Xenophon of Athens probably did not write his Anabasis until thirty years or more after the events which it describes. This remarkable gap, taken together with the absence of a prologue, the presence of a number of prominent themes and authorial concerns, and the complex literary construction of the work, has made the task of explaining it problematic. Situating the text in the context of Xenophon's later life and wide-ranging literary output, in this dissertation I argue that apologia is the defining element in the work. Through his elaborate narrative structure and representation of his own character, Xenophon is defending himself, his social class, and his teacher, Socrates. In Books 5 and 7 (of 7) he is occupied with a rigorous defence of his conduct on the retreat, answering charges of deceiving the soldiers, hubris, corruption, and mercenary service, while in Books 3 through to 7, he is defending the memory of Socrates. For from the point of his introduction into the text at the opening of Book 3, following the decapitation of the Greek High Command at the Greater Zab River, Xenophon the character is acting as a pupil of Socrates would have done had he found himself in similarly dire circumstances. His actions, counsel, and moral bearing during the course of the retreat are a testimony to the value of his teacher's training, and powerfully undermine the charges of impiety and corrupting the youth levelled against Socrates in 399. At the same time, the outstanding leadership performance on the retreat of Xenophon's character reflects on himself as the historical figure behind the exemplar. By highlighting its different forms and bringing out its pervasiveness, the dissertation demonstrates that apologia is the major factor in the formation of the text.

Orientador: Maria Celeste Consolin Dezotti / Banca: Cláudio Aquati / Banca: Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi / Resumo: A Ciropedia de Xenofonte, escrita no século IV a.C., é uma obra de caráter híbrido, em que a ficção e a história se mesclam com muita liberdade. Em virtude disto, tem-se discutido qual seria a melhor classificação de gênero para a obra: romance biográfico, obra historiográfica, romance histórico. A presente dissertação investiga em que medida a Ciropedia de Xenofonte apresenta elementos narrativos que nos permitam reconhecer nela aspectos do gênero do romance, mais especificamente do "romance de formação" (Bildungsroman), gênero cujo paradigma se encontra na obra de Goethe, Os Anos de Aprendizagem de Wilhelm Meister (1795-1796). Primeiramente, procuramos definir em que medida nós podemos ler a Ciropedia como uma obra de ficção, e não como uma obra historiográfica, a partir de reflexões a respeito das relações entre Literatura e História, e, principalmente, por meio de uma análise comparativa entre a narrativa da Ciropedia com a narrativa das Histórias de Heródoto. Percebe-se que Xenofonte ficcionaliza a narrativa estabelecida por Heródoto, seja retomando temas, seja fazendo alusões à narrativa herodoteana. Em seguida, partindo-se da noção bakhtiniana de que todo gênero conserva, em sua estrutura, elementos formais da archaica, que não só caracterizam o gênero de forma distintiva, mas também permitem a sua renovação a cada nova manifestação literária, procuramos definir quais elementos essenciais presentes no Romance de Formação moderno encontramos na Ciropedia. Analisamos cenas em que são evidentes a partipação de mentores, a presença de uma instituição pedagógica, a visão teleológica da educação. Além disso, uma das características essenciais do "Romance de Formação" é a presença de uma personagem dinâmica e evolutiva, que se forma e educa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Xenophon's Cyropaedia, written in the fourth century B.C., it is a work of hybrid character, in which fiction and history mingle with a lot of freedom. Because of this, it has been discussed what would be the best genre classification for the work: biographical novel, work of historiography, historical novel. This dissertation investigates the extent to which Cyropaedia Xenophon's narrative has elements that allow us to recognize aspects of her romance genre, specifically the "Novel of Education" (Bildungsroman), genre whose paradigm is in the work Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795-1796). First, we looked to define to what extent we can read the Cyropaedia as a work of fiction, and not as a work of historiography, from reflections on the relationship between Literature and History, and mainly through a comparative analysis between the narrative of Cyropaedia and the narrative of Herodotus' Histories. We realize that Xenophon fictionalizes the narrative established by Herodotus, whether taking up subjects, or alluding to the Herodotus' narratives. Then, starting from the Bakhtin's notion that every genre preserves, in the structure, formal elements of archaica, that not only characterize the genre in the form distinctive, but also allows its renewal every new literary manifestation, we tried to define which essential elements present in modern novel of education we can find in Cyropaedia. We analyze scenes