Abhandlung zu den spätmittelalterlichen Klosterreformen in Stadt und Bistum Worms

In today's network-dependent society, cyber attacks with network worms have become the predominant threat to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network computing resources. Despite ongoing research efforts, there is still no comprehensive network-security solution aimed at controling large-scale worm propagation. The aim of this work is fivefold: (1) Developing an accurate combinatorial model of worm propagation that can facilitate the analysis of worm control strategies, (2) Building an accurate epidemiological model for the propagation of a worm employing local strategies, (3) Devising distributed architecture and algorithms for detection of worm scanning activities, (4) Designing effective control strategies against the worm, and (5) Simulation of the developed models and strategies on large, scale-free graphs representing real-world communication networks. The proposed pair-approximation model uses the information about the network structure--order, size, degree distribution, and transitivity. The empirical study of propagation on large scale-free graphs is in agreement with the theoretical analysis of the proposed pair-approximation model. We, then, describe a natural generalization of the classical cops-and-robbers game--a combinatorial model of worm propagation and control. With the help of this game on graphs, we show that the problem of containing the worm is NP-hard. Six novel near-optimal control strategies are devised: combination of static and dynamic immunization, reactive dynamic and invariant dynamic immunization, soft quarantining, predictive traffic-blocking, and contact-tracing. The analysis of the predictive dynamic traffic-blocking, employing only local information, shows that the worm can be contained so that 40\% of the network nodes are not affected. Finally, we develop the Detection via Distributed Blackholes architecture and algorithm which reflect the propagation strategy used by the worm and the salient properties of the network. Our distributed detection algorithm can detect the worm scanning activity when only 1.5% of the network has been affected by the propagation. The proposed models and algorithms are analyzed with an individual-based simulation of worm propagation on realistic scale-free topologies.

This research developed a system, Rx, to provide early identification and effective control of network stealth worms in digital networks through techniques based on biological epidemiology. Network stealth worms comprise a class of surreptitious, self-propagating code that spread over network connections by exploiting security vulnerabilities in hosts. Past outbreaks due to traditional worms subverted hundreds of thousands of machines. Network stealth worms exacerbate that threat by using clandestine methods to maintain a persistent presence in the network. Biological epidemiology was shown to support the real-time detection, characterization, forecasting, and containment of network stealth worms. Epidemiology describes a scientific methodology in biology that seeks to understand, explain, and control disease. Bio-mathematical modeling led to the development of a mechanism for digital networks to identify worm infection behavior buried in anomaly data, to characterize a worm, and to forecast the temporal spread of a worm. Demographic analysis of the infected hosts revealed the subset of vulnerable machines within the population. The automated response of advanced quarantine used this information to control the spread of an identified worm by isolating both infected and vulnerable machines. The novel contributions of this research included the identification of a network stealth worm at the network-level based on end-host reports while simultaneously characterizing and forecasting the spread of the worm. Additionally, this task offered the technique of advanced quarantine through demographic analysis of the population. This work resulted in a scalable, fault-tolerant strategy that dramatically enhanced the survival rate of network hosts under attack by a stealth worm. Moreover, this approach did not require new hardware, changes to existing protocols, or participation outside the implementing organization. This research showed application to a wider range of challenges. The bio-mathematical models are extensible, allowing Rx to respond to variations on the self-propagating code presented here. The approach is applicable to other forms of malware beyond self-propagating code by interchanging the epidemic model with one more appropriate. Lastly, the strategy allowed anomaly detectors to be sensitive to lower reporting thresholds and a variety of often benign yet potentially useful events. / Ph. D.

