utrymmen och byggnadsdelar och därmed är de i behov av mer bättre anpassad utformning än dagens byggnadsutformning. En annan faktor som gör byggnadsdelar könskänsliga är styrkor hos olika kön. Analysen visade att faktorer så som köksinredning, fönstersättning, balkongens säkerhet, dörröppning, ljudisolering av sovrumsväggar samt termiska komforten kan leda till byggnadsfunktioner som kan ha könsspecifika betydelse.  Resultatet visar att det är centralt att man använder sig av data som är könsuppdelad och fri från partiskhet för att kunna uppnå byggnadsutformning som passar bra för båda könen. För att uppnå detta är det viktigt att det ska finnas konkreta byggregler som tar hänsyn till genusperspektivet, att aktörer har kommunikation och samråd genom en genomförandestrategi och processordning, att involvera brukaren i projektet vid ett tidigt skede samt att det finns en maktbalans mellan manliga och kvinnliga aktörer där jämnt antal män och kvinnor har beslutfattande och ledande roller, vilka ska ha relevanta kompetens och kunskap om genus- och jämställdhetsfrågor. Det är viktigt att ta fram ett verktyg som man kan kontrollera genuskvalitéerna på ett mätbart sätt eller i form av en checklista.  Forskningsområdet som har belysts i denna studie är under utveckling och kompletterande forskning är nödvändigt. Förslagsvis skulle fortsatta studier kunna undersöka om det finns skillnader på män och kvinnor med samma funktionsnedsättning vid användning av olika byggnadsdelar. Ett annat förslag skulle kunna vara att undersöka hur försäkringsbolagen och bankväsendet ser på genuskvalitéer inom en byggnadsutformning då de håller på att ta över bostadspolitiken. / In the field of sociology, environmental psychology, and cultural geography, it is investigated, among other things, how humans are affected by the built environment. It is therefore important to examine how people relate to the built environment and, especially to buildings by highlighting structures that can be used in the work for gender equality. One way to make a positive contribution to gender integration in building design is to highlight the gender perspective in all processes in a building design project. To succeed in designing buildings based on gender equality that consider the user's different needs, access to gender data is a prerequisite for the design of buildings to take place in an equal manner. Today, there is gender data gap in many areas, which leads to consequences with different degrees.  The aim of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of how a gender data gap leads to building designs that are not suitable for the user with different genders. The goal is therefore to identify which spaces and components in a building may be gender critical and dependent on gender data and how data should be collected and used to ensure that buildings are designed in a way that is suitable for both sexes.  The study is based on a literature study and an interview study. The interview study considers the perspective of four actors which are an architect, a politician, a project manager in housing design from Swedish institute for standard and two investors. The interviews aimed to examine how the above- mentioned actors relate to the gender perspective in building design and what spaces, parts and functions in buildings can be important regarding the gender perspective and what they see as challenges and opportunities in collecting and using gender data in building design. The literature study was done to gain an understanding of the subject and to compare information from the interview study with the results from the literature.  The results from the study show that it is the user's needs in the form of gender data that determine what a gender-equal building should look like. The literature study showed that despite the building planners' attempts at a gender-adapted building design and implementation, the experience and use of buildings can be distinguished between men and women. The analysis of the interview study and its comparison with the literature study showed that spaces such as kitchens, hygiene rooms, bedrooms, common areas and toilets in public places can be considered gender-critical building components. This may be because anthropometric measurements in men and women increased slightly after several decades, as the measurement of most building components is based on the anthropometric study carried out in the late 1960s. In addition, biological conditions such as pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, menstruation and so on leads to women having different needs during using of different building components; therefore, they need different building designs than today's designs. Another factor that makes building components gender sensitive is the strengths of different genders. The analysis showed that factors such as kitchen interior design, window replacement, balcony security, door opening, sound insulation of bedroom walls and comfort temperature can lead to building functions that can have gender-specific significance.  The results show that it is pivotal to use gender data that is free from bias to achieve building designs that are suitable for both sexes. To accomplish this, it is important that there are specified building rules that consider the gender perspective; communication and consultation between actors through an implementation strategy and process order; to involve the user of the building in the project at an early stage and that there is a balance of power between men and women actors. An equal number of men and women that have decision-making and leadership roles, who must have relevant skills and knowledge of gender and equality issues are important factors for achieving gender-adapted building. It is necessary to have tool that enable checking the gender qualities in a measurable way or in the form of a checklist.  The research area in this study is under development and additional research is needed. For example, further studies could investigate whether there are differences between men and women with the same disability when using different building components or how insurance companies and the banking system view gender qualities in a building design when they are taking over housing policy.

The gender division of care work and housework is a product of numerous factors, both individual and national. By using the ‘Equal Gender Division of Labour’ (EGDL) indicator developed by Dearing (2016a), this thesis assesses correlations between parental leave policy and division of reproductive labour in 27 countries. OLS regression was used to test the hypothesis and determine correlations. By controlling for the correlations of individual attitudes, the thesis attempted to isolate the effects of parental leave policies. The results indicate that parental leave policies which promote gender equality are positively correlated with men’s larger shares of care work and housework. When control variables are added, the results demonstrate how parental leave policy is directly correlated with men’s larger share of care work. As for men’s share of housework, the thesis suggests that the original correlations are due to the effect of individual attitudes, which may also be impacted by parental leave policy.