where are evident the action of mentors, the presence of an educational institution, the theological view of education. Moreover, an important characteristic essential of the "Novel of Education" is the presence of a dynamic and evolutionary character, that get formation in the course of the narrative. We analyzed the construction and evolution of the main character of the narrative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis contends that to uncover the 'real' symposion from its literary and artistic representations is a difficult task. Every representation of the symposion is informed by its author's wider textual ambitions. Its shape, the roles it plays, and the meanings it conveys are all determined by considerations other than providing an authentic snapshot of sympotic life. However, by acknowledging and investigating these authorial strategies, it might just be possible to catch a glimpse of the event they purport to represent, as this close reading of the Symposia of Plato and Xenophon aims to show. For, at the heart of Plato and Xenophon's ambitions lies an interest in the protocols and procedures of the symposion, even as these are shaped for philosophical ends. Chasing the symposion via this route will lead us into a world of philosophy and education, where the democratic city clashes with and is subsumed into processes of elite self-fashioning. The performances in Plato's idealised symposion are epideixeis which affirm (at the same time as they open up and explore) their performers' claims to be well-educated, symposion-gomg kaloi kagathoi. By contrast, the epideixeis of Xenophon's symposiasts take part in a discussion of kalokagaihia, and suggest how the symposion might (or might not) facilitate its learning. Both Plato and Xenophon are concerned with the symposion as a location for kalokagathia and with kalokagathia as a process. In its quest for the symposion, this thesis uncovers two distinct, but related, conceptions of the symposion and suggests some new ways of reading Plato and Xenophon's Symposia. For Plato, the symposion operates alongside the more traditionally 'philosophical' content of his dialogue. By contrast, Xenophon imposes his writerly agenda on top of his symposion, extolling the merits of his textual Symposium over the symposion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cerdas_e_me_arafcl.pdf: 1363277 bytes, checksum: 291cb7b1d704a1db2f811f424606b048 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A Ciropedia de Xenofonte, escrita no século IV a.C., é uma obra de caráter híbrido, em que a ficção e a história se mesclam com muita liberdade. Em virtude disto, tem-se discutido qual seria a melhor classificação de gênero para a obra: romance biográfico, obra historiográfica, romance histórico. A presente dissertação investiga em que medida a Ciropedia de Xenofonte apresenta elementos narrativos que nos permitam reconhecer nela aspectos do gênero do romance, mais especificamente do “romance de formação” (Bildungsroman), gênero cujo paradigma se encontra na obra de Goethe, Os Anos de Aprendizagem de Wilhelm Meister (1795-1796). Primeiramente, procuramos definir em que medida nós podemos ler a Ciropedia como uma obra de ficção, e não como uma obra historiográfica, a partir de reflexões a respeito das relações entre Literatura e História, e, principalmente, por meio de uma análise comparativa entre a narrativa da Ciropedia com a narrativa das Histórias de Heródoto. Percebe-se que Xenofonte ficcionaliza a narrativa estabelecida por Heródoto, seja retomando temas, seja fazendo alusões à narrativa herodoteana. Em seguida, partindo-se da noção bakhtiniana de que todo gênero conserva, em sua estrutura, elementos formais da archaica, que não só caracterizam o gênero de forma distintiva, mas também permitem a sua renovação a cada nova manifestação literária, procuramos definir quais elementos essenciais presentes no Romance de Formação moderno encontramos na Ciropedia. Analisamos cenas em que são evidentes a partipação de mentores, a presença de uma instituição pedagógica, a visão teleológica da educação. Além disso, uma das características essenciais do “Romance de Formação” é a presença de uma personagem dinâmica e evolutiva, que se forma e educa... / The Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, written in the fourth century B.C., it is a work of hybrid character, in which fiction and history mingle with a lot of freedom. Because of this, it has been discussed what would be the best genre classification for the work: biographical novel, work of historiography, historical novel. This dissertation investigates the extent to which Cyropaedia Xenophon's narrative has elements that allow us to recognize aspects of her romance genre, specifically the “Novel of Education” (Bildungsroman), genre whose paradigm is in the work Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795-1796). First, we looked to define to what extent we can read the Cyropaedia as a work of fiction, and not as a work of historiography, from reflections on the relationship between Literature and History, and mainly through a comparative analysis between the narrative of Cyropaedia