Le Corrector sive Medicus est un pénitentiel rédigé par Burchard, évêque de Worms (1000-1025). Il s’agit d’un manuel destiné à guider les confesseurs lors de l’administration du sacrement de pénitence. Intégré dans le Decretum, l’œuvre majeure de Burchard, il compte parmis les pénitentiels les plus illustres. Il contient notamment un questionnaire très élaboré sur les péchés commis par les fidèles. Les 194 questions du Corrector sive Medicus constituent l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Entre le VIIe et le XIIe siècle, les pénitentiels forment une longue tradition littéraire où les textes se répètent constamment. Le questionnaire du Corrector sive Medicus se distingue du fait qu’il est rédigé en grande partie par Burchard lui-même. Les détails précis sur les survivances païennes et la religion populaire que l’évêque introduit dans son pénitentiel permettent, comme aucune autre source de la période, une analyse ethno-historique de la culture germanique. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à la présentation du Corrector sive Medicus : j’y décris d’abord le contexte historique et biographique de l’œuvre, puis discute d’une herméneutique littéraire, pour enfin proposer une synthèse diachronique des traditions germaniques. La deuxième partie offre, pour la première fois en français, la traduction intégrale du questionnaire de Burchard, accompagnée de commentaires sur différents sujets ou problèmes soulevés par le texte, notamment ceux qui concernent la culture germanique. Finalement sont placés en annexe quelques documents qui témoignent, tout comme le Corrector sive Medicus, d’un syncrétisme religieux profondément enraciné dans les mœurs des Germains. / The Corrector sive Medicus is a penitential written by Burchard, the bishop of Worms (1000-1025). It is a book used by confessors to guide them when they must administer the Sacrament of Penance. It has been fully integrated into Burchard's greatest work, the Decretum, and is amongst the most complete of the known penitentials. It is mainly composed of an elaborate set of questions about the sins committed by the Church's followers. This thesis' subject matter regards the Corrector sive Medicus' 194 questions. Between the seventh and the twelfth century, penitentials were a literary tradition where texts were continuously reused. The Corrector sive Medicus' series of questions distinguishes itself from this because it mainly originates from Burchard himself. He introduces in his penitential precise details about pagan survivals and the popular religion that allow, more than any literary source of the time, an ethnohistorical analysis of Germanic culture. The first section of this thesis is dedicated to presenting the Corrector sive Medicus. I first describe the historical and biographical context surrounding its creation, then explain my method of analysis for the penitential, and finally propose a diachronic summary of Germanic traditions. The second section offers, for the first time in French, a complete translation of Burchard's series of questions, as well as comments pertaining to different themes or problems raised by it, most notably those concerning Germanic culture. Finally, some documents are appended to this thesis that show, similarly to the Corrector sive Medicus, a deeply rooted religious syncretism.

Le Corrector sive Medicus est un pénitentiel rédigé par Burchard, évêque de Worms (1000-1025). Il s’agit d’un manuel destiné à guider les confesseurs lors de l’administration du sacrement de pénitence. Intégré dans le Decretum, l’œuvre majeure de Burchard, il compte parmis les pénitentiels les plus illustres. Il contient notamment un questionnaire très élaboré sur les péchés commis par les fidèles. Les 194 questions du Corrector sive Medicus constituent l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Entre le VIIe et le XIIe siècle, les pénitentiels forment une longue tradition littéraire où les textes se répètent constamment. Le questionnaire du Corrector sive Medicus se distingue du fait qu’il est rédigé en grande partie par Burchard lui-même. Les détails précis sur les survivances païennes et la religion populaire que l’évêque introduit dans son pénitentiel permettent, comme aucune autre source de la période, une analyse ethno-historique de la culture germanique. La première partie du mémoire est consacrée à la présentation du Corrector sive Medicus : j’y décris d’abord le contexte historique et biographique de l’œuvre, puis discute d’une herméneutique littéraire, pour enfin proposer une synthèse diachronique des traditions germaniques. La deuxième partie offre, pour la première fois en français, la traduction intégrale du questionnaire de Burchard, accompagnée de commentaires sur différents sujets ou problèmes soulevés par le texte, notamment ceux qui concernent la culture germanique. Finalement sont placés en annexe quelques documents qui témoignent, tout comme le Corrector sive Medicus, d’un syncrétisme religieux profondément enraciné dans les mœurs des Germains. / The Corrector sive Medicus is a penitential written by Burchard, the bishop of Worms (1000-1025). It is a book used by confessors to guide them when they must administer the Sacrament of Penance. It has been fully integrated into Burchard's greatest work, the Decretum, and is amongst the most complete of the known penitentials. It is mainly composed of an elaborate set of questions about the sins committed by the Church's followers. This thesis' subject matter regards the Corrector sive Medicus' 194 questions. Between the seventh and the twelfth century, penitentials were a literary tradition where texts were continuously reused. The Corrector sive Medicus' series of questions distinguishes itself from this because it mainly originates from Burchard himself. He introduces in his penitential precise details about pagan survivals and the popular religion that allow, more than any literary source of the time, an ethnohistorical analysis of Germanic culture. The first section of this thesis is dedicated to presenting the Corrector sive Medicus. I first describe the historical and biographical context surrounding its creation, then explain my method of analysis for the penitential, and finally propose a diachronic summary of Germanic traditions. The second section offers, for the first time in French, a complete translation of Burchard's series of questions, as well as comments pertaining to different themes or problems raised by it, most notably those concerning Germanic culture. Finally, some documents are appended to this thesis that show, similarly to the Corrector sive Medicus, a deeply rooted religious syncretism.