and the narrative of Herodotus’ Histories. We realize that Xenophon fictionalizes the narrative established by Herodotus, whether taking up subjects, or alluding to the Herodotus' narratives. Then, starting from the Bakhtin's notion that every genre preserves, in the structure, formal elements of archaica, that not only characterize the genre in the form distinctive, but also allows its renewal every new literary manifestation, we tried to define which essential elements present in modern novel of education we can find in Cyropaedia. We analyze scenes where are evident the action of mentors, the presence of an educational institution, the theological view of education. Moreover, an important characteristic essential of the “Novel of Education” is the presence of a dynamic and evolutionary character, that get formation in the course of the narrative. We analyzed the construction and evolution of the main character of the narrative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A partir do referencial paradigmático e exemplar da figura e disciplina (eu zen) de Sócrates na obra de Xenofonte, desenvolvem-se a análise, a reflexão sobre o princípio reintegrador perante a inexorabilidade, o desconhecimento e a incerteza do real, com vistas à reconciliação proporcional, ao desenvolvimento satisfatório da integridade razoável, para que o homem possa adquirir não somente a compreensão filosófica, mas também condições de resistência, de flexibilidade estratégica - enfim, a capacidade suficiente de transformação e relacionamento com os problemas fundamentais da existência. / From the paradigmatic reference and example of socratic discipline (eu zen) in the Xenophons works, the reflections about the re-integrating principle facing the inexhaustible, uncertain and unknown reality can be developed, searching the proportional reconciliation, the satisfactory and reasonable integrity for the human being to acquire not only the philosophical understanding, but also the conditions of resistence, of strategic flexibility the sufficient capacity to deal with and transform the fundamental problems of existence.

Nossa investigação explora a possibilidade de o tema da paideia ser um eixo comum em torno do qual se articulam os textos de Xenofonte de Atenas, autor do século IV a.C. Julgamos que essa perspectiva se justifica em razão da importância que esse autor atribui à construção de retratos de homens paradigmáticos. Ilustramos esse procedimento com a análise do retrato que o próprio Xenofonte constrói para si, na Anabase. É sobretudo a partir da análise desses retratos que podemos ver, em Xenofonte, a discussão do tema da paideia. Os estudos que aqui empreendemos concentram-se no tema da paideia do governante. Nesse horizonte, oferecemos uma possível leitura para o retrato daquele que o autor considera a contrafacção do governante ideal, o tirano Hierão, de diálogo homônimo. Por fim, ocupamo-nos dos elementos que compõem o retrato xenofôntico do governante paradigmático, Ciro, o velho, da Ciropédia. / Our research explores the possibility of the theme of paideia as a common axis around which are articulated the texts of Xenophon of Athens, author of the fourth century BC. We believe that this perspective is justified because of the importance this author gives to the construction of portraits of paradigmatic men. We illustrate this procedure with the analysis of the portrait which Xenophon builds for himself in the Anabasis. It is mainly based on the analysis of such portraits that we can see, in Xenophon, the discussion on the theme of paideia. The studies undertaken here focus on the theme of the ruler\'s paideia. In this horizon, we offer a possible reading for the portrait of the man the author considers the counterfeiting of the ideal ruler, the tyrant Hiero, in the corresponding dialogue. Finally we deal with the elements that make up the portrait of Xenophons paradigmatic ruler, Cyrus the Great, of the Cyropaedia.

Die aus der Feder eines Unbekannten stammende Schrift Athenaion Politeia ist seit langem Gegenstand einer intensiven altertumswissenschaftlichen Forschung/Diskussion. Die militärtheoretischen Aspekte dieser Quelle wurden aber bislang weitgehend vernachlässigt. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht gerade diese Lücke zu schließen. Dazu wurde in einem ersten Schritt anhand eines Vergleichs mit dem Klassiker und Wegbereiter der modernen Seemachts- und Seestrategie, A. T. Mahan, der hohe Grad an inhaltlicher Übereinstimmung in Fragen der Seemachtskonzeption mit der pseudo-xenophontischen Schrift aufgezeigt. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde anhand der sich mit Seestrategie auseinandersetzenden Passagen Pseudo-Xenophons und der Kriegsrede des Perikles im Werk des Thukydides (1,140–144) das Verhältnis der beiden Schriften zueinander untersucht. Wir kommen dabei zu dem Ergebnis, daß aufgrund starker inhaltlicher und struktureller Parallelen eine Abhängigkeit des Thukydides von Pseudo-Xenophon am wahrscheinlichsten ist. Somit nimmt die pseudo-xenophontische Athenaion Politeia einen zentralen Platz als erste unter den militärtheoretischen Schriften der westlichen Welt ein.

The purpose of this thesis is to defend Athenian democracy against a long-established suspicion that the Athenian government, with its radical form of popular participation, was not only incompetent but also dangerous. There are two serious misunderstandings in this traditional view; one is the myth of the decline of Athens after the death of Pericles, the other being the outright denial of Athenian democracy by its philosophers, Xenophon and Plato. These two common presumptions about Athenian history and philosophy are therefore examined. The historical examination focuses on three important events: the law reform, the reconciliation and the trial of Socrates. All of them were conducted by Athenian democracy at the end of the fifth century B.C., a period of time that is often cited for the failure of democracy. However, it is found that the democracy demonstrated its excellent ability to manage political conflicts through the laws and the reconciliation. As to the infamous trial of Socrates, there were reasons for the popular suspicion of the Philosopher’s way of life. Following what we have learnt in the historical survey, we search for responses to the three events in the works of Xenophon and Plato. There are passages, though often dismissed by scholars, which indicate remarkable recognition of the democratic achievements in domestic politics. As regards the trial of Socrates, there are also signs of second thoughts in their works that reveal understandings of the democracy’s condemnation of philosophy. The works of Socrates’ pupils show mixed evaluation rather than outright denial of Athenian democracy. The traditional suspicion of Athenian democracy is therefore problematic due to its misconception of Athenian history and philosophy.

In this paper, I hope to do a small part to bridge the gap that has emerged in this scholarly debate between the historicist and Straussian views of Spartan society. To that end, this paper will analyze the Spartan Constitution according to the Straussian method. That is, I will engage in a close reading of the text, only referencing outside, secondary sources directly when necessary and appropriate. In other cases, their views will simply color this analysis and be referenced as supporting evidence in footnotes. Strauss chose to have only a superficial interaction with the existing scholarship at the time of publishing his essay, and I therefore believe it will be more beneficial to see what this approach would look like from the historicist perspective. When the same approach is taken, the heart of both camps’ arguments will be exposed, allowing them to be more easily compared. The paper will begin with a reading exploring the themes of Xenophon’s work according to a historicist perspective. After a brief aside explaining and motivating the Straussian esoteric argument to a greater extent, the paper will move on to a similar close-reading of the Spartan Constitution, following Strauss’ essay where appropriate and extending his arguments where necessary. Through this process, the paper aims to show that the perceived separation between the historicist and Straussian interpretations appears to be much greater than it, in reality, is.

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in Xenophon as a historian, literary artist, and political philosopher. However, scholarly research on the Poroi--the only work of political economy to survive from antiquity--has been minimal. To date, no book-length, synoptic analysis of the text exists. This dissertation contributes significantly to filling this lacuna in the scholarship while also serving to enhance our understanding of fourth-century Athenian political discourse and ideology, finance, and economics. I argue that the Poroi is a unique anti-imperialistic discourse that aims to demonstrate the ways in which the Athenians can maintain themselves financially without exploiting other states. While Xenophon's objectives of alleviating the poverty of the Athenians and increasing their revenues are conventional, the means by which he intends to achieve these goals are innovative. Unlike his contemporaries, Xenophon recommends employing financial resources derived not from empire but rather from peaceful economic activities. Specifically, I contend that the Poroi boldly challenges the parasitic, consumer-based orientation of Athens' imperial economy by proposing practical measures meant to transform Athens into a center of silver mining, manufacture, and free commercial exchange. Xenophon's vision for Athens' new economy, I submit, even displays features of modern rational capitalism. To advance this argument, I adopt a contextualist approach that situates Xenophon's ideas both in the immediate historical milieu of fourth-century Athens and within the history of economic and political thought. I am therefore able to highlight the points of contact between the Poroi and subsequent developments in the history of ideas and thus to underscore the groundbreaking aspects of Xenophon's political economy. My study parts company with previous interpretations in two fundamental ways. First, Xenophon's attempt to improve the financial condition of the Athenians stems from a desire not to promote or to retard the political activity of the people but to eliminate the injustice of Athenian imperialism. Second, his program to stimulate the Athenian economy necessarily entails the development of the productive forces of Attica. In brief, such a radical transformation of Athenian fiscal and economic practices represents nothing short of a "reorientation" of Athenian political economy. / text