MSc (Zoology) / Department of Zoology / Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina Westwood) is an indigenous edible insect that periodically has population eruptions in Mopane tree (Colosphermum mopane) dominated vegetation. This insect is a valuable source of food and has become an economic commodity for commercial harvesters. Despite its importance, little is known of the population dynamics of mopane worm. Considerable attention has been paid to the nutritional and social dimensions of mopane worm consumption. However, anecdotal evidence suggests there is a decline in the spatial extent of their distribution due to unsustainable utilization, land transformation, and commercialization. This is paralleled with a decrease of harvest yield, thereby affecting local communities, commercial harvesting operations, and market product availability. Partial domestication of this species may be a way of ensuring sustainable and reliable utilization of this edible insect because it improves natural survival rates. Here I explore mopane worm ecology by mainly focusing on understanding spatial structuring and the role of domestication in the development of sustainable harvest techniques of Mopane worms (G. belina). Spatial structuring of mopane worms was investigated at both a fine (10m x 10m) and medium-scale (1 km2) at sites with and without commercial harvesting. Mopane worm populations were experimentally treated through transplant experiments and manipulating access of predators to 1st – 3rd instar larvae. The role of tree characteristics (height, canopy volume and number of stems) on both spatial and experimental treatments were explored using generalized linear mixed models. Moran’s Eigenvector Maps (MEM’s) were used to represent spatial structures at various scales and the role of soil. Relative to control, seeding of worms was successful in establishing new populations in unoccupied areas while transplant and application of sleeve nets had no significant effect on larval survival. Populations at sites where no harvesting takes place were spatially structured, while this was not true where commercial harvesting takes place. Canopy volume also accounted for egg packets distribution although the relationship was ambiguous. The density of larvae increased with an increase in sodium concentration in soil. Seeding of the population provides a viable option for the sustainable utilization of mopane worms and educating people on how to domesticate mopane worms. This study also highlights that populations of mopane worms are not only clumped in time but also in space and at various spatial scales. / NRF

Detta är sammanställning av en lista med åtgärder till helt vanliga datoranvändare för hur dessa ska skydda sig mot skadlig kod. Fokus ligger på misstag av den mänskliga faktorn och mitigering utifrån dessa.  Arbetet innehåller en litteraturstudie och ett experiment. Experimentet är uppdelat så att flera åtgärder mot skadlig kod kunde testas. Litteraturstudien redogör för fakta om de olika typerna av skadlig kod. Med hjälp av experimentet kunde ett flertal åtgärder mot skadlig kod användas i listan som sammanställdes. Experimentet visar framförallt hur viktigt det är med enkla uppdateringar av antivirusprogram och operativsystem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIMAR RODRIGUES VIEIRA CURVO.pdf: 4233128 bytes, checksum: 4424c9cd5d38fa9a6dbace8c345c5b6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / The anthropogenic activities in the ecosystem can cause changes in the landscape work and environmental social impacts from the human activities, such as mining, conventional agriculture, and extensive livestock, that are direct sources of the changes (Drive Forces), more evident about the ecosystem services, but in controversy, they are activities whose are based on global economy. This study hás the goal to evaluate and diagnose the human activities of Alto Paraguai fountain in Mato Grosso (Brazil), with the premise of characterizing the selective earthworm extracting in permanent protected áreas, (APP), in the area of environmental state protection of Alto Paraguai fountain, in the urban areal of Alto Paraguai MT, in Paraguai river margin which constitutes the South América Platina draw. They worried about identifying and characterizing the the social actors (earthwormers), to qualify their social economical activities, means of surviving and the environmental consequences due the work activities. This is a qualitative approach, done through fieldwork, semi-structured interview application, and bibliographical survey, besides the photographer records. For local social net construction, it was done the using of the software UCINET, from Analytic thechnologies (a north American company). First of all, as an obtainet result, according to this studies, the characterization of the state of Mato Grosso was detached, foccusing on its environmental aspects in the level of biomes, putting in question its biodiversity and the livestock impacts. In a more restricted sense, it was done environmental diagnostics, through geomorphological, pedological and slope maps, endind in a thematic map of using and occupation. In this one predominated the using of APA environmental services by means of agriculture livestock. The social net built allowed us to show the dominantes aspects practiced by the earthworms category of buyers, whose joined to the miners and landlords imposed restrictions to the local productive arrangement changes, due the advances obtained by the ilegal earthworm trade, IT Falls is the importance of the study in question seeing that we put in tariff social, economical and environmental situation in APA region, allowing reflections around the using of environmental services and contributing to a tenable local production, for the human welfare, the elaboration of environmental planning purposals and the efective public political fot the Alto Paraguya territory. / As atividades antrópicas nos ecossistema podem provocar alterações no funcionamento da paisagem e podem causar impactos sócio-ambientais, como a mineração, a agricultura convencional e a pecuária extensiva, que são as Fontes Diretas das Mudanças (Drives Forces) mais evidentes sobre os Serviços dos Ecossistemas, sendo atividades que se baseia a economia global. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar e diagnosticar as atividades humanas na área das Nascentes do Alto rio Paraguai em Mato Grosso (Brasil), com a premissa de caracterizar a extração seletiva de minhocas em áreas de proteção permanente (APP) na Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual das Nascentes do Alto rio Paraguai, na área urbana de Alto Paraguai-MT, nas margens do rio Paraguai, formador da Bacia Platina na América do Sul. Preocupou-se em identificar e caracterizar os atores sociais (Minhoqueiros), para qualificar as suas atividades sócio-econômicas, formas de sobrevivência e as consequências ambientais devido a sua atividade laboral. Esta pesquisa possui uma abordagem qualitativa, realizada por meio de trabalho de campo, e aplicações de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e levantamentos bibliográficos, além de registros fotográficos das atividades. Para a construção da Rede Social Local fez-se uso do software UCINET, da Empresa Norte-Americana Analytic Technologies. Primeiramente destacou-se como resultado obtido, a partir de dados secundários, a caracterização do estado de Mato Grosso (Brasil), focando nos seus aspectos ambientais no nível dos Biomas, colocando em pauta a sua Biodiversidade e os Impactos decorrentes das atividades agropecuárias. Em um sentido mais restrito, em um segundo momento, realizaram-se diagnósticos ambientais, por meio de Mapas Temáticos, quali e quantificando seus aspectos vegetacionais, geológicos, geomorfológicos, pedológicos, clinográficos e de declividade, culminando em um Mapa temático final de Uso e Ocupação. Neste predominou o uso dos Serviços Ambientais da APA por meio da Agricultura e Pecuária. A Rede Social construída permitiu mostrar os aspectos dominantes exercidos pela Categoria de Compradores-Atravessadores de Minhocas, que em parceria com os Mineradores e Latifundiários impõem restrições às mudanças no arranjo produtivo local, devido às vantagens obtidas pelo comércio ilegal de minhocas. Releva-se a importância do estudo em questão, visto que este coloca em pauta situações sociais, econômicas e ambientais na região da APA, permitindo reflexões acerca do uso dos Serviços ambientais e contribuindo para a produção local sustentável, para o Bem Estar Humano e para a elaboração de propostas de Planejamento Ambiental e de Políticas Públicas efetivas para o Território de Alto Paraguai e na APA.

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Internet worm attacks have become increasingly more frequent and have had a major impact on the economy, making the detection and prevention of these attacks a top security concern. Several countermeasures have been proposed and evaluated in recent literature. However, the eect of these proposed defensive mechanisms on legitimate competing traffic has not been analyzed. The first contribution of this thesis is a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of several of these proposed mechanisms, including a measure of their effect on normal web browsing activities. In addition, we introduce a new defensive approach that can easily be implemented on existing hosts, and which significantly reduces the rate of spread of worms using TCP connections to perform the infiltration. Our approach has no measurable effect on legitimate traffic. The second contribution is presenting a variant of the flash worm that we term Compact Flash or CFlash that is capable of spreading even faster than its predecessor. We perform a comparative study between the flash worm and the CFlash worm using a full-detail packet-level simulator, and the results show the increase in propagation rate of the new worm given the same set of parameters. The third contribution is the study of the behavior of TCP based worms in MANETs. We develop an analytical model for the worm spread of TCP worms in the MANETs environment that accounts for payloadsize, bandwidthsharing, radio range, nodal density and several other parameters specific for MANET topologies. We also present numerical solutions for the model and verify the results using packetlevel simulations. The results show that the analytical model developed here matches the results of the packetlevel simulation in most cases.